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The dissolution of carbonate host-rock by freshwater in phreatic or vadose conditions is the most common mechanism for the formation of caves; however, circulation of saline solutions through carbonate materials and precipitation of soluble salts may also play an important role. We studied the stable isotope composition (δ18O and δ34S of sulfate, δ18O and δD of structurally-bound gypsum hydration water and 87Sr/86Sr) and salinity of fluid inclusions in gypsum speleothems found in El Orón-Arco Cave (Cartagena, SE Spain). We suggest that physical weathering of carbonate host-rock was driven by precipitation of soluble sea-salts (mostly gypsum and halite), and this process controlled the recent geomorphological evolution of the cave. The Triassic carbonate host-rock shows clear evidence for salt weathering, including gypsum/halite infillings in cracks of the bedrock, mechanical spalling of the carbonate, and detachment of rock fragments that lead to the formation cave voids and in-situ accumulations of piles of unsorted rubble. Sulfur and oxygen isotopes of gypsum sulfate (3.0‰, Proyecto MINECO Retos de la Sociedad. Ref. ESP2017-87690-C3-1-R

Tafoni are one of the most interesting weathering features developed in many areas of the world from tropical areas to polar ones such as Antarctica. Here, we present the results on 4 tafoni in similar conditions (aspect, slope, distance from the sea, elevation) and in the same granite close to the Italian Antarctic station at Mario Zucchelli Station (74°42′S). These tafoni were thermally monitored through infrared thermography and in situ thermistors for an austral summer (2018/19). They were also mineralogically characterized through the image analyses in each tafone sectors (Top, Ceiling, Side and Floor). Salts concentration on the weathered material removed through the scratching was also detected through chemical analyses. Moreover, the weathering rate was calculated through periodic sample weightings of the scratched material from the different tafone sectors. Our results confirmed the importance of the fractures inclination that seem to favor the vertical development of the cavities where basal fractures occurred and the backward development where fractures are vertical. The weathering rates shown that vertical development was always faster than the backward (except for O4) and that the former is statistically linked with the size of the tafone. At mineralogical scale, the higher weathered removal of the quartz concentration could be more closely related to the higher cryogenic weathering of intra-crystal fractures that occur at very low temperatures (−20 °C) in winter than to the thermal stress, thermal shock, or potential freeze-thaw cycles during the summer. Among the different salts, the strong relationship between weathering removals and chlorides suggests that chlorides in this climate are more effective than sulphates. The seasonal trend of weathering matches well with the breaking up of sea ice towards the Tethys Bay and can provide a supply of sea spray that is richer in chlorides (halite) than in sulphates (thenardite, mirabilite). From the analyses of the spatial thermal variability, we could argue that the thermal stress during the summer is not relevant except for the tafone O4. The fact that higher weathering removal were recorded in the innermost (C and S) of the tafoni where thermal variability and AMP were lower suggests that higher moisture content is the crucial factor for a high evaporation flux that can enhance the salt action.

Weathering processes on Martian surface are among the essential issues for both understanding landform evolution and exploring water availability on Martian surface. Studies are reviewed on various weathering processes on Martian surface based on images, data collected by rovers, and laboratory approaches. Recent explorations by the Mars Exploration Rovers reveal that chemical weathering occurs on the surface of basaltic regolith. Dissolution of olivine and oxidation of Fe produces weathering rinds on basaltic surface regolith. Rock interiors also show vugs and veins filled with light-toned efflorescence indicative of chemical weathering. In particular, in high-latitude areas the two Viking landers and the Mars Pathfinder observed honeycomb weathering, angular rock fragments, and polygonal cracks in bedrock. Most of these features are also observed in the Antarctica and other cold deserts on Earth, and are generally attributed to physical weathering such as salt crystallization, thermal weathering, and/or frost weathering. Some studies successfully estimate periods and rates of weathering on the Martian surface, which promote a further understanding of environmental changes and landform evolution.

The durability of a new phosphate consolidant for limestone, based on formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP), was investigated in comparison with ethyl silicate (ES). Untreated, HAP- and ES-treated samples were subjected to repeated wetting–drying, freezing–thawing and salt crystallization cycles. The weathering effects were monitored in terms of alterations in visual appearance, weight, dynamic elastic modulus, tensile strength and pore size distribution. HAP samples performed better than untreated samples and underwent less deterioration in original properties than ES samples. ES samples, subjected to salt crystallization cycles when the treated layer was still hydrophobic, experienced detachment of the consolidated layer.

AFF; International audience; Size effect is a known problem of mechanics affecting the extrapolation of laboratory results into conclusions regarding full structures. In the context of salt weathering, a gap exists between the understanding of the crystallization of a single crystal in a controlled environment and the damage of porous material due to a zone of coalescence of such process. The recent advances in quantitative x-ray micro-tomography analysis has been a step forward in the comprehension of precipitation damage in porous media. However, given the scale of the process, a search for ever higher resolution motivates the use of smaller samples. While the use of samples measuring few milimetres or even micrometers is useful for the visualization of different phases of the damage cycle, it might not be representative of the process taking place in full size pieces. We present data on the influence of sample dimension on the process of salt damage. Cylindrical samples of Lavoux limestone were prepared in four sizes (4x8 mm, 8x16 mm, 25x50 mm, 50x50 mm) and subjected to wet-and-dry cycles until the onset of damage. All samples were sealed in all faces except the upper side. During each cycle, a 3,4 weight % sodium chloride solution was dispensed on the free face in an amount equivalent to 60% of the volume of the respective porous space. The samples were kept for one hour at laboratory conditions (T=22ºC; RH=60%) allowing for the solution to penetrate the sample. Subsequently, a 23 hours drying step was carried out at 40 ºC and 40% relative humidity. At the end of the weathering, quantitative x-ray micro-tomographies were compared with prior scans of the samples in their unweathered state to assess the deterioration in all sizes of samples. The assessment of the relation between sample size and sample damage should highlight the limitations of the use of very small samples.

Volcanic tuffs are notoriously very heterogeneous materials exhibiting a recurrent lithological diversity, which, in turn, can be associated with changing petrophysical and mechanical properties. This variability was investigated on a small scale in different Miocene acid tuffs extracted in the same quarry region, within just a few km radius from the town of Eger in Northern Hungary. They have been exploited since the Middle Ages and used for common construction and historical monuments – castles, churches, Ottoman architectures – or excavated and carved for creating wine cellars, cave houses, ritual sites, etc. These pyroclastic rocks are compositionally analogue but turn out to show unexpected major differences in texture and technical properties, which affect their resistance to decay. The rate and intensity of weathering, examined in laboratory conditions by freeze-thaw and salt attack tests, is governed mainly by the following properties: open porosity; relative abundance of pumice, crystals, and groundmass; pore-size distribution; and tensile strength. Nevertheless, open porosity – proportional to water absorption and indirectly related to mechanical performance – is considerably different among the tuff varieties, and this seems to be the most significant factor marking the diverse durability. That is questionable in case of unpredicted textural diversities, e.g., enrichment in pumice and higher concentration of groundmass. Therefore, without rejecting the importance of complementary tests, a basic and fast study involving thin-section examination and open-porosity measurement would be sufficient for providing many indications on the quality of these materials and for the selection of dimension stones for restoration of historical heritage and construction.

This study aims to understand the effect of salt and frost crystallisation on the petrophysical and durability properties of representative types of travertine and carbonate tufas. Results demonstrate that the studied travertines and tufas exhibit a very high durability against salt and ice crystallisation cycles, compared to carbonates rocks with similar porosity values. The variation of the loss of mass, effective porosity, capillary absorption coefficient, ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation, and compressive strength was scarce during weathering tests. The evolution of petrophysical properties was slightly more intense after 30 cycles of salt crystallisation than 100 cycles of freeze–thaw. Petrophysical and durability properties of the travertines and carbonate tufas depend on porosity fraction and on the manner in which the vuggy porosity is connected. In the travertine facies, vuggy macropores show little connection and can be considered as separate-vug porosity. Their addition to interparticle porosity increases effective porosity and reduces their mechanical strength but does not significantly increase capillary transport and the effectiveness of salt and ice action over the stone. On the contrary, in the carbonate tufas, vugs act as touching-vug pores, as capillary imbibition coefficients reveal. However, scanning electron microscopy displays that they underwent microcracking processes related mainly to both thermal stresses and/or ice and salt pressures. These microcracks present little connection, and they do not enhance noticeably the water flow or decrease the mechanical properties. These results are finally discussed in terms of a nonlinear decay pattern, which with long periods of apparent stability might be followed by rapid and catastrophic decay., This study was financed by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MEC) through the Research Project CGL2006-05027/BTE and Community of Madrid (S2023/MIT 2914). A pre-doctoral research fellowship was awarded to N. Cueto by the MEC.

Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (xiv, 150 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (2018). = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2018, Salt weathering is considered one of the most decisive factors for damage on the rock-cut monuments in Petra / Jordan. The monuments are contaminated with salt by rain, water runoff and capillaries which results in complex mixtures of different salts causing damage to the stone. The risk our cultural heritage currently faces from salts might lead to its irretrievable loss. Although the problem is prevalent worldwide, appropriate conservation methods and techniques have not yet been fully explored. Entire removal of salts will not be possible in the case of the Petra monuments. However, partial removal of salts might at least slow down the destruction process currently threatening the rock-cut monuments of Petra. Even so, the traditional techniques of desalination, so far mainly with respect to the use of poultices have not yet achieved considerable success. New approaches are needed for improved desalination efforts and/or mitigation of salt weathering processes. A quite new field of research is the use of salt crystallization inhibitors/modifiers. It has attracted interest for the improvement of desalination as well as for reducing aggressiveness and damage potential of salt weathering regimes. In this context, previous research has shown that the use of sodium ferrocyanide might turn out as a promising treatment measure for removal of salt, as it has the ability to transport salt to the surface and thus promote the formation of efflorescences instead of subflorescences. To date, however, fundamental knowledge with respect to the interaction of such additives with salts in stone monuments and its implications on stone deterioration processes is still lacking. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of (Sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate (Na4Fe(CN)6.10H2O) with respect to removability of salt from stone. Different sandstones from Petra were chosen for this study. The methodological approaches comprise basic petrographical - petrophysical investigations, 1st treatment with salts, 2nd treatment with crystallization inhibitors (different concentrations) and evaluation with respect to removability of salts. The results showed that the presence of inhibitor modifies the drying time of salt solutions inside the samples and makes the drying process faster than the drying of samples salinated with salts only. This allows the migration of a salt solution from the samples up to their surface, which results in the formation of non-destructive efflorescences rather than destructive subflorescences. The success of the treatment by the crystallization inhibitor is controlled with the formation of efflorescences, which was higher in the case of samples containing a mixture of salts than the samples salinated with pure single salt only., Published by Aachen

Sedimentary stones have been used since long as dimension stones, constituting the primary building material of several monumental structures all over the world. The understanding of their behaviour when exposed to weathering factors is crucial for preservation, replacement and restoration intervention. Although not directly involved with decay mechanisms, micro-pores (i.e. open pores with radius

Akasaki Pagoda is a stone pagoda about 3m high located in the Hanamigata Cemetery of Kotoura town,Tottori Prefecture,Japan.Made of tuff,the Pagoda was built about 650 years ago,and has been standing there since then.The southwest side of the main body of the Akasaki Pagoda is severely weathered and shows a typical honeycomb structure. The maximum depth of erosion is estimated to be about 11cm.Such a structure is not observed on the northeast side of the Pagoda.Moreover,white salts composed of gypsum are formed inside the honeycomb holes. It is considered that these honeycombs were formed due tonatural reasons, mainly salt weathering. Comparison between the present and past conditions of the honeycombs, based on old photographs, leads to the conclusion that the honeycombs are still growing continuously. Because the Hanamigata Cemetery has been continuously managed since medieval time, trees or grasses have not existed near the Pagoda. For this reason, wind containing sea splash and solar radiation has easily been supplied to the Pagoda.The crystallization of the salts,e.g.gypsum,on the southwest side of the main body of the Pagoda is probably due to such a severe condition. In order to reduce further weathering of this Pagoda,installing a shelter for the Pagoda to reduce wind and solar radiation may be effective.However,discussion from the viewpoint of landscape and authenticity will be required before putting this measure to practice.

The use of crystallization inhibitors has been proposed as a potential preventive treatment method against damage and is extensively tested for crystallization of single salts. However, in practice salt mixtures are present. Therefore, before using inhibitors in practice there is a strong need to explore their effect on salt mixtures. In this research, we studied the effect of ferrocyanide ions ([Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− ) on NaCl crystallization in single salt and in salt mixtures of NaCl–KCl and NaCl–LiCl. A series of micro droplet drying experiments were undertaken. Time lapse microscopy of the crystallization was performed along with NMR measurements of hydrogen, sodium and lithium ions. This gives the possibility to visualize the drying of the droplet while simultaneously obtaining information of both NaCl and LiCl concentration in the droplet. For a NaCl solution droplet, in the presence of inhibitor, a significantly higher supersaturation prior to the onset of crystallization and a change in crystal morphology were observed. On the other hand, for salt mixtures, lower supersaturation compared to single salt and dendritic crystal morphology was seen in the presence of inhibitor. In a porous material, such a type of morphology can promote the formation of efflorescence that causes only little structural damage.

The deterioration of a stone material is related to its pore structure, which affects the interaction between surface and environmental agents. Indeed, salt crystallization is one of the most dangerous weathering agents in porous building materials. The crystallization pressure of salt crystals, growing in confined pores, is found to be the main cause for damage. The consolidation of such degraded stone materials represents a crucial issue in the field of restoration of cultural heritage. This paper presents the results of a laboratory experimentation carried out on Modica stone, a limestone largely used in the Baroque architecture of eastern Sicily. Several specimens, collected from a historical quarry near the city of Modica, were artificially degraded by salt crystallization tests. Then, degraded samples were treated with three different consolidating products: a suspension of nanolime in alcohol, a suspension of nanosilica in water, and ethyl silicate dispersed in white spirit. A systematic approach, including mercury intrusion porosimetry, peeling tests and point load test, was used to evaluate the correlation between the salt crystallization and the micro-structural features of the limestone, as well as the efficacy of treatments. The consolidating behavior of the tested products was also appraised by repeating salt crystallization tests after consolidation, in order to assess the resistance of treated stone to further salt crystallization phenomena. Results showed that nanolime provides a good resistance to the stone; conversely, ethyl silicate, although inducing an enhancement of stone cohesion, leads to an increase of the crystallization pressure, which generates dangerous susceptibility to weathering.

Salt crystallization is a strong weathering agent in porous building materials. The crystallization pressure exerted by salt crystals, growing in confined pores, is found to be one of the main causes for damage. This paper presents the results of laboratory experimentation carried out on the Neapolitan Tuff, a pyroclastic rock largely used in Campanian architecture. Several specimens, collected from a historical quarry near the city of Naples, were treated with two different consolidating products: a suspension of nanosilica in water (Syton X30®) and ethyl silicate (Estel 1000®) dispersed in organic solvent (TEOS). Untreated and treated samples were then artificially degraded using salt crystallization tests in order to assess the effectiveness of consolidation treatments. A systematic approach, including mercury intrusion porosimetry, peeling tests and point load test, was employed to evaluate the correlation between the salt crystallization and the micro-structural features of the tuff. In addition, in order to make a correlation between porous structure of materials and susceptivity to salt crystallization, the calculation of the crystallization pressures was performed. In all samples, at the early stage of crystallization, the presence of gypsum was revealed, coming from the precipitation of sulphate ions, introduced during the test, and sodium ions, coming from the zeolites within the stone. Results showed that both consolidants increase the resistance of tuff to salt crystallization, although they induce an increase in crystallization pressure. Ethyl silicate, however, shows a better behaviour in terms of superficial cohesion, even after several degradation cycles., This research was funded by POR Calabria FESR project “NANOPROTECH” (NANO PROtection TEchnology for Cultural Heritage).

Salt crystallisation is a major cause of deterioration of porous building materials, strongly related to the fluctuation of the environmental parameters. This paper explores the application of different methodologies to assess the potential damage caused by soluble salts to a series of sixteenth century frescoes with the thermo-hygrometric variations. The method of counting the transition cycles for six crystalline systems, the thermodynamic model ECOS for mixed salt solutions and a combination of both methodologies were used, in order to evaluate and compare these different approaches and to determine the risk of salt decay for this particularly sensitive case study. To this end, the temperature and relative humidity in the churches housing the wall paintings were monitored during a year and the salt content of the frescoes analysed. The seasonality of the salt crystallisation was studied and the range of relative humidity at which the transitions occurred determined. All methods identified a significant risk of salt decay, mainly related to the crystallisation of chlorides and nitrates, which corresponds well with the observations in situ. Finally, the advantages and inconveniences of each method were discussed, along with the results obtained in other published works, and the combined method was suggested as the most efficient This work was supported by the Xunta de Galicia-Consellería de Educación e Ordenación Universitaria [INCITE program 2009] with the research project “Analysis of the risk factors of the wall paintings of A Ribeira Sacra”, by the Spanish Ministry of Education with L. Pereira-Pardo´s doctoral grant [FPU AP2009-4421] and the Barrié Foundation [Bolsas de Posgrao no estranxeiro 2013] SI

International audience; The influence of different factors, brine composition, environmental conditions and pore structure, on salt weathering of porous carbonate building stones is investigated. The main goal of this study is to highlight the differences in weathering between single salts and a mixture of different salts. Two kinds of weathering mechanism are studied, the crystallization pressure and the deliquescence/recrystallization process. To achieve this purpose wetting and drying cycles and cycles varying relative humidity on samples containing salts were performed. The effect of total salt content with different salts and mixtures is simulated by weathering tests with solution of different compositions (NaCl, 6% in weight, Na2SO4·10H2O, 6% in weight, CaSO4 at saturation, and a mixture of them at total concentration of 6.2%). Weathering tests were performed at room temperature and 50 °C and under low and high relative humidity.The results show that the final weathering depends on a complex combination of three parameters: (i) environmental conditions, (ii) salt composition and (iii) petrophysical properties of stones, and general conclusions on the impact of each parameter can be drawn. An important result is that salt mixtures have a lesser impact on weathering during crystallization cycles: single salt brines, especially sodium sulphate, produce more weathering than complex brine compositions during wetting and drying cycles. Conversely during variations on RH, samples with salt mixtures suffer more damage than samples weathered with a brine of single salt composition.

Mokattam limestone is the most frequent building stone used in the cultural heritage buildings in Historic Cairo (Egypt) and it is susceptible to the ongoing effects of salt weathering. A purpose-made simulation chamber was used to test in the laboratory the salt weathering on limestone samples from an active quarry at Helwan area (30 km, south Cairo) at different temperature regimes (20, 30 and 40°C). To assess the extent of the resulted decay, mechanical properties of the fresh quarry and tested samples after different regimes were investigated with non-destructive techniques (P-wave velocity and Leeb rebound hardness) and destructive techniques (uniaxial compression strength). The different mechanical measurements of the tested samples were notably affected after the different temperature regimes. Uniaxial compressive strength is highly correlated with Leeb rebound hardness while P-wave velocity showed a low relevance for the prediction of the strength of the tested samples. This study was supported by the Mission Sector of the High Education Ministry, Egypt and the Regional Government of Madrid and the European Social Fund under the project entitled Geomateriales 2 S2013/MIT-2914.

Tafoni are a type of cavernous weathering widespread around the world. Despite the extensive distribution of the tafoni, their genesis is not clear and is still a matter of debate, also because they occur in such different climatic conditions and on so many different types of substrate. Geomorphological characterization of more than 60 tafoni in three different Antarctic sites (two coastal and one inland) between 74 and 76° S with sampling of weathering products and salt occurrences are described together with thermal data (on different surfaces) and wind speed recorded in different periods of the year in a selected tafone close to the Italian Antarctic station. The aim of this present study is to provide further information to help understand the processes involved in the growth of tafoni in a cryotic environment, and the relationship of these processes to climate, with particular attention to the thermal regime and the role of wind. The new data presented in this paper suggest that there is no single key factor that drives the tafoni development, although thermal stress seems the most efficient process, particularly if we consider the short-term fluctuations. The data also confirm that other thermal processes, such as freezing–thawing cycles and thermal shock, are not really effective for the development of tafoni in this area. The wind speed measured within the tafoni is half that recorded outside, thus favouring snow accumulation within the tafoni and therefore promoting salt crystallization. On the other hand, the wind effect on the thermal regime within the tafoni seems negligible. While both salt weathering and thermal stress appear active in this cryotic environment, these are azonal processes and are therefore active in other climatic areas where tafoni are widespread (such as the Mediterranean region). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The rock and soil materials are used in worldwide buildings and heritages. For this management, famous building stones and concretes are often used. The appearance of the rock surface just after the construction is beautiful, however, it is suffering from the damage by weathering after dozens of years. Salts weathering - a reaction phenomenon with the salt solution is often regarded as a factor of the deterioration in such materials. Concerning concrete building, salt weathering is also observed on the pedestrian deck of Department of Engineering at Saitama University made in 1969. The observed main salt mineral was trona (Na3H(CO3)2・2H2O). Dissolution experiments were carried out using mortar tablet made with high early strength Portland cement. Four type solutions of pure water, 5%-CO2 solution and seawater were used for the experiments. In seawater experiment, white powdered products were appeared which is Brucite (Mg(OH)2) detected using XRD. On the contrary, calcite (CaCO3) was detected from the pure water experiment. From these results, wet-dry circumstance is necessary condition for crumbling of materials, whereas wet condition is decisively controlled what kind of salt minerals produced., １ 先端的研究

This work considers the crystallisation mechanisms of the most common and aggressive salts that generate stress in porous building stones as a result of changing ambient conditions. These mechanisms include the salt crystallisation that result from decreasing relative humidity and changes in temperature and, in hydrated salts, the dissolution of the lower hydrated form and the subsequent precipitation of the hydrated salt. We propose a new methodology for thermodynamic calculations using PHREEQC that includes these crystallisation mechanisms. This approach permits the calculation of the equilibrium relative humidity and the parameterization of the critical relative humidity and crystallisation pressures for the dissolution–precipitation transitions. The influence of other salts on the effectives of salt crystallisation and chemical weathering is also assessed. We review the sodium and magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride systems, in both single and multicomponent solutions, and they are compared to the sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate systems. The variation of crystallisation pressure, the formation of new minerals and the chemical dissolution by the presence of other salts is also evaluated. Results for hydrated salt systems show that high crystallisation pressures are possible as lower hydrated salts dissolve and more hydrated salts precipitate. High stresses may be also produced by decreasing temperature, although it requires that porous materials are wet for long periods of time. The presence of other salts changes the temperature and relative humidity of salt transitions that generates stress rather than reducing the pressure of crystallisation, if any salt has previously precipitated. Several practical conclusions derive from proposed methodology and provide conservators and architects with information on the potential weathering activity of soluble salts. Furthermore, the model calculations might be coupled with projections of future climate to give as improved understanding of the likely changes in the frequency of phase transitions in salts within porous stone. This study was carried out in the framework of the research projects CGL2011-25162 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) and IJP 2006/R2 (the Royal Society Joint Project).

Limestone is one of the most frequent building stones used in monuments in Egypt from ancient Egyptian times and salt weathering is one of the main threats to these monuments. During this work, cylindrical limestone samples (2 cm diameter and approx. 4 cm length) from Mokattam group, one of the most frequent materials in historic Cairo, were subjected, in a purpose-made simulation chamber, to laboratory salt weathering tests with a 10% weight NaCl solution at different temperatures (20, 30, 40 °C). During each test, temperature was kept constant and salt solutions flowed continuously imbibing samples by capillary rise resembling the way they get into building stone in many real cases. Air temperature, relative humidity inside the simulation chamber and also samples weight were digitally monitored and recorded. Results show the influence of temperature and the ratio between imbibitions and evaporation on the dynamics of salt crystallization in the samples., Los monumentos egipcios se construyeron frecuentemente con caliza desde la antigüedad y uno de sus principales agentes de deterioro son las sales. Por ejemplo, en la zona histórica de El Cairo son frecuentes las calizas del grupo Mokattam. Cilindros (2 cm de diámetro y aproximadamente 4 cm de altura) de esta caliza se sometieron a ensayos de deterioro por sales en una cámara experimental específicamente diseñada. Se utilizó una solución salina (10% en peso de NaCl) a diferentes temperaturas (20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C) que se mantuvieron constantes en cada ensayo. La solución fluía constantemente embebiendo las muestras por capilaridad, simulando lo que ocurre en casos reales. La temperatura del aire, humedad relativa en la cámara y peso de las muestras se monitorizaron con sensores digitales. Los resultados muestran la influencia de la temperatura y del balance entre imbibición y evaporación en la dinámica de la cristalización de sales en las muestras.