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Resistance to tetracycline was studied in Salmonella Infantis isolated from 28 poultry farms in the Northern part of Serbia (The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina). A total of 18 isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (NAL) and tetracycline (TET). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to TET, ranged from 1-256 mg/L. Namely, 13 isolates exhibited MIC to TET at 256 mg/L, in four of the isolates, the MIC was 128 mg/L and one isolate had MIC 64 mg/L. Ten isolates were exhibiting a MIC of 1mg/L. It was evident that Salmonella Infantis had also spread to breeders and layers. In this work, we detected the tetA gene and the corresponding tetR gene (encoding the repressor protein) as well as the truncated transposon Tn1721, which are responsible for the resistance to TET. The presence of the non conjugative transposons from the conjugative plasmid has facilitated the spread of resistance to TET in Salmonella. It was concluded that higher biosecurity practice in poultry farming presents the best option to eliminate infections caused by Salmonella spp. from poultry flocks in Serbia. A rational use of antimicrobials is necessary to prevent any further spread of Salmonella Infantis resistant clones.

SUMMARYOne of the largest and longestSalmonellaoutbreaks in Germany within the last 10 years occurred in central Germany in 2013. To identify vehicles of infection, we analysed surveillance data, conducted a case-control study and food traceback. We identified 267 cases infected withSalmonellaInfantis with symptom onset between 16 April and 26 October 2013 in four neighbouring federal states. Results of our study indicated that cases were more likely to have eaten raw minced pork from local butcher's shops [odds ratio (OR) 2·5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·1–5·8] and have taken gastric acid-reducing or -neutralizing medication (OR 3·8, 95% CI 1·3–13) than controls. The outbreak was traced back to contaminated raw pork products found in different butcher's shops supplied by one slaughterhouse, to pigs at one farm and to an animal feed producer. Characterization of isolates of human, food, animal, feed, and environmental origin by phage-typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed the chain of infection. Insufficient hygiene standards in the slaughterhouse were the most probable cause of the ongoing transmission. We recommend that persons taking gastric acid suppressants should refrain from consuming raw pork products. Improving and maintaining adequate hygiene standards and process controls during slaughter is important to prevent future outbreaks.

The objective of this study was to use microplate immunocapture (IC) to reduce the enrichment time required for detection of Salmonella in pet food with the 3 M Molecular Detection System (MDS) or selective plating on XLD. Dog food and pig ear treats were inoculated with Salmonella Infantis at concentrations of 100–104 CFU/25 g, followed by a 3-h enrichment, then microplate IC and 3 M MDS or microplate IC and selective plating on XLD. Another set of samples underwent a traditional 24-h enrichment followed by 3 M MDS or selective plating. Based on the results of three independent trials, microplate IC followed by selective plating enabled detection of Salmonella in 100% of dog food and treat samples tested, including at levels as low as 100 CFU/25 g. Microplate IC coupled with 3 M MDS enabled detection of Salmonella in dog food and treat samples down to levels of 100 CFU/25 g, with an overall detection rate of 92%. These results indicate high potential for microplate IC to be used in place of the traditional 24-h enrichment step, enabling detection of Salmonella in complex matrices when coupled with 3 M MDS or selective plating.

A Corrigendum onColistin Resistance Mediated by mcr-1 in ESBL-Producing, Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Infantis in Broiler Chicken Industry, Italy (2016–2017)by Carfora, V., Alba, P., Leekitcharoenphon, P., Ballarò, D., Cordaro, G., Di Matteo, P., et al. (2018) Front. Microbiol. 9:1880. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01880In the original article, there was an error in the Materials and Methods, subsection Isolates. The four S. Infantis isolates originated from broilers (n = 2) and broiler meat samples (n = 2).A correction has been made to Materials and Methods, subsection Isolates: Four multidrug resistant (MDR) S. Infantis, displaying a colistin MIC value ≥ 4 mg/L, were detected among 324 S. Infantis isolates collected in the frame of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitoring activities conducted from 2001 to 2017 by the National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (NRL-AR) and screened for antimicrobial susceptibility. The four S. Infantis isolates originated from broilers (n = 3) and from broiler meat sample (n = 1) (Supplementary Table 1).The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusionsof the article in any way.The original article has been updated.

Carbapenems are considered last-resort antibiotics used to treat human infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. In 2011, VIM-1 carbapenemase-producing Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis strains were isolated from livestock for the first time in Germany. Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of the first German bla VIM-1 -harboring Salmonella Infantis isolate (15-SA01028) originating from food.

Aim: The aims of this study were to investigate antibiotic resistance pattern and molecular characterization of Salmonella Infantis strains, isolated from human sources in Tehran hospitals from 2008 to 2010. Background: Infection caused by Salmonella is one of the major public health problems. Despite the clinical importance of Salmonella enteric subsp. enteric serovar Infantis in humans, there is no information available about the common clones of Salmonella Infantis in clinical isolates in Iran. Methods: S. Infantis strains were identified by conventional microbiological and serological testing. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the S.Infantis isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method. The genetic relatedness and the dominant clones of S. Infantis strains were detected by the Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) techniques. Results: More than 80% of the S. Infantis isolates represented multidrug-resistant patterns. PFGE revealed high genetic similarity among S. Infantis strains. While, MLST indicated high-clonal similarity among strains, where all S. Infantis strains were assigned to the ST32 sequence type. Conclusion: This is the first study in Iran conducted to determine the sequence types of S. Infantis in clinical isolates using MLST. The genetically closed MDR S. Infantis clones were responsible for the apparent endemic occurrence of salmonellosis, caused by this Salmonella serovar, in Tehran.

Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) is a common source of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Here, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was administrated to weaned piglets for 1 week before S. Infantis challenge. S. Infantis caused decreased ileal mucosal microbiota diversity, a dramatic Lactobacillus amylovorus bloom, and decreased abundance of Arsenicicoccus, Janibacter, Kocuria, Nocardioides, Devosia, Paracoccus, Psychrobacter, and Weissella. The beneficial effect of LGG correlated with the moderate expansion of L. amylovorus, L. agilis, and several members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. S. Infantis translocation to the liver was decreased in the LGG-pretreated piglets. An in vitro model of LGG and S. Infantis co-incubation (involving the porcine intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2) was established, and nalidixic acid was used to kill the extracellular S. Infantis. LGG suppressed the initial S. Infantis invasion in the IPEC-J2 cells and deceased the rate of cell death. LGG inhibited S. Infantis-induced autophagy and promoted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Akt phosphorylation in both the ileum and IPEC-J2 cells. Our findings suggest that LGG inhibited S. Infantis-induced autophagy by promoting EGFR-mediated activation of the negative mediator Akt, which, in turn, suppressed intestinal epithelial cell death and thus restricted systemic S. Infantis infection. LGG can restore the gut microbiota balance and preserve the autophagy-related intestinal epithelial barrier, thereby controlling infections.

The diversity of pulsed-field profiles (PFPs) within non-typhoidal Salmonella subtypes influences epidemiological analyses of Salmonella outbreaks. Therefore, determining the PFP diversity of each Salmonella serovar is important when evaluating current circulating strains. This study examined the PFP diversity of three important public health Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars, S. Enteritidis (n=177), S. Infantis (n=205), and S. Corvallis (n=90), using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Isolates were collected from several sources, primarily from chicken-derived samples, in the Kyushu-Okinawa region of Japan between 1989 and 2005. S. Enteritidis isolates displayed 51 distinct PFPs (E-PFPs), with 92 (52.0%) and 32 (18.1%) isolates displaying types EPFP1 and E-PFP10, respectively. The 205 S. Infantis isolates showed 54 distinct PFPs (I-PFPs), with 87 (42.4%) and 36 (17.6%) isolates being I-PFP4 and I-PFP2, respectively. I-PFP18 was the dominant I-PFP of layer chicken isolates across a 5-year period. Fourteen distinct S. Corvallis PFPs were detected. Simpson’s index results for the genetic diversities of S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis, and S. Corvallis isolates were 0.70, 0.79, and 0.78, respectively. None of the EPFPs or I-PFPs of layer chicken isolates overlapped with those of broiler chicken isolates, and the dominant clonal lines existed for >10 years. In conclusion, limited PFP diversities were detected amongst S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis, and S. Corvallis isolates of primarily chicken-derived origins in the Kyushu-Okinawa region of Japan. Therefore, it is important to take into account these limitations in PFP diversities in epidemiological analyses of Salmonella outbreaks.

Background To confirm the hypothesis that Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar (S.) Infantis has higher basic reproductive rates in chicks compared with other Salmonella serovars, 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks (n = 8) were challenged simultaneously with S. Infantis and S. Typhimurium per os. Challenged chicks (Group A) were then housed with non-infected chicks (Group B, n = 4) for 6 days (from 2 to 8 days of age). Group B birds were then housed with other non-infected birds (Group C, n = 4), which were then transferred to cages containing a further group of untreated chicks (Group D, n = 2). A control group consisting of four non-infected chicks was used for comparison. All chickens were humanely sacrificed at 18 days of age, and Salmonella from bowel and liver samples were enumerated. Results Both serovars were isolated from all groups except the control group. S. Typhimurium was isolated at a greater frequency than S. Infantis from the bowel samples of chicks from Groups B, C and D, while no differences in colonisation rates were observed between the two serovars in liver samples from Groups B, C and D. S. Typhimurium, but not S. Infantis, was immunohistochemically detected in the lamina propria of the cecum and rectum in five birds of Group A. Despite the competitive administration, neither of the two serovars completely excluded the other, and no differences were observed in basic reproductive rates between the two serovars. Conclusions These findings, together with data from previous studies, suggest that the initial quantitative domination of S. Infantis in chicken flocks may explain why this serovar is predominant in broiler chickens.

Bu calismada broyler tavuk kumeslerinin altlik, toz, cevresel, kemirici kapanlari, yem ve su orneklerinden izole edilen 20 adet Salmonella Infantis susunun multilokus dizi tiplendirme (MLST) ile tiplendirilmesi amaclandi. Sekans tipleri (ST) ve serotipler arasindaki evrimsel iliskiyi gostermek amaciyla yapilan filogenetik analizde, 6 farkli serotip calismaya dahil edildi. Her bir susa ait 7 housekeeping gen uzerinden gerceklestirilen MLST analizi sonucunda tum S. Infantis suslari ST32 bulundu ve Turkiye’de S. Infantis icin baskin sekans tipi olabilecegi sonucuna varildi. S . Enteritidis ST11, S . Typhimurium ST19, S . Hadar ST33, S . Agona ST13, S . Mbandaka ST413 ve S . Coeln ST2015 bulundu . S. Agona, S. Mbandaka ve S . Coeln serotipleri Turkiye’de ilk kez bu calismada, MLST ile tiplendirildi. Ilk kez bu calisma ile ST2015 icin serotip bilgisi S . Coeln olarak MLST veritabanina girildi.

The high rate of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) infection poses significant risk for the development of non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. However, efficient strategies to prevent or treat the infection remain elusive. Here, we explored the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) administration in preventing S. Infantis infection in a pig model. Probiotic LGG (1.0 × 1010 CFU/day) was orally administered to newly weaned piglets for 1 week before S. Infantis challenge. LGG pretreatment reduced the severity of diarrhea and alleviated intestinal inflammation caused by S. Infantis. Pre-administration of LGG excluded Salmonella from colonization of the jejunal mucosa but increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium in the feces. LGG promoted the expansion of CD4+ T-bet+ IFNγ+ T cells but attenuated S. Infantis-induced increases in the percentage of CD4+ IFNγ+ T cells and serum interleukin (IL)-22 levels in peripheral blood after S. Infantis challenge. In the small intestine, LGG pretreatment upregulated expression of the transcription factor T-bet but downregulated the S. Infantis-induced increase of CD4+ IFNγ+ T cells in Peyer's patches and IL-7Rα expression in the jejunum. Notably, LGG-treated pigs had enhanced expression of IL-22 and activated STAT3 in the ileum in response to S. Infantis infection. Pretreatment of pigs with LGG also elevated intestinal IL-22-binding protein production in response to S. Infantis challenge. In contrast, LGG consumption reduced the S. Infantis-induced increase in the number of CCL20-expressing cells in the jejunum. Our results suggest that the mechanism by which LGG ameliorates the intestinal inflammation caused by S. Infantis involves the upregulation of T-bet, activation of STAT3, and downregulation of CCL20.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize a collection of 520 Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strains isolated from food (poultry meat), human infections and environmental sources from the years 2010, 2013 and 2015 in Switzerland. Methods: We performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis on all 520 S. Infantis isolates, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) on 32 selected isolates. Results: The majority (74.8%) of the isolates was multidrug resistant (MDR). PFGE analysis revealed that 270 (51.9%) isolates shared an identity of 90%. All isolates subjected to WGS belonged to sequence type (ST) 32 or a double-locus variant thereof (one isolate). Seven (21.9%) of the sequenced isolates were phylogenetically related to the broiler-associated clone B that emerged in Hungary and subsequently spread within and outside of Europe. In addition, three isolates harboring blaCTX-M-65 on a predicted large (∼320 kb) plasmid grouped in a distinct cluster. Conclusion: This study documents the presence of the Hungarian clone B and related clones in food and human isolates between 2010 and 2015, and the emergence of a blaCTX-M-65 harboring MDR S. serovar Infantis lineage.

The high rate of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) infection poses significant risk for the development of non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. However, efficient strategies to prevent or treat the infection remain elusive. Here, we explored the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) administration in preventing S. Infantis infection in a pig model. Probiotic LGG (1.0 × 1010 CFU/day) was orally administered to newly weaned piglets for 1 week before S. Infantis challenge. LGG pretreatment reduced the severity of diarrhea and alleviated intestinal inflammation caused by S. Infantis. Pre-administration of LGG excluded Salmonella from colonization of the jejunal mucosa but increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium in the feces. LGG promoted the expansion of CD4+ T-bet+ IFNγ+ T cells but attenuated S. Infantis-induced increases in the percentage of CD4+ IFNγ+ T cells and serum interleukin (IL)-22 levels in peripheral blood after S. Infantis challenge. In the small intestine, LGG pretreatment upregulated expression of the transcription factor T-bet but downregulated the S. Infantis-induced increase of CD4+ IFNγ+ T cells in Peyer's patches and IL-7Rα expression in the jejunum. Notably, LGG-treated pigs had enhanced expression of IL-22 and activated STAT3 in the ileum in response to S. Infantis infection. Pretreatment of pigs with LGG also elevated intestinal IL-22-binding protein production in response to S. Infantis challenge. In contrast, LGG consumption reduced the S. Infantis-induced increase in the number of CCL20-expressing cells in the jejunum. Our results suggest that the mechanism by which LGG ameliorates the intestinal inflammation caused by S. Infantis involves the upregulation of T-bet, activation of STAT3, and downregulation of CCL20.

Salmonella infections are one of the most important diseases and cause economic problems in poultry. The zoonotic feature of the agent and leading to food-borne infections are also important in public health issues. Increasing antibiotic resistance causes difficulties of controlling Salmonella infections, in recent years. Among non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes the rate of Salmonella Infantis are increasing in Turkey. With this increase, it is important to know the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella Infantis strains as seen in other Salmonella serotypes. In this study, we aimed to investigate Salmonella Infantis strains which were isolated from feces of healthy broiler chickens for the presence of antibiotic resistance and frequency of Class 1 integrons that is responsible for the transfer of antibiotic resistance as plasmids, transposons. For this purpose a total of 150 S. Infantis strains which were isolated and identified according to the ISO 6579-2002 and Kauffmann-White serotyping scheme were used. Antimicrobial resistance of the strains was determined by the disc diffusion method following to the recommendations of CLSI 2011 standard protocol and also Class 1 integrons were investigated by PCR. According to the results, high rate of multi-drug antibiotic resistance (89.3%), high rate of sensitivity (100%) to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, ceftazidime were observed and also Class 1 integrons were determined in all isolates. In conclusion, the presence of Class 1 integron is all strains of Salmonella Infantis showed the potential importance of these strains as recipient for antibiotic resistance.

During the year 2012 a study was conducted on the hygiene of the production of broiler carcasses at three abattoirs in the Republic of Serbia. A total of 150 samples of broiler neck skin were examined and 17 salmonella isolates were recorded. Isolates were, by using the corresponding monovalent and polyvalent sera, determined according to type as Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis 6, 7, r, 1, 5). In the case of the disease in humans, 5 Salmonella samples of identical serovars were isolated. After that, 22 samples were tested for antibiotic resistance by the disk diffusion test. Isolates showed resistance to ampicillin and nalidixic acid (95.5%), tetracycline (91%), cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (68.2%), but not to ciprofl oxacin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The degree of genetic similarity of isolates from diseased humans and broiler carcasses was determined at a molecular level. Cluster analysis revealed the presence of 7 profiles, while all isolates have 92% genetic similarity. Although there are differences in the antimicrobial resistance of isolates originating from diseased humans and neck skin of tested broilers, can not be excluded an epidemiological link, because in the dominant genotype SINFXB0001, established in 8 isolates from diseased humans (3 isolates), and the neck skin of broilers (5 isolates), a genetic similarity of 100% was recorded. Based on these results, the presence of S. Infantis on broiler carcasses can be considered a hazard to human health. Tokom 2012. godine sprovedena su istraživanja higijene procesa proizvodnje trupova brojlera, na tri klanice u Republici Srbiji. Ispitano je 150 uzoraka kožica vrata brojlera i utvrđeno je 17 izolata salmonela. Izolati su, korišćenjem odgovarajućih monovalentnih i polivalentnih seruma, tipizovani kao Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar infantis (S. Infantis 6, 7, r, 1, 5). U slučajevima oboljenja ljudi, izolovano je 5 uzoraka salmonele identičnog serovarijeteta. Nakon toga, na 22 uzorka, rađeno je ispitivanje antibiotske rezistencije izolata disk difuzionim testom. Izolati su pokazali rezistentnost prema: ampicilinu i nalidiksičnoj kiselini (95,5%), tetraciklinu (91%), cefotaksim/klavulanskoj kiselini (68,2%), ali ne i prema ciprofl oksacinu, gentamicinu i trimetoprim/sulfametoksazolu (0%). Stepen genetske sličnosti izolata poreklom od obolelih ljudi i sa trupova brojlera je određen molekularnim metodama. Analiza klastera je pokazala prisustvo 7 profi la, dok svi izolati imaju 92% genetske sličnosti. Iako postoje razlike u antimikrobnoj rezistenciji izolata poreklom od obolelih ljudi i sa kožica vrata brojlera, ne može se isključiti epidemiološka povezanost, jer kod dominantnog genotipa SINFXB0001, utvrđenog kod 8 izolata poreklom od obolelih ljudi (3 izolata) i sa kožica vrata brojlera (5 izolata), postoji genetska sličnost od 100%. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, istraživanje je pokazalo da prisustvo S. Infantis na trupovima brojlera predstavlja hazard po zdravlje ljudi.

Case Description—In April 2012, Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis was detected in an unopened bag of dry dog food collected during routine retail surveillance. PulseNet, a national bacterial subtyping network, identified humans with Salmonella Infantis infection with the same genetic fingerprint as the dog food sample. Clinical Findings—An outbreak investigation identified 53 ill humans infected with the outbreak strain during January 1 to July 5, 2012, in 21 states and 2 provinces in Canada; 20 (38%) were children ≤ 2 years old, and 12 of 37 (32%) were hospitalized. Of 21 ill people who remembered the dog food brand, 12 (57%) reported a brand produced at a plant in Gaston, SC. Traceback investigations also identified that plant. The outbreak strain was isolated from bags of dry dog food and fecal specimens obtained from dogs that lived with ill people and that ate the implicated dry dog food. Treatment and Outcome—The plant was closed temporarily for cleaning and disinfection. Sixteen brands involving > 27,000 metric tons (> 30,000 tons) of dry dog and cat food were recalled. Thirty-one ill dogs linked to recalled products were reported through the FDA consumer complaint system. Clinical Relevance—A one-health collaborative effort on epidemiological, laboratory, and traceback investigations linked dry dog foods produced at a plant to illnesses in dogs and humans. More efforts are needed to increase awareness among pet owners, health-care professionals, and the pet food industry on the risk of illness in pets and their owners associated with dry pet foods and treats.

SUMMARY. Rodents serve as amplifiers of Salmonella infections in poultry flocks and can serve as a source of Salmonella contamination in the environment even after thorough cleaning and disinfectio...

Salmonella Infantis is considered in recent years an emerging Salmonella serovar, as it has been associated with several outbreaks and multidrug resistance phenotypes. Phages appear as a possible alternative strategy to control Salmonella Infantis (SI). The aims of this work were to characterize two phages of the Felixounavirus genus, isolated using the same strain of SI, and to expose them to interact in challenge assays to identify genetic and phenotypic changes generated from these interactions. These two phages have a shared nucleotide identity of 97% and are differentiated by their host range: one phage has a wide host range (lysing 14 serovars), and the other has a narrow host range (lysing 6 serovars). During the 12 h challenge we compared: (1) optical density of SI, (2) proportion of SI survivors from phage-infected cultures, and (3) phage titer. Isolates obtained through the assays were evaluated by efficiency of plating (EOP) and by host-range characterization. Genomic modifications were characterized by evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The optical density (600 nm) of phage-infected SI decreased, as compared to the uninfected control, by an average of 0.7 for SI infected with the wide-host-range (WHR) phage and by 0.3 for SI infected with the narrow-host-range (NHR) phage. WHR phage reached higher phage titer (7 &times, 1011 PFU/mL), and a lower proportion of SI survivor was obtained from the challenge assay. In SI that interacted with phages, we identified SNPs in two genes (rfaK and rfaB), which are both involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) polymerization. Therefore, mutations that could impact potential phage receptors on the host surface were selected by lytic phage exposure. This work demonstrates that the interaction of Salmonella phages (WHR and NHR) with SI for 12 h in vitro leads to emergence of new phenotypic and genotypic traits in both phage and host. This information is crucial for the rational design of phage-based control strategies.

The vast majority of eggs in Australia are washed prior to packing to remove dirt and fecal material and to reduce the microbial contamination of the egg shell. The egg contents can be an ideal growth medium for microorganisms which can result in human illness if eggs are stored improperly and eaten raw or undercooked, and it is estimated that egg-related salmonellosis is costing Australia $44 million per year. Egg shell characteristics such as shell thickness, amount of cuticle present, and thickness of individual egg shell layers can affect the ease with which bacteria can penetrate the egg shell and washing could partially or completely remove the cuticle layer. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of egg washing on cuticle cover and effects of egg shell quality and cuticle cover on Salmonella Infantis penetration of the egg shell. A higher incidence of unfavorable ultrastructural variables of the mammillary layer such as late fusion, type B bodies, type A bodies, poor cap quality, alignment, depression, erosion and cubics were recorded in Salmonella penetrated areas of egg shells. The influence of egg washing on the ability of Salmonella Infantis on the egg shell surface to enter the egg internal contents was also investigated using culture-based agar egg penetration and real-time qPCR based experiments. The results from the current study indicate that washing affected cuticle cover. There were no significant differences in Salmonella Infantis penetration of washed or unwashed eggs. Egg shell translucency may have effects on Salmonella Infantis penetration of the egg shell. The qPCR assay was more sensitive for detection of Salmonella Infantis from egg shell wash and internal contents than traditional microbiological methods. The agar egg and whole egg inoculation experiments indicated that Salmonella Infantis penetrated the egg shells. Egg washing not only can be highly effective at removing Salmonella Infantis from the egg shell surface, but also allows subsequent trans-shell and trans-membrane penetration into the egg. Consequently, it is important to prevent recontamination of the egg after washing.

ブロイラー農場において出荷直前に自主的に廃棄された44から52日齢の鶏，61例を病理学的・細菌学的に検索した。臨床的に, ほとんどの鶏は発育不良，脚弱または脚麻痺を示していた。肉眼的に脊椎に形成された膿瘍は61例中7例(11.5%)で認められ，第六胸椎の椎体に主座していた。病理組織学的に，脊椎膿瘍は多数のグラム陰性菌を伴う壊死性化膿性肉芽腫性骨髄炎及び関節炎の組織像を呈していた。一方，脊椎症以外の症例の第五，第六，第七胸椎関節部では出血を伴った関節軟骨の亀裂・断裂が多数認められ，2例では病変部または関節腔にも細菌塊がみられた。脊椎膿瘍病変部より分離された菌株は，7例中4例が血清型別によりSalmonella Infantisと同定され，3例は大腸菌群であった。, Sixty-one 44 to 52-day-old diseased and defective chickens were collected from three broiler farms before shipment for meat inspection and examined pathologically and bacteriologically. Most of affected chickens showed poor growth, lameness and paralysis. Macroscopically, 7 chickens had abscesses at 6th thoracic vertebrae (11.5%). Histopathologically, necrotizing purulent granulomatous osteomyelitis and arthritis with gram-negative bacilli was observed in the affected vertebra. Many cases showed a separation of articular cartilage at the fifth. sixth and seventh thoracic vertebrae except for cases of thoracic spondylopathy, and two cases had bacterial clumps. Salmonella Infantis and Escherichia coli was isolated from vertebral lesion.

Salmonella Infantis patogena je bakterija čija je prevalencija u porastu u primarnoj proizvodnji, u mesu peradi, ali i u humanim izolatima u više europskih zemalja. Veća pojavnost ove bakterije uočena je u centralnim i istočnim zemljama članicama Europske unije (Rumunjska, Italija, Slovenija, Austrija), a prema izvještaju Europskog centra za sprječavanje i kontrolu bolesti (ECDC) za 2014. god., S. Infantis bila je četvrti najčešći serovar salmonele kod ljudi, dok je najčešći serovar izoliran u jatima brojlera u zemljama EU. Prevalencija S. Infanits u jatima pilića u porastu je od 2011. godine, dok izostaju podaci o prevalenciji u mesu pilića na tržištu Hrvatske. U ovom radu prikazana je pojavnost S. Infantis u uzorcima svježeg i zamrznutog pilećeg mesa na tržištu Republike Hrvatske koji su prikupljeni tijekom 2015. godine. Uzorkovanje je provedeno u okviru nadzora od strane sanitarne inspekcije Ministarstva zdravlja, a uzorci su na anali¬zu slani u županijske zavode za javno zdravstvo. Od ukupno 474 uzoraka pilećeg mesa obuhvaćenih nadzorom, 51 uzorak bio je pozitivan na Salmonella spp., a S. Infantis je bila najčešće izolirani serovar (88,2 %)., Salmonella Infantis are pathogenic bacteria whose prevalence in primary production of poultry meat and human isolates from several European countries is on the rise. According to the report of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) published in 2014, a higher incidence of these bacte¬ria was also observed in Central and Eastern European EU Member States (Romania, Italy, Slovenia, Austria). S. Infantis was the fourth most common serovar of Salmonella in humans. The most common serovar in broiler flocks was isolated in the EU. The prevalence of S. Infanits in flocks of chickens was on the rise since 2011. However, the data on its prevalence in chicken meat on the Croatian market is not available. This paper looks at the incidence of S. Infantis in samples of fresh and frozen chicken meat collected on the Croatian market during 2015. The sampling was performed within the framework of Ministry of Health sanitary inspection monitoring, and collected samples were analysed in due county public health institutes. From the total of 474 chicken meat sam¬ples included in monitoring, 51 samples were culture positive for Salmonella spp, while S. Infantis represented the most frequently isolated serovar (88.2 %)., Bei der Salmonella Infantis handelt es sich um eine pathogene Bakterie, deren Prävalenz in der Primärindustrie, im Geflügelfleisch, aber auch in den humanen Isolaten, in mehreren europäischen Ländern eine steigende Tendenz aufweist. Eine größere Prävalenz dieser Bakterie wurde laut Bericht des Europäischen Zentrums für die Prävention und Kontrolle von Krankheiten (ECDC) für 2014 in den zentral- und osteuropäischen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten beobachtet (Rumänien, Italien, Slowenien, Österreich). Die S. Infantis war der vierte häufigste Salmonellen-Serotyp bei Men¬schen, und der am häufigsten in den Broilerstämmen der EU-Länder isolierte Serotyp. Die Prävalenz der S. Infanits in den Hähnchenscharen weist seit 2011 eine steigende Tendenz auf; Angaben über die Prävalenz im Hähnchenfleisch auf dem kroatischen Markt sind ausgeblieben. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Prävalenz der S. Infantis in frischen und gefrorenen in 2015 gesammelten Hähnchenfleischproben auf dem Markt der Repu¬blik Kroatien dargestellt. Die Proben wurden im Rahmen eines Monitorings der Sanitärinspektion des Ministeriums für Gesundheit entnommen und zur Auswertung an regionale Institute für öffentliche Gesundheit geschickt. Von den insgesamt 474 Proben des vom Monitoring erfassten Hähnchenfleischs waren 51 Proben positiv auf die Salmonella spp, wobei die S. Infantis der am häufigsten isolierte Serotyp war (88,2 %)., La Salmonella Infantis è un batterio patogeno la cui prevalenza è in crescita nella produzione primaria, sia nella carne di pollo, sia negli isolati umani in diversi paesi europei. Secondo il rapporto del Centro europeo per la prevenzione ed il controllo delle malattie (ECDC) per il 2014, è stata riscontrata una maggiore manifestazione di questo batterio in alcuni paesi membri dell’Unione europea collocati nell’Europa centro-orientale (Romania, Italia, Slovenia e Austria). Dal rapporto risulta, infatti, che la S. Infantis è il quarto sierotipo più frequentemente isolato tra gli uomini, ed il primo in assoluto tra le batterie di polli da carne (brojler) nei paesi dell’UE. La prevalenza della S. Infantis nelle batterie di polli da carne è in crescita dal 2011, mentre mancano i dati sulla prevalenza nella carne di pollo commercializzata in Croazia. In questo studio viene illustrato il manifestarsi della S. Infantis nei campioni di carne di pollo fresca e congelata commercializzata nella Repubblica di Croazia, prelevati nel corso del 2015. Il campionamento è stato operato nell’ambito dell’attività di monitoring svolta dall’Ispettorato d’igiene e sanità pubblica presso il Ministero della Salute, mentre i campioni sono stati analizzati presso gli istituti regionali di salute pubblica. Su un totale di 474 campioni di carne di pollo compresi nell’attività di monitoraggio, 51 campioni sono risultati positivi alla Salmonella spp, mentre la S. Infantis è stato il sierotipo più frequentemente isolato (88,2%)., Salmonella Infantis es una bacteria patógena cuya prevalencia está creciendo en la producción primaria, en la carne de aves del corral, pero también en los aislantes humanos en muchos países europeos. Mayor aparición de esta bacteria es notada en los países centrales y orientales de los estados miembros de la UE (Rumania, Italia, Eslovenia, Austria), y según el informe del Centro Europeo para la Prevención y Control de Enfermedades (ECDC) para el año 2014. S. Infantis ha sido el cuarto serotipo más frecuente de la salmonella en la gente, mientras que el serotipo más frecuente aislado en averíos de los pollos broiler en los países de la UE. La prevalencia de S. Infanits en averíos de pollos está creciendo desde el año 2011, mientras que están ausentes los datos de la prevalencia en la carne de polluelos en el mercado de Croacia. En esta obra está demostrada la aparición de S. Infantis en especímenes de la carne fresca y congelada en el mercado de la República Croacia que han sido recogidos durante el año 2015. El muestreo es implementado dentro de la monitorización por parte de la inspección sanitaria del Ministerio de Salud, y los especímenes han sido enviados a un análisis a los institutos condales para la salud pública. De los 474 especímenes totales de la carne de pollo abarcada de la monitorización, los 51 especímenes han sido positivos en Salmonella spp, mientras que S. Infantis ha sido el serotipo aislado más frecuente (88,2 %).

Modern livestock production method involves the use of antimicrobial agents as an effective way to fight against various infections. The effectiveness of drugs depends on their proper and controlled use. A particular problem is bacteria, such as Salmonella, which are important for human and veterinary medicine. The mechanism of resistance developed in bacteria depends on the activity of antibacterial preparations. Target molecules for the group chinolone antibiotics are enzymes involved in DNA replication of cells. Quinolone bactericidal activity disrupts the function of bacterial gyrase thereby blocking DNA synthesis and causes cell death. Nalidixic acid is a prototype of quinolone, and along with several other compounds, forms the group of first and second generation of this type of antimicrobial agents. The subject of our work is to monitor the sensitivity of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella infantis to nalidixic acid as a method of indicating the presence of bacterial resistance to quinolones. The aim is to determine whether the resistance to mentioned nalidixic acid in Salmonella serovarety is present, are there differences in resistance between them and what the possible cause of these differences are. The examination was carried out on strains isolated from poultry samples. The most presented strans in both examined years were S. enteritidis and S. infantis (more than 90%). Monitoring the sensitivity of these serotypes toward nalidixic acid it was found that in 2009 S. enteritidis showed sensitivity with 88.46% and in 2010 year 81.25%. S. infantis strains showed quite a different sensitivity, i.e. the resistance to nalidixic acid. The presence of 75% resistant strains in 2009 and 68.18% resistant strains in 2010 were determined.The difference of sensitivity of isolated serovariety indicate the need to use molecular methods and try to detect not only the mechanisms of resistance but also epizootiological, epidemiological and perhaps reasons, but also the origin and circulation of strains, and determine phenotype characteristics.

Mixed bacterial cultures from the ingesta of cocks grown under different circumstances were tested for their inhibitory effect on the colonization of Salmonella infantis. The cultures grown in one or more of three different media were given to chickens, which were inoculated with S. infantis one day or one week later. It was shown that the original media could be considerably simplified without causing any change in the preventive effect of the culture. An anaerobically incubated VL-medium was shown to be convenient for the cultivation of a flora inhibiting the colonization of S. infantis in the intestines of broiler chickens equally well at the age of one day and at that of one week. Meat broth or aerobically incubated VL-medium were shown to be unsuitable. The culture grown in a VL-medium was shown to be effective against S. infantis also when administered to the chickens with the drinking water.

Focal intracranial infections such as brain abscess, subdural empyema, or epidural abscess are unusual manifestations of salmonellosis found almost solely in immuno-compromised patients. We describe an unusual case of an 11-month old immuno-competent girl with a Salmonella Infantis subdural empyema. The case responded well to surgical drainage and long course of antibiotic treatment.

This paper briefly describes mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones in several worldwide distributed Salmonella clones. The isolates have acquired multiple resistance traits over the years due to extensive antibiotic treatment both in human and veterinary medicine. Except for the Salmonella Typhimuirum DT104 where effl ux pump appears to play a major role in resistance to (fluoro)quinolones, in other serovars mutations on topoisomerase genes seem to fi rstly occur and have been primary mechanisms of resistance. Plasmid borne resistance is rarely detected but because of horizontal gene transfer needs to be recorded. Understanding the genetic events at the molecular level is crucial in epidemiology work and provides insight in spreading of resistance clones of Salmonella.

U radu je opisana pojavnost bakterije Salmonella Infantis u uzorcima navlaka za obuću i fecesu tovnih pilića. U razdoblju od 2010. do 2014. godine u Laboratoriju za bakteriologiju Centra za peradarstvo Hrvatskog veterinarskog Instituta ukupno je pretraženo 18799 uzoraka. Ukupno je izdvojeno 357 bakterija iz roda Salmonella, od čega 81 serovara Infantis. U istraživanom razdoblju zabilježen je zamjetan rast izdvojenih salmonela, naročito serovara Infantis. U razdoblju od 2010. do 2013. godine serovar Infantis bio je drugi najčešće izdvojeni serovar, dok je 2014. bio najčešći. Ovakav trend vidljiv je i u Europskoj Uniji, kao i u mnogim državama svijeta. Mnogi autori kao mogući razlog ovako velikog porasta učestalosti serovara Infantis vide u novootvorenoj niši koja je nastala kao rezulat uspješne kontrole serovarova Enteritidis i Thyphimurium.

Chilled breasts of chicken were inoculated with Salmonella infantis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa and then given one of the following treatments: (i) exposure to gaseous ozone (>2000 ppm for up to 30 min); (ii) storage under 70% CO2:30% N2; and (iii) exposure to gaseous ozone (>2000 ppm for 15 min) followed by storage under 70% CO2:30% N2; all storage at 7 °C. Gaseous ozone reduced the counts of salmonellae by 97% and pseudomonads by 95%, but indigenous coliforms were unaffected. Under the modified atmosphere, the cell count of S. infantis was reduced by 72% following initial exposure and then stabilised, coliforms grew, but Ps. aeruginosa behaved like S. infantis––initial reduction (58%) followed by stability. Exposure to gaseous ozone followed by gas packaging allowed survival of S. infantis, Ps. aeruginosa and coliforms over 9 days at 7 °C, but there was no evidence of any sensory deterioration. It is proposed that the latter treatment could, in a modified form perhaps, be used to reduce the contamination of chicken carcasses with salmonellae and improve their shelf-life.

Aerobic mesophilic counts (AMC), coliform (CC) and coliform resuscitation counts (CRCs) were obtained by swabbing 50 cm(2) areas at three sites (ham, belly and neck) on pig carcasses, after each of seven stages of the slaughter/dressing process (bleeding, scalding, dehairing, singeing, polishing, evisceration and chilling). In most cases, there were no statistical differences (P>0.05) among the counts derived by these three methods. Reductions in counts at individual sites were observed after scalding (3.5 log(10) cfu cm(-2)), and singeing (2.5 log(10) cfu cm(-2)). Increases in counts at individual sites were observed after dehairing (2.0 log(10) cfu cm(-2)) and polishing (1.5 log(10) cfu cm(-2)). The incidence of Salmonella on pig carcasses was also obtained by swabbing the outside surfaces of 100 half carcasses. Information on the incidence of Salmonella in scald tank water (108 samples) was also investigated. Carcass swabs and scald tank water were examined for the presence of Salmonella using standard enrichment methods. Salmonella were detected on 31% of carcasses immediately after bleeding, 7% of carcasses immediately after dehairing and evisceration, and 1% of carcasses immediately after scalding. Serovars included Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Derby. No Salmonella were recovered from samples of scald tank water. The impact of pig slaughter/dressing processes on carcass microbiology and their potential use as critical control points (CCPs) during pork production are discussed.

最近野菜に関わる2次汚染による食中毒事件発生が多い.この発生防止策を考えるための知見を得る目的で, 腸管出血性大腸菌O157 (O157) と2種サルモネラ [Salmonella Infantis (SI) とSalmonella Enteritidis (SE)] の増殖挙動について接種実験による検討を行った.1.滅菌精製水 (DW), 生理食塩液 (PS) とトリプトソイ培養液 (TSB) 中における25, 30と35℃ の各保存温度と保存時間2, 4, 6と8時間での接種後保存実験: 3種菌ともDWやPS中に保存しても, 急激な菌数減少は起こさず, 25～35℃, 8時間保存でもほぼ接種菌数を維持していた.TSB培養液中30℃ 以上8時間の保存では約101～104倍の菌数増殖があった.2.野菜滲出液中でのO157とSIの接種後保存実験: 8種類の野菜―ホウレン草, レタス, キュウリ, 大根, キャベツ, セロリ, カブおよびネギの滲出液での増殖性を検討した結果, O157はネギで減少し, キャベツで増殖抑制傾向を示した.それ以外の野菜では盛んに増殖し, TSBでの保存と同等の増殖性を示した.SIでは, セロリ, カブ, ネギで減少し, キャベツで増殖抑制傾向を示し, 他の野菜4種は盛んな増殖を示した.3.野菜ゆで汁での2種サルモネラの接種後保存実験: SEとSIでは菌の増殖挙動に差異が見られた.ホウレン草, チンゲン菜とキャベツのゆで汁への接種実験では, SEですべての野菜で増殖し, SIはホウレン草では増殖したが, チンゲン菜とキャベツでは増殖抑制傾向が見られた.