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Background: Impact of drug wastage is a legitimate and persistent concern. Financial impact of drug waste is borne by the hospital network, patients, and healthcare systems. Measures to reduce drug wastage may have a positive impact throughout healthcare systems., Objective: This study investigated the stability and sterility of single-dose vials when repeatedly accessed with a closed system transfer device. By evaluating the sterility and stability, these results may be used to validate the extension of vial usage and lead to potential drug wastage reduction., Methods: Sterility testing was performed in accordance with US Pharmacopeia 71. A closed system transfer device was incorporated into simulated compounding tasks, utilizing growth media. Simulated compounding tasks were performed in the clinical environment, followed by incubation to stimulate growth. Stability testing was performed in accordance with US Pharmacopeia monographs at multiple timepoints post access. Test samples were comparatively tested via high-performance liquid chromatography to freshly opened vials at each timepoint., Results: No growth was observed in test samples. Control vials displayed growth, where appropriate. The drugs retained stability, when compared to freshly opened vials at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h, post access., Conclusions: This study confirms that closed system transfer devices do not contribute to microbial contamination of drug vials, following the repeated access, for up to 7 days and the tested drugs retained equivalent chemical stability for up to 72 h post access. This study may offer a manner by which a facility may assess single-dose vials' sterility and stability, following repeated access by a closed system transfer device., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: JH has received honoraria for partner authorship on manuscript. MW and RS declare no relevant conflicts of interest or financial relationships. JB is an employee of ICU Medical., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

We present interferometric and single-dish molecular line observations of the interstellar bullet-outflow source IRAS05506+2414, whose wide-angle bullet spray is similar to the Orion BN/KL explosive outflow and likely arises from an entirely different mechanism than the classical accretion-disk-driven bipolar flows in young stellar objects. The bullet-outflow source is associated with a large pseudo-disk and three molecular outflows - a high-velocity outflow (HVO), a medium-velocity outflow (MVO), and a slow, extended outflow (SEO). The size (mass) of the pseudo-disk is 10,350 AU×6,400 AU (0.64-0.17 M ⊙ ); from a model-fit assuming infall and rotation we derive a central stellar mass of 8-19 M ⊙ . The HVO (MVO) has an angular size ~ 5180 (~ 3330) AU, and a projected outflow velocity of ~ 140 km s -1 (~ 30 km s -1 ). The SEO size (outflow speed) is ~ 0.9 pc (~ 6 km s -1 ). The HVO's axis is aligned with (orthogonal to) that of the SEO (pseudo-disk). The velocity structure of the MVO is unresolved. The scalar momenta in the HVO and SEO are very similar, suggesting that the SEO has resulted from the HVO interacting with ambient cloud material. The bullet spray shares a common axis with the pseudo-disk, and has an age comparable to that of MVO (few hundred years), suggesting that these three structures are intimately linked together. We discuss several models for the outflows in IRAS 05506+2414 (including dynamical decay of a stellar cluster, chance encounter of a runaway star with a dense cloud, and close passage of two protostars), and conclude that 2nd-epoch imaging to derive proper motions of the bullets and nearby stars can help to discriminate between them.