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Peeled edamame can be processed into a product that will increase added value, including edamame milk. The perishable nature of milk requires further processing, such as drying it into powder. One of the commonly used fillers is maltodextrin because it can improve the product’s physical properties. With this treatment process, the physicochemical characteristics could be changed. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the treatment of the physicochemical characteristics of edamame milk powder. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) experiment with maltodextrin concentration factor (5.71%-10.00%) and spray drying temperature (160°C-215°C) was used in this study. Analysis of physicochemical characteristics carried out included water content, water activity, solubility, hygroscopicity, and color (a(-)). The results showed that treatment with the combination of 6.00% maltodextrin and 215 °C of drying temperature offer the optimum condition in producing a high-quality edamame milk powder.

Abstract Krill oil possesses strong antioxidant activity but has limited applications in the food industry due to its poor aqueous solubility, strong off‐flavours and susceptibility to oxidative degradation. This study was aimed to improve the colloidal and oxidative stability of krill oil via microencapsulation using spray drying. Whey protein isolate (WPI), maltodextrin (MD), carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and n‐octenylsuccinate starch (OSAS) were used as the microcapsule wall materials. The results showed that WPI+MD microcapsules had the optimum characterised properties compared to WPI+CMS and WPI+OSAS microcapsules. WPI+MD microcapsules possessed the highest encapsulation efficiency of 76.59%. The optimal air inlet temperature was 165°C, providing a high krill oil encapsulation efficiency and reducing concaveness on the microcapsule surfaces. Krill oil was distributed homogeneously inside the capsules and presented a good colloidal stability during an extended storage time. The antioxidant capacity against heat was simultaneously increased owing to the improved oxidative stability by microencapsulation. Consequently, this study provides useful guidelines for improving the stability and application of krill oil in the food industry.

Metformin Hydrochloride (MH), an orally administered antidiabetic drug from the biguanide family, encounters issues of wide particle size distribution, inefficient dissolution rates and short half-life leading to excess dosage which can result in lactic acidosis. Novel approaches that yield smaller particle size and uniform distribution at higher yields are significant to tackle problems associated with solubility and optimum dosage levels of the administered drugs. In the current research related to microsphere synthesis, a controlled process based on pressure and ultrasonic nozzles for the atomization of liquid, was applied with an objective of optimizing particle size of microspheres of MH in sodium alginate, a biopolymer excipient matrix. The study carried out in spray dryer elucidated parameter optimization using one variable at a time approach by varying important parameters as inlet temperature of air (120°C–150 °C), rate of flow of feed (1.5 mL/min-3 mL/min), aspirator rate (800 rpm–1400 rpm) and polymer content in feed solution (1 g–8 g) using ultrasonic and pressure nozzles for comparison with the target output parameter as particle size and yield. While the particle size at optimum conditions were

In mushroom cultivation, spawn is among the most important factors that ensure a successful production. Considering several drawbacks from both solid and liquid spawn in shelf life and preservation matters, it is suggested that the dry powder form of spawn is a good potential to explore. A study of powder culture formation using a spray dryer involved various inlet temperatures of 80 oC, 90 oC, 100 oC, 110 oC, 120 oC and 130 oC. The yield % of the dried powder culture was measured and it was found that 130 oC yielded the highest percentage of 50.33%. The lowest temperature yielded the lowest percentage. On the other hand, the lowest temperature of 80 oC revived the highest mycelium dry weight at 1.68 g which was obtained on the 10th day of the incubation periods. The revival ability was decreased with the increase of temperature. The study proved that the powder culture of P. pulmonarius was able to perform and revive whereby it holds a potential to be preserved over a longer period, which is beneficial for the mushroom cultivator. ABSTRAK: Dalam penanaman cendawan, benih yang baik adalah antara faktor penting yang memastikan penghasilan tinggi. Terdapat beberapa kelemahan daripada benih pepejal dan cecair dalam memastikan jangka hayat berpanjangan serta memastikan benih dalam keadaan berkualiti sepanjang masa. Oleh itu, penghasilan benih cendawan dalam bentuk serbuk kering sangat berpotensi untuk diterokai. Kajian mengenai penghasilan kultur serbuk menggunakan semburan kering telah melibatkan pelbagai suhu salur masuk seperti 80 oC, 90 oC, 100 oC, 110 oC, 120 oC dan 130 oC. Peratus penghasilan kultur serbuk kering telah diukur dan didapati pada suhu 130 oC menghasilkan peratusan tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 50.33%, manakala suhu terendah menghasilkan peratusan terendah. Sebaliknya, suhu terendah pada 80 oC menumbuhkan semula berat kering miselium dengan bacaan tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 1.68 g diperoleh pada hari ke-10 tempoh inkubasi. Keupayaan menumbuh berkurangan dengan peningkatan suhu. Kajian membuktikan bahawa kultur serbuk P. pulmonarius mampu berfungsi dan tumbuh semula di mana ianya berpotensi disimpan dalam tempoh lama, ini berfaedah kepada penanaman cendawan.

The aim of this study was to identify the most effective protectants for enhancing the viability of specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CICC 6097, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CICC 21839, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM) by assessing their enzymatic activity when exposed to spray drying (inlet/outlet temperature: 135 °C/90 °C). Firstly, it was found that the live cell counts of the selected LAB cells from the 10% (w/v) recovered skim milk (RSM) group remained above 107 CFU/g after spray drying. Among all the three groups (1% w/v RSM group, 10% w/v RSM group, and control group), the two enzymes pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were more sensitive to spray drying than hexokinase (HK) and β-galactosidase (β-GAL). Next, transcriptome data of Lb. acidophilus NCFM showed that 10% (w/v) RSM improved the down-regulated expressions of genes encoding PK (pyk) and LDH (ldh) after spray drying compared to 1% (w/v) RSM. Finally, four composite protectants were created, each consisting of 10% (w/v) RSM plus a different additive—sodium glutamate (CP-A group), sucrose (CP-B group), trehalose (CP-C group), or a combination of sodium glutamate, sucrose, and trehalose (CP-D group)—to encapsulate Lb. acidophilus NCFM. It was observed that the viable counts of strain NCFM (8.56 log CFU/g) and enzymatic activity of PK and LDH in the CP-D group were best preserved compared to the other three groups. Therefore, our study suggested that measuring the LDH and PK activity could be used as a promising tool to screen the effective spray-dried protective agent for LAB cells.

This study investigates the encapsulation of Tenebrio molitor hydrolysate exhibiting DPP-IV inhibitory activity by spray-drying and electrospraying techniques. First, we optimized the feed formulation and processing conditions required to obtain nano-microcapsules by electrospraying when using Arabic gum as an encapsulating agent and pullulan and Tween 20 as additives. The optimum formulation was also dried by spray-drying, where the removal of the additives was also assayed. Morphology analysis reveals that electrosprayed capsules have a smaller size (1.2 ± 0.5 µm vs. 12.4 ± 8.7 µm) and greater uniformity compared to those obtained by spray-drying. Regarding the surface nitrogen content and DPP-IV inhibitory activity, our results show no significant difference between the electrosprayed capsules and spray-dried capsules containing additives (IC50 of ~1.5 mg protein/mL). Therefore, it was concluded that adding additives during spray-drying allows for a similar encapsulation efficiency and reduced degradation during processing, as achieved by electrospraying technique but providing higher productivity. On the other hand, spray-dried capsules without additives displayed a higher surface nitrogen content percentage, which was mainly due to the absence of Tween 20 in the feed formulation. Consequently, these capsules presented a higher IC50 value (IC50 of 1.99 ± 0.03 mg protein/mL) due to the potential degradation of surface-exposed peptides.

Spray-drying and freeze-drying are indispensable techniques for microencapsulating biologically active compounds, crucial for enhancing their bioavailability and stability while protecting them from environmental degradation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of these methods in encapsulating Citrus x paradisi L. (grapefruit) peel extract, focusing on sustainable recovery from waste peels. Key objectives included identifying optimal wall materials and assessing each encapsulation technique’s impact on microencapsulation. The investigation highlighted that the choice of wall material composition significantly affects the microencapsulation’s efficiency and morphological characteristics. A wall material mixture of 17 g maltodextrin, 0.5 g carboxymethylcellulose, and 2.5 g β-cyclodextrin was optimal for spray drying. This combination resulted in a sample with a wettability time of 1170 (s), a high encapsulation efficiency of 91.41%, a solubility of 60.21%, and a low moisture content of 5.1 ± 0.255%. These properties indicate that spray-drying, particularly with this specific wall material composition, offers a durable structure and can be conducive to prolonged release. Conversely, varying the precise compositions used in the freeze-drying process yielded different results: quick wettability at 132.6 (s), a solubility profile of 61.58%, a moisture content of 5.07%, and a high encapsulation efficiency of 78.38%. The use of the lyophilization technique with this latter wall material formula resulted in a more porous structure, which may facilitate a more immediate release of encapsulated compounds and lower encapsulation efficiency.

Spray-drying is a commonly used method for producing powdered flavors, but the high temperatures involved often result in the loss of volatile molecules. To address this issue, our study focused on a novel approach: developing O/W Pickering emulsions with agri-food byproducts to encapsulate and protect D-limonene during spray-drying and storage. Emulsions formulated with lupin hull, lupin-byproduct (a water-insoluble protein–fiber byproduct derived from the production of lupin protein isolate), and camelina press-cake were subjected to spray-drying at 160 °C. The results revealed that these emulsions exhibited good stability against creaming. The characteristics of the dry emulsions (powders) were influenced by the concentration of byproducts. Quantitative analysis revealed that Pickering emulsions enhanced the retention of D-limonene during spray-drying, with the highest retention achieved using 3% lupin hull and 1% camelina press-cake. Notably, lupin-stabilized emulsions yielded powders with enhanced oxidative stability compared to those stabilized with camelina press-cake. Our findings highlight the potential of food-grade Pickering emulsions to improve the stability of volatile flavors during both processing and storage.

Incorporating anthocyanins, valuable natural pigments, into a powder can improve their stability, but exposure to high temperatures during processing can cause them to degrade. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the inlet air temperature during spray drying affects the physical and chemical characteristics as well as the flowability of a grape pomace anthocyanin powder obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction using acidified water as the solvent. An anthocyanin solution containing 13% (w/v) maltodextrin was subjected to spray drying at temperatures ranging from 120 to 170 °C. Tukey's test was applied to compare the means of the samples. The samples dried at temperatures between 130 and 170 °C were adequate, with a moisture content < 5% and a water activity < 0.3, indicating that the powder was stable. The highest anthocyanin retention (91.94 ± 1.59%) and process yield (50.00 ± 3.06%) were achieved at 140 °C, while higher temperatures resulted in anthocyanin degradation. Furthermore, the powder exhibited poor flowability, indicating cohesive behavior (Hausner ratio > 42.29% and Carr index > 1.73), which is an industrial parameter rarely considered in spray-drying studies. The acidification process was found to promote high anthocyanin retention following high-temperature processing. However, powders obtained from food matrices with low pH and high sugar content may exhibit increased cohesion due to interaction forces. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing grape pomace and green solvents to produce bioactive-rich powders for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microencapsulation with various materials has been used as an efficient method to improve the viability of probiotic bacteria in multiple food products and the human gastrointestinal tract. Although plate count agar is the most commonly used method for evaluating the viability of encapsulated bacteria, it is still far from providing reliable information about the intermediate state between viable and dead bacteria. This study optimized a tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric method for the detection of viable but non-culturable state within encapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus plantarum probiotic strains. The viability of encapsulated bacteria was assessed after different spray-drying conditions and also during two months of storage at room temperature. The ability to reduce tetrazolium salts of two lactic acid bacteria was verified and calibrated according to the experimental conditions (strains, incubation time, and microencapsulation material). The loss of bacterial cultivability was species-specific and more problematic throughout the processing than during the storage period. An outlet temperature of 73-75 °C yielded a higher viable but non-culturable state level than at 68-69 °C, especially in maltodextrin and trehalose powders. Whey protein was statistically the best carrier in preserving viable and culturable encapsulated bacteria after spray-drying and during storage, as compared to sugar-based carriers. The tetrazolium-optimized method was more sensitive and accurate for the evaluation of viable bacteria in microcapsules as compared to the conventional plate count methods available. It showed the high variability of CFU counts on Man–Rogosa–Sharpe (MRS) agar. This colorimetric technique could be considered a real-time, simple, cost-effective, and reliable alternative to culture-based methods in evaluating probiotic microencapsulation efficiency.

The aim of this study was to identify the most effective protectants for enhancing the viability of specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CICC 6097, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CICC 21839, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM) by assessing their enzymatic activity when exposed to spray drying (inlet/outlet temperature: 135 °C/90 °C). Firstly, it was found that the live cell counts of the selected LAB cells from the 10% (w/v) recovered skim milk (RSM) group remained above 107 CFU/g after spray drying. Among all the three groups (1% w/v RSM group, 10% w/v RSM group, and control group), the two enzymes pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were more sensitive to spray drying than hexokinase (HK) and β-galactosidase (β-GAL). Next, transcriptome data of Lb. acidophilus NCFM showed that 10% (w/v) RSM improved the down-regulated expressions of genes encoding PK (pyk) and LDH (ldh) after spray drying compared to 1% (w/v) RSM. Finally, four composite protectants were created, each consisting of 10% (w/v) RSM plus a different additive—sodium glutamate (CP-A group), sucrose (CP-B group), trehalose (CP-C group), or a combination of sodium glutamate, sucrose, and trehalose (CP-D group)—to encapsulate Lb. acidophilus NCFM. It was observed that the viable counts of strain NCFM (8.56 log CFU/g) and enzymatic activity of PK and LDH in the CP-D group were best preserved compared to the other three groups. Therefore, our study suggested that measuring the LDH and PK activity could be used as a promising tool to screen the effective spray-dried protective agent for LAB cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a growing interest in producing functional foods containing encapsulated probiotic bacteria due to their positive effects on human health. According to their perceived health benefits, probiotics have been incorporated into a range of dairy products, but the current major challenge is to market new, multicomponent probiotic foods and supplements. Nevertheless, only a few products containing encapsulated probiotic cells can be found as non-refrigerated products. In this work, spray drying technology was investigated in order to produce an innovative nutraceutical formulation based on lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and was able to ensure a good storage stability of probiotics (no less than 109 CFU/cps) in non-refrigerated conditions. Probiotic-loaded microparticles from spray drying experiments were produced under different conditions and compared by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the enumeration of the number of viable cells in order to identify the formulation exhibiting the most promising characteristics. Results from the dissolution test revealed that the optimized formulation provides a suitable amount of living cells after digestion of microparticles stored for 12 months at room temperature and confirmed that the microencapsulation process by spray drying ensures a good protection of probiotics for nutraceutical purposes.

Most of the new drug candidates and present ones are lipophilic, which leads to low bioavailability. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have emerged as promising formulation system for poorly water-soluble drug candidates. Over the last two decades, various such drug compounds were used by researchers for the development of SEDDS. At present, many SEDDS formulations are also available in the market. Though SEDDS offer many advantages but drawbacks like low drug loading, few dosage form choices, difficulty in handling and storage led to the solidification of this system by various methods. Solidification by spray drying technique offers a lot of advantages like scalability and stability. This particular method is the focus of this review. Adsorbent carriers have the most significant role in the fate of this formulation and its compatibility with the drug candidate. This review addresses the advantages, method of development, spray drying specifications, and characterization of S-SEDDS in detail. Furthermore, the prospect of turning spray-dried SEDDS into tablets by punching which offers potential advantages of increased bioavailability and stability has also been discussed., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Production and consumption of probiotics need to meet many adverse stresses, which can reduce their health-promoting effects on humans. Microencapsulation is an effective technique to improve the biological activity of probiotics and wall materials are also required during encapsulation. Application of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in probiotic delivery is increasing., Results: This work aims to study the effects of soy protein isolate (SPI)-xylose conjugates heated at different times on the viability and stability of probiotics. SPI-xylose MRPs formed after heat treatment based on changes in the browning intensity, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. After heat treatment, α-helix and β-sheet contents of SPI-xylose mixture shifted from 11.3% and 31.3% to 6.4-11.0% and 31.0-36.9%, respectively, and the thermal stability slightly changed. During spray drying, except for MRP240@LAB, probiotic viability was higher in the MRP-based probiotic microcapsules (21.36-25.31%) than in Mix0@LAB (20.17%). MRP-based probiotic microcapsules had smaller particle sizes (431.1-1243.0 nm vs. 7165.0 nm) and greater intestinal digestion tolerance than Mix0@LAB. Moreover, the MRP-based probiotic microcapsules showed better storability than Mix0@LAB and adequate growth and metabolism capacity., Conclusion: SPI-xylose Maillard reaction products are a promising wall material for probiotics microencapsulation, which can improve bacterial survivability during spray drying and enhance bacterial gastrointestinal digestion resistance. This study sheds light on preparing probiotic microcapsules with superior properties by spray drying. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.)

The study aimed to develop encapsulation systems to maintain the preservation of everlasting (Helichrysum plicatum) flower extract polyphenols. Spray-dried encapsulates were formulated using β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) as supramolecular hosts, and their macromolecule mixtures with the conventional carriers, maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein (WP). The obtained microparticles were comparatively assessed regarding technological, physicochemical, and phytochemical properties. The highest yields were achieved by combining cyclodextrins with whey protein (73.96% for WP+BCD and 75.50% for WP+HPBCD compared to 62.48% of pure extract). The extract–carrier interactions and thermal stability were evaluated by FTIR and DSC analysis, suggesting successful entrapment within the carriers. Carriers reduced the particle diameter (3.99 to 4.86 μm compared to 6.49 μm of pure extract), classifying all encapsulates as microsystems. Carrier blends made the particle size distribution uniform, while SEM analysis revealed the production of more spherical and less aggregated particles. The HPBCD provided the highest encapsulation efficiency, with the highest content of detected aglycones and slightly lower values of their glycosylated forms. An analysis of the dual macromolecule encapsulation systems revealed the highest bioactive preservation potential for SHE+MD+BCD and SHE+WP+HPBCD. Overall, macromolecule combinations of cyclodextrins and conventional biopolymers in the spray-drying process can enhance the functional properties of H. plicatum extract.

The present study compared vacuum drum drying (VDD) and conventional spray drying (SD) for solidifying crystalline ABT-199 nanosuspensions into redispersible oral drug products. The aim was to optimize formulation compositions and process conditions to maintain nanoparticle size after tablet redispersion. The impact of drug load (22%, 33%, 44%) and type of drying protectant (mannitol, mannitol/trehalose mix (1:1), trehalose) on redispersibility and material powder properties were investigated. Moreover, compression analysis was performed assessing the influence of compaction pressure on primary nanocrystal redispersibility and tablet disintegration. Higher drug loads and lower drying protectant levels resulted in particle growth, confirming a drug load dependence on redispersibility behavior. Notably, all drying protectants showed similar protection properties at properly chosen drying process parameters (Tg-dependent), except when VDD was used for mannitol formulations. Differences between the applied drying processes were observed in terms of downstream processing and tabletability: mannitol-containing formulations solidified via VDD showed an improved processability compared to formulations with trehalose. In conclusion, VDD is a promising drying technique that offers advantageous downstream processability compared to SD and represents an attractive novel processing technology for the pharmaceutical industry. As demonstrated in the present study, VDD combines higher yields with a leaner manufacturing process flow. The improved bulk properties provide enhanced tabletability and enable direct compression.

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) is a sub-tropical and tropical fruit renowned for its high levels of vitamin C and phenolic compounds, which offer health benefits. This study aimed to optimize the spray drying process by determining the inlet and outlet temperatures using response surface methodology (RSM) with the central composite design. Additionally, it aimed to evaluate the release kinetics in the hydrophilic food simulation environment and the stability of the resulting powder under various storage temperatures. The RSM method determined the optimal inlet and outlet temperatures as 157 °C and 91 °C, respectively. High-accuracy prediction equations (R2 ≥ 0.88) were developed for moisture content (3.02%), process yield (91.15%), and the encapsulation yield of total polyphenol content (61.44%), total flavonoid content (37.42%), and vitamin C (27.19%), with a predicted monolayer moisture content below 4.01%, according to the BET equation. The powder exhibited good dissolution characteristics in the acidic hydrophilic food simulation environment and showed greater stability when stored at 10 °C for 30 days, compared to storage at 35 °C and 45 °C.