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Copyright of Memorias is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fearful Vassals: Urban Elite Loyalty in the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata, 1776-1810 Peter Blanchard, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020, pp. ix + 285 When trying to explain the origins of the crisis of Spanish rule in the Americas, two big-bang theories collide. With a structural elegance, Blanchard patiently explores the different reasons for the urban elites' loyalty. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Teología is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Book Review: A Dissimulated Trade: Northern European Timber Merchants in Seville (1574-1598) by Germán Jiménez-Montes Germán Jiménez-Montes, A Dissimulated Trade: Northern European Timber Merchants in Seville (1574-1598). For example, contrary to common wisdom, the timber connection between Andalusia and northern Europe was not built from Amsterdam but from Seville by the Atarazanas merchants. [Extracted from the article]

Juan Carlos González Espitia's I Sifilografía: A History of the Writerly Pox in the Eighteenth-Century Hispanic World i focuses on another pervasive disease: syphilis, and seeks to offer the "cultural history of discourses about syphilis in the Spanish-speaking world" (25). In the second bloc, the book offers a discussion of two of the many names given to syphilis: the I gálico i (or French disease) and the I mal americano i (or American disease). Focusing on the Spanish-American perspective, González Espitia succeeds at highlighting the key role that American-located or American-born thinkers had in refashioning the narrative of the American continent as a I pharmakon i for syphilis, that is, both as the poison and the cure. [Extracted from the article]

I The Origins of Macho i is a well-supported and accessible book that goes a long way toward remedying this gap in scholars' understandings of gender in colonial Mexico. In short, Sonya Lipsett-Rivera's I The Origins of Macho i is an important addition to the field of colonial Latin American gender. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the emergence of scientific practices among Black practitioners in the early modern Caribbean, challenging biases against their knowledge and highlighting their expertise in healing and natural sciences across diverse social contexts. Topics discussed include the historical roles of Black individuals in scientific knowledge production, their integration of African, European, and American influences, and their impact on local communities' health and environment.

"The Great Plague Scare of 1720: Disaster and Diplomacy in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World" by Cindy Ermus explores the impact of the plague outbreak in Marseilles in a transnational and transoceanic perspective. The book argues that the 1720 plague marked the beginning of centralized disaster management, challenging the traditional narrative of the disease's origin. It examines the reactions and measures taken in different locations, including Italy, Great Britain, Spain, and the French and Spanish colonies in the Atlantic World. The book provides a wide range of arguments and will be of interest to historians studying public health, commerce, and politics in the eighteenth-century maritime powers. [Extracted from the article]

"Son of Vengeance: Searching for the Legendary Apache Rafael" by Bradley Folsom is a detailed account of a serial killer known as El Indio Rafael who terrorized northern New Spain in the early 19th century. Folsom explores the impact of Rafael's crimes on the communities he preyed upon and delves into the manhunt to capture him. The book also sheds light on the challenges faced by those living in the Spanish colonial frontier. Folsom's research is based on primary and secondary sources, providing a granular level of detail and exposing Spain's inability to protect its citizens. [Extracted from the article]

This essay examines the importance of Chamoru women's stories in understanding the growth of the Chamoru diaspora. The Mariana Islands, homeland of Chamorus, is a matrilineal society that has dealt with various waves of colonialism, often changing the routes of mobility available to Chamoru families. This essay discusses the outmigration of Chamorus under Spanish and American colonial rule through uncovering the absent accounts of our women's experiences and the ways they aided in the community building in the diaspora. Their continued role as matriarchal figures push narratives about Chamoru issues to grapple with the lack of engagement with Chamoru women's stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk and vulnerability are especially acute for colonizing populations due to their limited knowledge of the environment in newly settled areas and constrained social networks. Focusing on the initial settlement of the New Mexico colony, this paper examines the social response of Spanish colonists to vulnerability and risk during the early colonial period (AD 1598–1680). We use historical documents and modern weather records to assess the strategies implemented by 17th-century colonists to mitigate their vulnerability to the effects of unfamiliar, arid environmental conditions. The Spanish Crown had developed risk-reducing practices that encouraged successful establishment of colonies, including technological methods such as irrigation ditches and social methods such as tithing. However, these strategies made certain social and ethnic groups more vulnerable than others, ultimately contributing to the destruction of the New Mexico colony during the Pueblo Revolt in 1680. We argue that vulnerability buffering mechanisms are unevenly distributed across society. Systems of power must be considered when evaluating the effectiveness of social responses to risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2005, the Cuarto Centenario memorial in Albuquerque, New Mexico was installed, comprised of La Jornada, a sculptural grouping honouring Spanish conquistador Juan de Oñate's 1598 settlement in New Mexico, and Numbe Whageh, an earthwork reflecting a Native response to Oñate's colonial legacies. This essay considers the June 2020 removal of Oñate from the memorial's sculptural grouping, after a protestor was shot in a standoff with a New Mexico citizen "militia." I will also examine other visual representations of Oñate in the state, including an equestrian statue in Alcade that was also removed in June 2020, as well as the inclusion of "Oñate's foot" in the 2018 SITE Santa Fe exhibition Casa Tomada. These representations, and their active histories, demonstrate how Oñate's colonial violence continues to resonate in the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on studies focused on communities and peoples marginalized in the past often must contend with their erasure both in archives and in the material record, and run the risk of reproducing those erasures in the present. Topics include examines such is the case of maritime communities in South America under Spanish colonial rule.

Few sixteenth- and seventeenth-century creoles lived a life as mobile as don Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberruza. Born in Tecamachalco (Puebla) in 1564, he travelled to the Spanish court at the age of twelve. After his return to New Spain in 1580, he fought against the Chichimeca in New Mexico and against English pirates in Acapulco, served as interim governor in Manila and spent a year in Japan after having shipwrecked on its coasts. After another stay in Spain, he served as governor in Panama from 1621 to 1627 before returning to New Spain, where he received another office in Veracruz. Such movements played a crucial role in the identity that Vivero and other men fashioned for themselves. In his interactions with the Crown, Vivero produced a self-image that tied his worthiness of the king's favour to his mobility. This paper explores how the relationship between mobility and the distribution of royal grace affected the movements within the Spanish empire and the writings of those petitioning the Spanish Crown for royal favor. I argue that over time Vivero revised his stories, left movements unmentioned, or recalibrated the balance between mobility and rootedness while fashioning various images of a deserving self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the analysis of faunal remains from refuse features associated with the Native Californian living quarters at Mission Santa Clara de Asìs, the article examines Indigenous diet within this colonial mission settlement. In Alta California, Native Californians from differing sociolinguistic groups were relocated to Spanish missions, creating an ever shifting pluralistic society. Within these mission settlements, Native Californians were tasked with maintaining the vast agricultural fields for which they received ingredients for two Spanish-style meals, atole and pozole. This study examines the diet of Native Californian families living within Mission Santa Clara, specifically focusing on the breakage patterns of cattle bones and the communal preparation, cooking, and consumption of these daily meals. These results illustrate change and continuity of foodway practices, expanding our understanding of mission political economies and Native Californian persistence within this colonial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do Filipinos remember their history? To date this question still has no systematic answer. This article provides quantitative, descriptive results from two nationally representative surveys that show how Filipinos view three of the country's major historical events: the Spanish colonization of the Philippines; martial law under President Ferdinand Marcos; and the 1986 People Power Revolution. The descriptive results include several takeaways, including: first, the modal response towards all three events was indifference (versus positive or negative feelings); second, positive feelings towards martial law were highest among those who were alive at that time; third, the distribution of feelings towards these historical events was similar across individuals with different educational achievement; and finally, a surprising proportion of respondents expressed positive feelings towards both martial law and People Power. We discuss the potential limitations of our study and conclude by considering the implications of these results for the Philippines' contemporary politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, we study the influence of conventual foundations on the origin of the urban layout of two of the first cities in the Spanish colonization of America: Santo Domingo (1502) and Panama Viejo (1519), examples of early colonial urbanism. Starting with cartography and historical bibliography, as well as recent studies on their urban evolution and using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for graphic representation, a comparative study is carried out between both cities divided into stages of urban expansion until their consolidation (or disappearance in the case of Panama in 1671). We have been able to verify how, in Santo Domingo, the religious orders settled on the outskirts of the city, marking the axes of expansion as an instrument of control and consolidation of an urban layout closer to the idea of a grid, which will materialize more precisely in later cities. Meanwhile, in Panama Viejo, the city was formed longitudinally on the streets occupied by the convents, which served as the main axes that defined the urban design of the city. This article aims to demonstrate the importance of the role of religious power in the formation of the cities presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has recently been renewed interest among economic historians in preindustrial inequality, but there are still few case studies on wealth inequality in preindustrial Latin America, particularly involving colonial Spanish America before 1820. This paper presents a study of wealth inequality in Montevideo, an area of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, in the late colonial period. This work addresses the level of wealth inequality, the composition of wealth, and its relationship with social structure in Montevideo in the late eighteenth century. It uses a data set of probate inventories and population records as its main sources, estimating a Gini index, presenting a stylized picture of the social structure, and analysing the differences in wealth between social groups in 1772–3. The main finding is that wealth inequality in Montevideo was similar to that in the English colonies of North America in 1774 and was lower than that in preindustrial economies in Europe in the same time period. Although most of this society was made up of a relatively wealthy middle class, some important assets were strongly concentrated among the elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Samerski stresses the unusual character of 1622, Christian Renoux situates this canonization in the larger history of papal attempts to monopolize saint-making. Not only did the Catholic Church add five new saints to her ranks in one day, but two (perhaps three if one counts Teresa) were founder saints. In 1622 the Catholic Church added five new saints to its holy roster, but it was not planned that way. [Extracted from the article]

The Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) is a social species which breeds in colonies and feeds in groups. This can facilitate horizontal transmission of ectoparasites between conspecifics. In 2015, in the province of Guadalajara, Spain, 28 vultures from a wild population were examined for ectoparasites, 24 of which were parasitized by chewing lice (Phthiraptera). Three species of lice were identified: Laemobothrion (Laemobothrion) vulturis, Colpocephalum turbinatum and Falcolipeurus quadripustulatus. Data on the prevalence and richness of louse species in the vulture population are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1828, five years after the premiere in Venice of Rossini's final Italian opera, Semiramide , Gaetano Rossi's libretto was again set to music, this time by the famed bel canto tenor and composer Manuel García in Mexico City. The opera, one of the first to be composed in Latin America after the collapse of the Spanish empire, was intended to demonstrate independent Mexico's ability not just to import Italian opera from Europe but also to produce new works. Instead of proving Mexico's credentials as a successful operatic nation, however, García's Semiramide became a problematic space for bringing to light tensions between underlying colonial resistance and the new liberal influence of France, England and Italy. This article contextualises this momentous operatic event within the wider frame of Mexico's nation building and investigates how the manifold political tensions and cultural contradictions of Mexico's postcolonial transition were absorbed and amplified by both García's composition and its staging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ecuador, a country with numerous potentially active volcanoes, recurrent large earthquakes, and regular climate-related events, it is surmised that phenomena such as debris flows have affected pre-Hispanic populations since their settlement in ∼5000 cal BC. Here, using a multidisciplinary approach, we studied the most recent debris flow events that affected the Cayambe city area, located 15 km west of the active glacier-clad Cayambe volcano. Based on detailed characterization of the deposits, including sedimentological, archaeological, and paleontological analyses, as well as radiocarbon dating. We found that two debris flow (i.e., Río Blanco I and II) destroyed Caranqui settlements in 665–775 cal AD and 774–892 cal AD, respectively, while another event impacted a Spanish colonial farm in 1590–1620 cal AD (Río Blanco III). The grain size distribution of these deposits indicates a gravel-rich flow for Río Blanco I and clay-rich flow for Río Blanco II and III, whilst componentry suggests low juvenile volcanic content for all three deposits. Juvenile components include pumice and lustrous dense dacites, while accidental clasts are dull dense dacites, oxidized and hydrothermally-altered material, as well as archaeological artifacts. These results, in addition to radiocarbon ages, suggest that the debris flows could either be post-eruptive or not related to volcanic eruptions. Potential non-volcanic trigger mechanisms for these events include rainfall and/or earthquakes, which implies that they can occur at any time and without forecast. Currently, the city of Cayambe is rapidly expanding and, consequently, our findings are relevant for creating impact scenarios for future debris flows forming in the Rio Blanco headwaters and descending to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing literature posits that colonial Christian missions brought schooling to the colonies, improving human capital in ways that persist to this day. But in some places, they did much more. This paper argues that colonial Catholic missions in the Philippines functioned as state-builders, establishing law and order and building fiscal and infrastructural capacities in territories they controlled. The mission-as-state was the result of a bargain between the Catholic missions and the Spanish colonial government: missionaries converted the population and engaged in state-building, whereas the colonial government reaped the benefits of state expansion while staying in the capital. Exposure to these Catholic missions-as-state then led to long-run improvements in state capacity and development. I find that municipalities that had a Catholic mission have higher levels of state capacity and development today. A variety of mechanisms—religious competition, education, urbanization, and structural transformation—explain these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In North America, the introduction of livestock as part of the Columbian Exchange had profound social and ecological consequences for cultural environments, yet the landscape impacts of these animals have been difficult to identify, particularly in the first decades of sustained contact. Between 1701 and 1775, at a Spanish colonial mission near what is today Nogales, Arizona, O'odham groups and Spanish missionaries generated land management practices that wove together the needs of domesticated animals and existing Indigenous farming practices. This study proposes a set of indicators to identify animal husbandry practices in both the archaeological and historical record. Faunal, isotopic, and historical analyses from Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi provide evidence that cattle ages were loosely monitored and that cattle were culled at an older age than optimal for meat and grease extractive strategies compared to other domesticated species at the site. These findings suggest a low investment strategy in cattle, which may have helped Indigenous groups continue aspects of precontact agricultural and gathering practices and preserve their communities in the colonial period. These findings provide further evidence of the depth of animal husbandry practices among Indigenous groups in the Southwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role played by the Moroccan Jewish community in the Spanish colonial policy in Morocco. Our objective is, through historical and documentary analysis, to obtain conclusions that help us understand the social dynamics that occurred in this religious community since the mid-nineteenth century, as well as the nature of its relationship with the Spanish colonial authorities. To do this, we will present a critical and scientific historical synthesis, away from the usual polemical aspect - due to its political implications - with which this issue is often approached in Moroccan society. In the following pages we will examine this historical process, highlighting the identity issue that linked Spain with the Jews of northern Morocco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Imagens da Educação is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From major political developments to the lived experience of relatively ordinary Spaniards, Indigenous people, and Afro-descendants, Altman has provided a thorough account of life and society in the early Spanish Caribbean. In Chapter 6, Altman states that "notwithstanding the growing progeny from Spanish-Indigenous marriages and nonmarital unions, the term I mestizo i almost never appears in the documents of this period" (184). Though seemingly simple, the question is difficult to answer, particularly because, as Altman admits, the nature of the available sources complicates the task of recovering the lived experience of Indigenous people and Afro-descendants. [Extracted from the article]

The presence of figures of great transcendence for the Cuban towns constituted an incentive to carry out the fight against the Spanish colonialism. The municipality of Consolación del Sur was bound to the general lieutenant's personality Antonio Maceo Grajales during the war of 1895 like part of the invasion to West culminating the day January 22 in Mantua. The entrance of Maceo to Pinar del Rio would determine an enthusiastic incorporation to the independence fight, starting from the preparations that had been carried out during years. Later on the day March 15 penetrated again in the county of Pinar del Rio, in this second stage the town of Consolación del had Antonio's stay, being developed two attacks during the month of May of 1896, besides the sum of several men to its troop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the early modern encounter between Spanish colonizers and the Visayans, tattooed Indigenous people of the Philippines. Skin has commonly featured as a marker of human difference in studies of colonial interactions. By tracing how Spanish responses to tattooing were negotiated locally using preexisting and newly emerging terminologies, I suggest that there was no fixed framework for interpreting the meanings of skin and skin markings in early modern Europe. I demonstrate how Spanish writers sought to use Visayan tattoos to insert their bearers into the Spanish colonial universe, but how, at once, the tattooed body challenged imperial visions and the colonial categories of naked and dressed, literate and illiterate, savage and civilized. Just as the tattoo was caught in the space between the interior and the exterior of the body, so, too, the Visayans occupied a liminal position in colonial hierarchies as people who were destitute but capable of civilization. By examining the different forms of literacy entangled in reading tattoos, I point to the performative dimensions of the encounter and conceptualize the tattoo as a form of "embodied history." I argue that paying close attention to such cross-cultural interactions is crucial for our understanding of how contemporary categories associated with skin and difference emerged out of early modern global engagements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A widespread link between the process of nation‐building and the rise of museums is evident in late‐nineteenth‐century Latin America. The Chilean National Historical Museum (MHN) was founded in 1873 with the purpose of exhibiting the nation's heritage, beginning with the Spanish colonization. This article focuses on examining the narrative displayed in the MHN, particularly the silences surrounding the Indigenous Mapuche. It analyzes the implications this absence brings to the collective memory of the nation. Using museum catalogs, newspapers, and nineteenth‐century literature, this research traces the contrast between how Indigenous and colonial artifacts are exhibited in the museum, wherein the Mapuche are framed aesthetically, therefore relegating them to the past. By stripping from them any contemporary existence, the Mapuche are relegated to an anecdote of ancient times. I document how the primary collection of the museum reproduces a narrative by which European heritage is the starting point of the nation's progress, silencing the voice of Mapuche history and hence producing a script that lacks a nuanced understanding of Chile's Indigenous reality. At a time when Chile is experiencing violent conflict in the Araucanía region, the MHN obscures Mapuche identity and inhibits a dialogue between Indigenous communities and the state. [museum, Mapuche, national identity, colonialism, Indigenous] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Varia História is the property of Varia Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the eighteenth century, all European colonial empires undertook the task of institutionalising their postal systems. Within the framework of the Bourbon reforms, the Spanish monarchy embarked upon reforming the postal system within the Spanish America with the aim of making transatlantic communications more reliable and regular. These plans, however, were hampered by an ongoing power struggle between all agents with a stake in the circulation of information. This is clearly reflected in the postal office in Cartagena de Indias, which was a key node for the Crown and a point of confluence for the strategies and interests of different local and global powers; the office, therefore, represented the polyhedric reality of postal communication. This paper shows that the institution had its own agency by constituting one of the main power tools, which is a reflection of the close relationship that exists between empire and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project offers a comparative and polycentric approach to the connection of trade nodes in the Asian, American, African, and European markets in the early modern period. These analyses reevaluate the great divergence debate by presenting new case studies at the local scale and observing the impact of global goods and changes in consumer behaviour connecting local markets of the Pacific and Atlantic area. In this manner, we explore the circulation and consumption of Chinese goods in the Americas and in Europe, as well as in the African slave market through the Royal Company of the Philippines. Conversely, we also analyse the impact of the introduction of Western goods (of American and European origin) into China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]