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This research envisages development of constitutive models for joints in rock (concrete) subjected to cyclic loads. The objective is to implement the models in (numerical) solutions of boundary value problems involving solids and joints subjected to dynamic loads such as blastes and earthquake. Hence, it is appropriate to develop models for both the joints and the intact or solid (concrete) media in which the joints occurs. This report contains description of a new hierarchical plasticity-based constitutive model, laboratory testing using a multiaxial device and verification for the intact concrete used in the investigation.

After a brief introductory chapter on terminology, classification, and history, the bulk of the book comprises sections on the origin of different types of deposits, with tables surveying genetic types, followed by alphabetically arranged discussion of deposits of industrial minerals, industrial rocks, and building raw materials. The final 60 pages include chapters on unconventional, prospective, potential and substitute industrial minerals and rocks; geophysical prospecting; laboratory investigations; exploitation and dressing; world economics; and outlook. There are about 200 references to the Czech, Slovak and worldwide literature, and an index., After a brief introductory chapter on terminology, classification, and history, the bulk of the book comprises sections on the origin of different types of deposits, with tables surveying genetic types, followed by alphabetically arranged discussion of deposits of industrial minerals, industrial rocks, and building raw materials. The final 60 pages include chapters on unconventional, prospective, potential and substitute industrial minerals and rocks; geophysical prospecting; laboratory investigations; exploitation and dressing; world economics; and outlook. There are about 200 references to the Czech, Slovak and worldwide literature, and an index.

Forge-stones - New Types from the Danish lron Age.Among many subjects treated during a long lifetime of research, Professor Gudmund Halt has also dealt with the production of iron 1). On many points his researches have extended our knowledge of the blacksmith and his work, but new discoveries are continually being made which widen our acquaintance with this important side of lron Age craftsmanship. In this article will be described two new tools from the blacksmith's workshop, two forge-stones which had their place on the forge, as shields for the spout of the bellows, both of them unusual in shape, ornamentation and material.The first of these forge-stones (Fig. 2) was found in the spring of 1950 on the beach by Snaptun in Horsens Fjord; the second (Fig. 7) is of unknown provenance, but probably from Jutland.The forge-stone from Snaptun is made of steatite (fatstone or soapstone), a greyish green stone which is so soft that it can easily be cut or sawn out of the cliff and can be carved with a penknife. But at the same time it is fire and acid-proof, and resistant to weathering, and it was therefore used in antiquity, as early as the Bronze Age, as a suitable material for casting moulds, and later, during the Iron Age, for making forge-stones and cooking pots 6). This type of stone does not occur in Denmark, but is found in many places in Norway, where several steatite quarries from the Viking Period have been identified, some with unfinished containers still attached to the living rock 7).The Snaptun stone is the most beautifully fashioned forge-stone known. It is finely shaped with an evenly curved front, decorated with a carved man's face (Fig. 2a), a rounded top curving slightly outwards to the massive base, and a back whose regular shape is emphasized by a broad carved groove, which follows and brings out the contour of the stone. The hole for the spout of the bellows is surrounded by a raised ring which merges into the base (Fig. 2b). The stone is 20 cms. tal

The region includes Archaean greenstone belts and granitoids, and Palaeoproterozoic quartzites, mica schists, differentiated mafic intrusions and metadiabases, as well as the Outokumpu association of serpentinites, talc-magnesites, dolomitic carbonates, calc-silicates and quartz. Mineral deposits in the region include soapstones and quartzites, both used as dimension stones. A 2 km lens occurs in Lipasvaara, consisting mainly of serpentinites, and the northern area has talc- magnesite rocks from which talc ore has been quarried. Kyanite occurs at a number of locations, including Ilokallio and Porraskorpi, where test quarrying has been carried out but no mining activity has been undertaken. There are four uranium occurrences in the Koli belt. Exploration for Ni, Cu, Zn and Au has been carried out but this has not resulted in more detailed exploration activities. The Ni indication in the Mustanvaara serpentinite is of most interest. As well as the main geological map sheet, an aeromagnetic 1:100 000 scale map and a 1:25 000 scale map of the Nunnanlahti area are included., The region includes Archaean greenstone belts and granitoids, and Palaeoproterozoic quartzites, mica schists, differentiated mafic intrusions and metadiabases, as well as the Outokumpu association of serpentinites, talc-magnesites, dolomitic carbonates, calc-silicates and quartz. Mineral deposits in the region include soapstones and quartzites, both used as dimension stones. A 2 km lens occurs in Lipasvaara, consisting mainly of serpentinites, and the northern area has talc- magnesite rocks from which talc ore has been quarried. Kyanite occurs at a number of locations, including Ilokallio and Porraskorpi, where test quarrying has been carried out but no mining activity has been undertaken. There are four uranium occurrences in the Koli belt. Exploration for Ni, Cu, Zn and Au has been carried out but this has not resulted in more detailed exploration activities. The Ni indication in the Mustanvaara serpentinite is of most interest. As well as the main geological map sheet, an aeromagnetic 1:100 000 scale map and a 1:25 000 scale map of the Nunnanlahti area are included.

Following the Ansel Dunham memorial lecture by Fox R.A. on ethics and geosciences in the extractive industries, papers are presented in the following sections: Geology of industrial minerals (10 papers); Country and regional reviews (7 papers on Greece, Sweden, Finland, Saudi Arabia, western Canada and the US western coal region); Case histories (9 papers); Exploration (5 papers); Pit and quarry design (5 papers); The environment (6 papers); and Raw materials from waste (6 papers). Minerals discussed include aggregates, ball clay, kaolin, olivine, roofing slate, brick clay, perlite, salt, borate, ochre, manganese, limestone, refractory dolomite, sulphur, sapphire, soapstone and talc. Among areas considered are SW England, Norway, California, British Columbia, the Gulf of Mexico, ENE Brazil, France, Wales and Northrhine-Westphalia. Topics include quarry slope stability and its risk assessment, hydrogeological effects of quarrying, assessing alkali-reactivity potential, the Frasch process of sulphur mining, lifecycle models for speciality clays, magnetic susceptibility exploration, resource modelling, the UK Quarries Regulations 1999, landscape replication, reclamation law in the USA, opencast restoration, mineral information management systems, the EC Bird Protection Directive, increased biodiversity in quarries and the use of slags, fly ash and quarry wastes. Edited abstracts of other papers and accounts of field excursions are also presented and there is a subject index., Following the Ansel Dunham memorial lecture by Fox R.A. on ethics and geosciences in the extractive industries, papers are presented in the following sections: Geology of industrial minerals (10 papers); Country and regional reviews (7 papers on Greece, Sweden, Finland, Saudi Arabia, western Canada and the US western coal region); Case histories (9 papers); Exploration (5 papers); Pit and quarry design (5 papers); The environment (6 papers); and Raw materials from waste (6 papers). Minerals discussed include aggregates, ball clay, kaolin, olivine, roofing slate, brick clay, perlite, salt, borate, ochre, manganese, limestone, refractory dolomite, sulphur, sapphire, soapstone and talc. Among areas considered are SW England, Norway, California, British Columbia, the Gulf of Mexico, ENE Brazil, France, Wales and Northrhine-Westphalia. Topics include quarry slope stability and its risk assessment, hydrogeological effects of quarrying, assessing alkali-reactivity potential, the Frasch process of sulphur mining, lifecycle models for speciality clays, magnetic susceptibility exploration, resource modelling, the UK Quarries Regulations 1999, landscape replication, reclamation law in the USA, opencast restoration, mineral information management systems, the EC Bird Protection Directive, increased biodiversity in quarries and the use of slags, fly ash and quarry wastes. Edited abstracts of other papers and accounts of field excursions are also presented and there is a subject index.

The crystalline shield of NW Greenland embraces seven complexes: three Archaean, two of Archaean-?Palaeoproterozoic age and two Palaeoproterozoic. In addition to the four metallic commodities included on the map - magnetite, copper, iron sulphides and ilmenite - there is potential for gold and other mineralisation. The Neoarcharan magnetite province, traceable for over 400 km through the map region, is spatially the largest in Greenland and is a correlative of the Mary River iron deposits of Baffin Island, Canada. Several raw materials have potential for local handicraft industries, including soapstone and agate., The crystalline shield of NW Greenland embraces seven complexes: three Archaean, two of Archaean-?Palaeoproterozoic age and two Palaeoproterozoic. In addition to the four metallic commodities included on the map - magnetite, copper, iron sulphides and ilmenite - there is potential for gold and other mineralisation. The Neoarcharan magnetite province, traceable for over 400 km through the map region, is spatially the largest in Greenland and is a correlative of the Mary River iron deposits of Baffin Island, Canada. Several raw materials have potential for local handicraft industries, including soapstone and agate.

Brief information on each mineral is presented in the form of text, tables and figures with examples from the most characteristic deposits and lists of major references. Also included are the addresses and phone numbers of major mining and processing enterprises in Karelia, a geological map, a table of Precambrian stratigraphy and a table of the sequence of events during the development of ore-forming pegmatite systems in the Belomorian belt, with maps and deposit sections, by Grodnitsky L. Minerals and deposits/regions covered are: Muscovite, by Bukchina O.; Feldspathic raw materials - Hetolambino and Lupikko ceramic pegmatitic deposits, rapakivi granites, Roza Lampi quartz porphyries, Kostomuksha halleflinta, and nepheline and alkaline syenites, by Kulmala T. and Pekki A.; Quartz, by Shchiptsov V.; Kyanite - Khizovaara, by Shchiptsov V.; Talc and soapstone in talc-chlorite schists, talc-carbonate rocks and carbonate rocks, by Pudovkin V.; Graphite, by Biske N.; Shungite (non-graphitised carbon) - Shunga, Myagrozero and Zazhogino, by Galdobina L.; Diamond in ladogalites, by Khazov R., Biske N., Popov M. and Pavlov G.; Apatite - Tikshozero carbonatites, Raivimaki and Kaivomaki Sr- and Ba-bearing alkaline-feldspathic REE-Ti and apatite raw materials, by Shchiptsov V. et al; Fluorite, by Khazov R.; Garnet - Terbeostrov, by Shchipstov V.; Quartzites - Metchangjarvi, by Pudovkin V. and Ryleyev A.; Carbonate rocks, by Satsuk Y.; Raw materials for smelting, by Gorlov V., Lebedeva G. and Ozerova G.; Pyrite - Parandovo, by Shchiptsov V.; Ilmenite - Surivaara, by Shchiptsov V.; Natural stone, by Pudovkin V.; and Gemstones, by Ivanov A., Brief information on each mineral is presented in the form of text, tables and figures with examples from the most characteristic deposits and lists of major references. Also included are the addresses and phone numbers of major mining and processing enterprises in Karelia, a geological map, a table of Precambrian stratigraphy and a table of the sequence of events during the development of ore-forming pegmatite systems in the Belomorian belt, with maps and deposit sections, by Grodnitsky L. Minerals and deposits/regions covered are: Muscovite, by Bukchina O.; Feldspathic raw materials - Hetolambino and Lupikko ceramic pegmatitic deposits, rapakivi granites, Roza Lampi quartz porphyries, Kostomuksha halleflinta, and nepheline and alkaline syenites, by Kulmala T. and Pekki A.; Quartz, by Shchiptsov V.; Kyanite - Khizovaara, by Shchiptsov V.; Talc and soapstone in talc-chlorite schists, talc-carbonate rocks and carbonate rocks, by Pudovkin V.; Graphite, by Biske N.; Shungite (non-graphitised carbon) - Shunga, Myagrozero and Zazhogino, by Galdobina L.; Diamond in ladogalites, by Khazov R., Biske N., Popov M. and Pavlov G.; Apatite - Tikshozero carbonatites, Raivimaki and Kaivomaki Sr- and Ba-bearing alkaline-feldspathic REE-Ti and apatite raw materials, by Shchiptsov V. et al; Fluorite, by Khazov R.; Garnet - Terbeostrov, by Shchipstov V.; Quartzites - Metchangjarvi, by Pudovkin V. and Ryleyev A.; Carbonate rocks, by Satsuk Y.; Raw materials for smelting, by Gorlov V., Lebedeva G. and Ozerova G.; Pyrite - Parandovo, by Shchiptsov V.; Ilmenite - Surivaara, by Shchiptsov V.; Natural stone, by Pudovkin V.; and Gemstones, by Ivanov A.

The history of, and restoration work on, Nidaros Cathedral (Nidarosdomen) in Trondheim, northern Norway are described. The cathedral is built primarily of soapstone (ca. 37 000 tonnes; 33 types) together with 14 varieties of marble and limestone. Soapstone has high compressive strength, absorbs minimal water, stores heat and cold air, and breaks down over extended periods. Restoration work on the cathedral - officially claimed as re-built in 2001 - commenced in 1869 and has been conducted since 1968 under the auspices of a project at the Nidaros Domkirkes Restaureringsarbeider (NDR) government national conservation and restoration centre. The NDR comprises stonemason, bricklayer, blacksmith, plaster, carpentry and glass workshops and is currently re-building the King's entrance. Methods of ensuring continued access to high-quality soapstone for use in the restoration project, in the absence of quarrying activities in Norway, are discussed., The history of, and restoration work on, Nidaros Cathedral (Nidarosdomen) in Trondheim, northern Norway are described. The cathedral is built primarily of soapstone (ca. 37 000 tonnes; 33 types) together with 14 varieties of marble and limestone. Soapstone has high compressive strength, absorbs minimal water, stores heat and cold air, and breaks down over extended periods. Restoration work on the cathedral - officially claimed as re-built in 2001 - commenced in 1869 and has been conducted since 1968 under the auspices of a project at the Nidaros Domkirkes Restaureringsarbeider (NDR) government national conservation and restoration centre. The NDR comprises stonemason, bricklayer, blacksmith, plaster, carpentry and glass workshops and is currently re-building the King's entrance. Methods of ensuring continued access to high-quality soapstone for use in the restoration project, in the absence of quarrying activities in Norway, are discussed.

Tanzania has an international reputation for its diamonds from the Williamson Mine, and also supplies high grade sheet mica. Tanzania is now interested in developing industrial minerals, both for home use and export. Many deposits exist as outcrops, amenable to small scale mining operations. The trona and associated minerals resource at Lake Natron is large enough to support a massive extraction and refining operation. The commodities present and suitable for development are diamond, graphite, salt, soda ash, mica, hectorite, kaolin, sepiolite, talc and soapstone, bentonite, vermiculite, limestone (for cement),gypsum, magnesite, rock phosphate, apatite, glass sand, diatomite, feldspar, beach sand minerals, rare earth minerals, fluorspar, pumice,beryl, kyanite and sillimanite., Tanzania has an international reputation for its diamonds from the Williamson Mine, and also supplies high grade sheet mica. Tanzania is now interested in developing industrial minerals, both for home use and export. Many deposits exist as outcrops, amenable to small scale mining operations. The trona and associated minerals resource at Lake Natron is large enough to support a massive extraction and refining operation. The commodities present and suitable for development are diamond, graphite, salt, soda ash, mica, hectorite, kaolin, sepiolite, talc and soapstone, bentonite, vermiculite, limestone (for cement),gypsum, magnesite, rock phosphate, apatite, glass sand, diatomite, feldspar, beach sand minerals, rare earth minerals, fluorspar, pumice,beryl, kyanite and sillimanite.

Deposits in the Proterozoic formations of eastern Finland are Lahnaslampi, Horsmanaho, Pehmytkivi and Alanen. They are hosted by black schists, mica schists, serpentinites and skarns of the Kainuu schist belt and the Outokumpu association. Exploitation started in the late 1960s and there are currently four quarries, one with production at a minimum, and three plants. Archaean greenstone belts host the Nunnanlahti, Kivikangas and Verikallio soapstone deposits, whose industrial use as a decorative coating for ovens and fireplaces started at the end of the 19th century and now has a considerable export market., Deposits in the Proterozoic formations of eastern Finland are Lahnaslampi, Horsmanaho, Pehmytkivi and Alanen. They are hosted by black schists, mica schists, serpentinites and skarns of the Kainuu schist belt and the Outokumpu association. Exploitation started in the late 1960s and there are currently four quarries, one with production at a minimum, and three plants. Archaean greenstone belts host the Nunnanlahti, Kivikangas and Verikallio soapstone deposits, whose industrial use as a decorative coating for ovens and fireplaces started at the end of the 19th century and now has a considerable export market.

The regional geology of the Chhattisgarh district, since 2000 a separate Indian state rather than part of Madhya Pradesh, is described and the occurrence of mineral deposits reviewed including alexandrite, amazonite, andalusite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, barite, bauxite, beryl, building stone, chromite, kaolin, coal, copper, corundum, diamond, dolomite, feldspar, fire clay, fluorite, galena, garnet, gold, granite, decorative stone, graphite, iron, jade, kyanite, limestone, manganese, magnesite, mica, molybdenum, nickel, ochre, phosphorite, potash, radioactive minerals, ruby, scheelite, sillimanite, soapstone, talc and tin., The regional geology of the Chhattisgarh district, since 2000 a separate Indian state rather than part of Madhya Pradesh, is described and the occurrence of mineral deposits reviewed including alexandrite, amazonite, andalusite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, barite, bauxite, beryl, building stone, chromite, kaolin, coal, copper, corundum, diamond, dolomite, feldspar, fire clay, fluorite, galena, garnet, gold, granite, decorative stone, graphite, iron, jade, kyanite, limestone, manganese, magnesite, mica, molybdenum, nickel, ochre, phosphorite, potash, radioactive minerals, ruby, scheelite, sillimanite, soapstone, talc and tin.

The regional geology of Madhya Pradesh, India, is reviewed. Major minerals produced in the state include coal, bauxite, limestone, dolomite, phosphate rock, copper, manganese, iron, diaspore, pyrophyllite and diamond. Polymetallic mineralisation, including copper, lead and zinc, occurs in the Kherli Bazar area and there are occurrences of galena associated with chalcopyrite and other sulphide minerals. Other important recoverable reserves include barite, kaolin, copper, fireclay, granite, molybdenum, ochre, phosphorite, sillimanite, talc, steatite and soapstone. Additional minerals include beryl, slate, sandstone, marble, quartzite, calcite, fluorite, fuller's earth, garnet, silica sand, gold, graphite, gypsum, magnesite, mica, potash, pyrite, quartz, scheelite, slate, tin, titanium, tourmaline, vermiculite and zeolite., The regional geology of Madhya Pradesh, India, is reviewed. Major minerals produced in the state include coal, bauxite, limestone, dolomite, phosphate rock, copper, manganese, iron, diaspore, pyrophyllite and diamond. Polymetallic mineralisation, including copper, lead and zinc, occurs in the Kherli Bazar area and there are occurrences of galena associated with chalcopyrite and other sulphide minerals. Other important recoverable reserves include barite, kaolin, copper, fireclay, granite, molybdenum, ochre, phosphorite, sillimanite, talc, steatite and soapstone. Additional minerals include beryl, slate, sandstone, marble, quartzite, calcite, fluorite, fuller's earth, garnet, silica sand, gold, graphite, gypsum, magnesite, mica, potash, pyrite, quartz, scheelite, slate, tin, titanium, tourmaline, vermiculite and zeolite.

Topics, mostly Scandinavian/Baltic/Greenlandic, included: serpentinite in CO2 sequestration; Kuovila wollastonite-calcite marble; massive sulphides; Silurian-Devonian hydrothermal activity; Kivakka layered intrusion; Ni sulphides in meteorite craters; Faboliden orogenic Au; Kohtla oil-shale mining museum; Apatite chemistry in IOCG exploration; Au metal associations/genetic types; Archaean arc-hosted Au, Godthabdfjord; Jokisivu Au deposit; Grangesberg apatite-Fe deposit; Epithermal Au and Au-Ag; Au at Levijarvi-Loukinen and Sirkka; Iron formation and sulphide Au, Sirkka kaivos; Polymetallic Au veins, Levijarvi-Loukinen; Short-wave UV, Sirkka Au shear zone; Ore-forming fluids, Bastnas-type REE deposits; Ore reserve estimation at Gol-e-Gohar, Iran; Dimension stone; Au and PGE nuggets, Ivalojoki and Lemmenjoki; Water quality, Aijala and Hitura mines; Soapstones; Mesothermal Au and orogenic granitoids; Vaikijaur Cu-Au-(Mo); Cr in Monchegorsk layered intrusions; Quartz exploration, Froland pegmatite field; Pt, Federovo Pansky; IOCG prospectivity; Spatial modelling in exploration; Kuusamo kimberlites; Orogenic Au prospectivity, central Lapland greenstone belt; Aeromagnetic mapping of weathered fractures for tunnel planning; Shear-hosted Au, Suurikuusikko; Peridotite-associated Cu-Co-Zn-Ni-Ag-Au, Outokumpu; Constrained inversion of gravity data; Petajalehto Au; Exploration in the arid Kuni area, Iran; Riukka and Satulinmaki Au; Rappen mineralisation; European geochemical mapping; Hitura open-pit glacial cycles; mineralised moraine, Misi; Lumikangas apatite-ilmenite; Petiknas South VHMS; Ba-Pb-Zn veins in Svalbard (x 2); Seals in convective hydrothermal systems; Outokumpu structure; Escanaba-type VMS; hydrothermal Ag-Pb-Zn-Cd-As-Bi; mantled domes, Karelia; altered Ataneq fault; Au/PGM nuggets; U-Pb dating of gold; and Precambrian geodynamics and ore formation., Topics, mostly Scandinavian/Baltic/Greenlandic, included: serpentinite in CO2 sequestration; Kuovila wollastonite-calcite marble; massive sulphides; Silurian-Devonian hydrothermal activity; Kivakka layered intrusion; Ni sulphides in meteorite craters; Faboliden orogenic Au; Kohtla oil-shale mining museum; Apatite chemistry in IOCG exploration; Au metal associations/genetic types; Archaean arc-hosted Au, Godthabdfjord; Jokisivu Au deposit; Grangesberg apatite-Fe deposit; Epithermal Au and Au-Ag; Au at Levijarvi-Loukinen and Sirkka; Iron formation and sulphide Au, Sirkka kaivos; Polymetallic Au veins, Levijarvi-Loukinen; Short-wave UV, Sirkka Au shear zone; Ore-forming fluids, Bastnas-type REE deposits; Ore reserve estimation at Gol-e-Gohar, Iran; Dimension stone; Au and PGE nuggets, Ivalojoki and Lemmenjoki; Water quality, Aijala and Hitura mines; Soapstones; Mesothermal Au and orogenic granitoids; Vaikijaur Cu-Au-(Mo); Cr in Monchegorsk layered intrusions; Quartz exploration, Froland pegmatite field; Pt, Federovo Pansky; IOCG prospectivity; Spatial modelling in exploration; Kuusamo kimberlites; Orogenic Au prospectivity, central Lapland greenstone belt; Aeromagnetic mapping of weathered fractures for tunnel planning; Shear-hosted Au, Suurikuusikko; Peridotite-associated Cu-Co-Zn-Ni-Ag-Au, Outokumpu; Constrained inversion of gravity data; Petajalehto Au; Exploration in the arid Kuni area, Iran; Riukka and Satulinmaki Au; Rappen mineralisation; European geochemical mapping; Hitura open-pit glacial cycles; mineralised moraine, Misi; Lumikangas apatite-ilmenite; Petiknas South VHMS; Ba-Pb-Zn veins in Svalbard (x 2); Seals in convective hydrothermal systems; Outokumpu structure; Escanaba-type VMS; hydrothermal Ag-Pb-Zn-Cd-As-Bi; mantled domes, Karelia; altered Ataneq fault; Au/PGM nuggets; U-Pb dating of gold; and Precambrian geodynamics and ore formation.

The prospect is located near the southeast end of Lake Gronnigen, Norway, in an area consisting of mafic and ultramafic intrusive rocks. The target area is a zone 4.5 km long and up to 200 m wide in which soapstone and other talc and magnesite-rich rocks have formed as a result of chemical reactions between the original intrusive rocks and hot CO2-rich hydrothermal solutions. The soapstone occurs as a continuous layer along the whole zone and is pale grey with a talc content of 40-60%. A resource of about 40 000 000 tonnes of talc in 75 000 000 tonnes of soapstone has been calculated. Whiteness tests showed that the raw soapstone is not of marketable grade but flotation tests indicated that it was possible to produce high-quality clean white talc from various localities. The soapstone, together with the serpentinite and smaragdite gabbro in the area, has market potential as a dimension stone. The highest ridge on Raudfjellet is formed by a large dunite body that has potential as an olivine resource., The prospect is located near the southeast end of Lake Gronnigen, Norway, in an area consisting of mafic and ultramafic intrusive rocks. The target area is a zone 4.5 km long and up to 200 m wide in which soapstone and other talc and magnesite-rich rocks have formed as a result of chemical reactions between the original intrusive rocks and hot CO2-rich hydrothermal solutions. The soapstone occurs as a continuous layer along the whole zone and is pale grey with a talc content of 40-60%. A resource of about 40 000 000 tonnes of talc in 75 000 000 tonnes of soapstone has been calculated. Whiteness tests showed that the raw soapstone is not of marketable grade but flotation tests indicated that it was possible to produce high-quality clean white talc from various localities. The soapstone, together with the serpentinite and smaragdite gabbro in the area, has market potential as a dimension stone. The highest ridge on Raudfjellet is formed by a large dunite body that has potential as an olivine resource.

The Eastern Townships and Asbestos Hill areas are the current asbestos-producing districts; although production has declined from 1 365 779 in 1979 to about 700 000 tonnes in 1983, Quebec is still one of the main world suppliers of this mineral. Crystalline igneous rocks for building, ornamental and monumental purposes are produced by more than 25 quarries. In the southwest, the Kilmar dolomitic magnesite deposits are mined from a 490m vertical shaft, milled, and burned into clinkers for export. La Galette in Quebecia produces unusually pure quartzite; silica is also mined at St Donat, St Canut and Ste Scholastique. At Rocher du Dauphin in the Magdalen Islands, a salt mining complex is being developed with an annual capacity of 1 250 000 tonnes. Three alkaline intrusions of suzorite at Haute-Mauricie contain over 50% phlogopite. The deposit mined at Lac Letondal has reserves of 20 000 000 tonnes at 85-90% mica. In Potton Township, serpentinite dykes containing talc-soapstone is worked from an inclined shaft. Other industrial minerals products are titanium, cement, sand and gravel, limestone, peat, clay, sulphur, and graphite., The Eastern Townships and Asbestos Hill areas are the current asbestos-producing districts; although production has declined from 1 365 779 in 1979 to about 700 000 tonnes in 1983, Quebec is still one of the main world suppliers of this mineral. Crystalline igneous rocks for building, ornamental and monumental purposes are produced by more than 25 quarries. In the southwest, the Kilmar dolomitic magnesite deposits are mined from a 490m vertical shaft, milled, and burned into clinkers for export. La Galette in Quebecia produces unusually pure quartzite; silica is also mined at St Donat, St Canut and Ste Scholastique. At Rocher du Dauphin in the Magdalen Islands, a salt mining complex is being developed with an annual capacity of 1 250 000 tonnes. Three alkaline intrusions of suzorite at Haute-Mauricie contain over 50% phlogopite. The deposit mined at Lac Letondal has reserves of 20 000 000 tonnes at 85-90% mica. In Potton Township, serpentinite dykes containing talc-soapstone is worked from an inclined shaft. Other industrial minerals products are titanium, cement, sand and gravel, limestone, peat, clay, sulphur, and graphite.

The regional geology of Bihar and Jharkhand, India, is reviewed. Major minerals produced in the states include coal, copper, uranium, iron ore, manganese, bauxite, graphite, kyanite, dolomite, limestone, clay, fireclay, soapstones, rare earth and rare elements, gold and dimension-stone granites; ancient workings, slag heaps and literature references are known for copper, silver, iron and gold. Other mineral occurrences include abrasive minerals, alkaline earth, andalusite, apatite, arsenic, asbestos, barite, beryl, cassiterite, chromite, china clay, coalbed methane, diamond, feldspar, garnet, lead and zinc, mica, nickel and cobalt, ochre, pyrite, quartz and silica sand, talc and steatite, vanadium and vermiculite., The regional geology of Bihar and Jharkhand, India, is reviewed. Major minerals produced in the states include coal, copper, uranium, iron ore, manganese, bauxite, graphite, kyanite, dolomite, limestone, clay, fireclay, soapstones, rare earth and rare elements, gold and dimension-stone granites; ancient workings, slag heaps and literature references are known for copper, silver, iron and gold. Other mineral occurrences include abrasive minerals, alkaline earth, andalusite, apatite, arsenic, asbestos, barite, beryl, cassiterite, chromite, china clay, coalbed methane, diamond, feldspar, garnet, lead and zinc, mica, nickel and cobalt, ochre, pyrite, quartz and silica sand, talc and steatite, vanadium and vermiculite.

Overseas investment in mining projects by German companies is discussed against the background of raw materials supply for the country’s high-tech industries. Based on consideration of the German raw materials economy, it is suggested that increased activity in overseas investment should be considered. Import and export figures are presented for commodities including potash, sulphur, gypsum, anhydrite, rock salt, lime, dolomite, lignite, kaolin, feldspar, refined lead, refined aluminium, bentonite, refined copper, coal, fluorspar, barite, natural gas, oil, talc, soapstone, magnesite, phosphate, graphite and metallic ores and concentrates. Company’s which have historically operated overseas in countries including the Netherlands, Austria, France, Mexico, Zimbabwe, South Africa and United Arab Emirates are reviewed and the activities are described of Fachvereinigung Auslandersbergbau und Internationale Rohstoffaktivitaten in der Vereinigung Rohstoffe und Bergbau, an association involved in the development of mining outside Germany., Overseas investment in mining projects by German companies is discussed against the background of raw materials supply for the country’s high-tech industries. Based on consideration of the German raw materials economy, it is suggested that increased activity in overseas investment should be considered. Import and export figures are presented for commodities including potash, sulphur, gypsum, anhydrite, rock salt, lime, dolomite, lignite, kaolin, feldspar, refined lead, refined aluminium, bentonite, refined copper, coal, fluorspar, barite, natural gas, oil, talc, soapstone, magnesite, phosphate, graphite and metallic ores and concentrates. Company’s which have historically operated overseas in countries including the Netherlands, Austria, France, Mexico, Zimbabwe, South Africa and United Arab Emirates are reviewed and the activities are described of Fachvereinigung Auslandersbergbau und Internationale Rohstoffaktivitaten in der Vereinigung Rohstoffe und Bergbau, an association involved in the development of mining outside Germany.

Total production in 1994 was 9 600 000 tonnes. Planned new products include high-quality feldspar, 10-14 000 t/a of flaky graphite, 50 000 t/a of wollastonite, and kaolin with significant secondary feldspar. Existing products are aggregates, chalk, clay, diabase, marble, granite, gneiss, slate and other types of dimension stone, dolomite, feldspar, limestone, olivine, quartzite, silica sand, sand, sandstone, talc and soapstone. There have been extensive changes of ownership over the past 5-6 years, with the majority of deposits now in the control of international companies., Total production in 1994 was 9 600 000 tonnes. Planned new products include high-quality feldspar, 10-14 000 t/a of flaky graphite, 50 000 t/a of wollastonite, and kaolin with significant secondary feldspar. Existing products are aggregates, chalk, clay, diabase, marble, granite, gneiss, slate and other types of dimension stone, dolomite, feldspar, limestone, olivine, quartzite, silica sand, sand, sandstone, talc and soapstone. There have been extensive changes of ownership over the past 5-6 years, with the majority of deposits now in the control of international companies.

Finland is a major producer of carbonates, phosphate, talc, wollastonite and dimension stone and also a major consumer of imported kaolin. Since 1980 the production of industrial minerals and rocks has developed favourably while the metal sector has declined. Measured by value, carbonate and talc production for paper pigments, followed by that of dimension stone, are the most significant. The search for domestic raw materials for paper pigments has a high priority in Finnish mineral exploration. The production of the following commodities is discussed: carbonate rock, micronised calcite, precipitated calcium carbonate, apatite, talc, quartz, feldspar, wollastonite, pyrite, chromite, dimension stone, kaolin and ilmenite., Finland is a major producer of carbonates, phosphate, talc, wollastonite and dimension stone and also a major consumer of imported kaolin. Since 1980 the production of industrial minerals and rocks has developed favourably while the metal sector has declined. Measured by value, carbonate and talc production for paper pigments, followed by that of dimension stone, are the most significant. The search for domestic raw materials for paper pigments has a high priority in Finnish mineral exploration. The production of the following commodities is discussed: carbonate rock, micronised calcite, precipitated calcium carbonate, apatite, talc, quartz, feldspar, wollastonite, pyrite, chromite, dimension stone, kaolin and ilmenite.

Rajasthan possesses a wide variety of industrial minerals. It produces virtually all of India's gypsum, fluorspar, asbestos, marble, wollastonite and calcite. It is also an important producer of granite, sandstone, limestone, slate, phosphate rock, talc, dolomite, bentonite, fuller's earth, feldspar, quartz, garnet and barite. The state is a leading exporter of green marble blocks, marble tiles, granite slabs, sandstone, talc, bentonite, processed gemstone, diamonds and wollastonite., Rajasthan possesses a wide variety of industrial minerals. It produces virtually all of India's gypsum, fluorspar, asbestos, marble, wollastonite and calcite. It is also an important producer of granite, sandstone, limestone, slate, phosphate rock, talc, dolomite, bentonite, fuller's earth, feldspar, quartz, garnet and barite. The state is a leading exporter of green marble blocks, marble tiles, granite slabs, sandstone, talc, bentonite, processed gemstone, diamonds and wollastonite.

With the progressive exhaustion of the country's base metal mines the importance of the industrial mineral sector has assumed a far greater significance for the domestic economy as a whole. Given its relatively small population (4.9 million), Finland is an important consumer and producer of industrial minerals, including carbonates, talc, feldspar, wollastonite, quartz, apatite and dimension stone. The paper industry possibly exerts the greatest influence within the domestic economy and is a major market for industrial minerals, principally kaolin, calcium carbonate and talc in relative order of importance. Significant export earnings are derived from several established industrial minerals, feldspar, wollastonite, talc and dimension stone being particularly noteworthy. Dimension stone is increasingly important in this respect despite the fact that most of the material is shipped as crude blocks. The soapstone industry was re-established in 1980 after its demise during the early part of the century and already is an important exporter. Substantial resources are being devoted to the evaluation of resources of kaolin, carbonate, dimension stone and aggregates., With the progressive exhaustion of the country's base metal mines the importance of the industrial mineral sector has assumed a far greater significance for the domestic economy as a whole. Given its relatively small population (4.9 million), Finland is an important consumer and producer of industrial minerals, including carbonates, talc, feldspar, wollastonite, quartz, apatite and dimension stone. The paper industry possibly exerts the greatest influence within the domestic economy and is a major market for industrial minerals, principally kaolin, calcium carbonate and talc in relative order of importance. Significant export earnings are derived from several established industrial minerals, feldspar, wollastonite, talc and dimension stone being particularly noteworthy. Dimension stone is increasingly important in this respect despite the fact that most of the material is shipped as crude blocks. The soapstone industry was re-established in 1980 after its demise during the early part of the century and already is an important exporter. Substantial resources are being devoted to the evaluation of resources of kaolin, carbonate, dimension stone and aggregates.