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The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency and the residual effects of both molten and ground alkaline potassium-silicate rocks (K1) and of ground phonolite rock (K2), as sources of potassium, compared with the traditional source (KCl), in grain crop successions. Two experiments ? one with the succession soybean-wheat-corn and the other with the succession corn-millet-soybean ? were conducted on a Typic Haplorthox in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of three sources (KCl, K1, and K2) and four rates of K (corresponding to 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 times the recommended rates for soybean and corn). The used sources did not affect leaf K concentration in soybean, but KCl and K2 similarly increased leaf K concentration in corn. Regardless of the source, K application increased the yield of all crops. The K1 and K2 sources present agronomic efficiencies equivalent to that of KCl. K1 and K2 show a more pronounced residual effect than KCl, especially on crops grown approximately one year after their application and under K rates above those recommended for the crops. Index terms: agronomic efficiency, phonolite, potassium fertilization, residual effect, rock dust, silicon. Eficiência e efeito residual de fontes alternativas de potássio em culturas graníferas RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência e o efeito residual de rochas potássico-silicáticas alcalinas fundidas e moídas (K1) e de rocha de fonolito moída (K2), como fontes alternativas de potássio, em comparação à fonte tradicional (KCl), em sucessões de culturas graníferas. Dois experimentos ? um com sucessão soja-trigo-milho e outro com sucessão milho-milheto-soja ? foram conduzidos em Latossolo Vermelho argiloso, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três fontes (KCl, K1 e K2) e quatro doses de K (correspondentes a 0, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0 vezes a dose recomendada para a cultura da soja e do milho). As fontes não afetaram a concentração de K nas folhas da soja, mas KCl e K2 aumentaram de forma semelhante a concentração de K nas folhas do milho. Independentemente da fonte, a aplicação de K aumentou as produtividades de todas as culturas. As fontes alternativas K1 e K2 apresentam eficiências agronômicas equivalentes à do KCl. K1 e K2 têm efeitos residuais mais pronunciados que o do KCl, especialmente em cultivos realizados aproximadamente um ano após suas aplicações e com doses de K acima das recomendadas para as culturas. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-17T23:45:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6005.pdf: 694502 bytes, checksum: ecb144e7d231d9f05c55d8f46471426c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

"A medida que el tamaño de las características de los dispositivos electrónicos de Silicio (Si) se acerca aún más al límite físico, la investigación en las áreas de fotónica con el objetivo de lograr la capacidad de emisión de luz, modulación y guía de ondas de materiales basados en Si, se ha vuelto cada vez más importante. Un método muy interesante para alcanzar este objetivo se basa en el dopaje de los materiales con átomos de erbio. La transición 4I13/2 —4I15/2 transición intra-f del Er3+ conduce a la emisión de luz alrededor de la longitud de onda de 1540nm, la longitud de onda estándar para telecomunicaciones. Por otro lado, se ha avanzado mucho recientemente hacia la fabricación de dispositivos dopados con Er a partir de materiales a base de Si, como el láser en una microcavidad toroidal de sílice dopada con Er y el uso de nanocristales de Si como sensibilizadores para Er en materiales de SiO2. Sin embargo, a pesar de estos avances, siguen existiendo desafíos en el desarrollo de dispositivos fotónicos y optoelectrónicos avanzados basados en materiales de Si dopados con Er. Para lograr una integración óptica de alta densidad en chips de Si, es necesario mejorar aún más el índice de refracción de la matriz anfitriona introduciendo iones Er."

[ES] El objetivo del trabajo fin de máster es caracterizar experimentalmente y analizar las prestaciones de conmutación fotónica que es posible alcanzar mediante estructuras guiadas basadas en la combinación de silicio y GST (germanio-antimonio-telurio o GeSbTe). La integración del material GST en estructuras de silicio permite la conmutación de forma no-volátil entre dos estados al aplicar un determinado tipo de excitación. Esta conmutación se origina debido a la transición del material GST entre un estado amorfo y cristalino el cual permite variar la absorción y fase de la señal óptica que se propaga a través de guías híbridas de Si/GST. Sin embargo, la forma de excitación necesaria para conmutar el material no es sencilla y suelen surgir discrepancias con respecto al comportamiento esperado en simulación. Todos estos temas serán tratado y analizados en detalle en este trabajo., [EN] The integration of the GST (germanium-antimony-tellurium or GeSbTe) material into silicon structures enables non-volatile switching between two states upon application of an optical excitation. This switching originates from the transition of the GST material between an amorphous and crystalline state which allows varying the absorption and phase of the optical signal propagating through hybrid Si/GST guides. The aim of this master's thesis is to experimentally demonstrate and analyse the photonic switching performance achievable by guided structures based on the combination of silicon and GST. To this end, silicon waveguides and ring resonators with GST are fabricated and characterized. Our results show high performance in ultra-compact footprints. Both large extinction ratios and phase shifts of around 5 dB/¿m and ¿/2 rad/¿m, respectively, have been measured. On the other hand, on-chip all-optical switching is achieved by using nanosecond optical pulses and switching energies as low as sub-nanojoules. Our devices may find applications in a wide range of fields, such as optical memories, ultra-low power switching or neuromorphic computing.

Producción Científica Virtual Ge substrates fabricated by direct deposition of Ge on Si have become a pathway with high potential to attain high-efficiency III-V multijunction solar cells on Si. We study the development of III-V triple junction solar cells using two types of Ge|Si virtual substrates. The first uses a thick (2-5 μm) Ge layer grown by CVD, which acts as the bottom Ge subcell. The second, grown by low-temperature RT-PECVD, has a thickness of a few tens of nanometres, with the Si substrate acting as Si bottom cell. We discuss the challenges related to each design (formation of cracks, parasitic absorption in the Ge layer, dislocations, ...), present the theoretical design and show the experimental results obtained. Finally, an advanced approach using embedded porous Si layers as buffer layers for crack mitigation is also presented. Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (project RTI2018-094291-B-I00) Comunidad de Madrid (project S2018/EMT-4308) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant PRE2019-088437) Junta de Castilla y León - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project VA283P18)

El silicio no es considerado un elemento esencial para el crecimiento de las plantas pero sí un elemento beneficioso, ya que al ser absorbido como ácido monosilícico, se deposita en distintas estructuras de la planta actuando en procesos morfo-fisiológicos, bioquímicos o moleculares, que pueden inducir mayor tolerancia frente a diversos estreses bióticos, como el ataque de patógenos e insectos plagas, o abióticos, como la sequía, la salinidad, las altas o bajas temperaturas, los metales pesados y la toxicidad o deficiencia de nutrientes esenciales. Sin embargo, la potencialidad del silicio ante estas condiciones de estrés ha sido poco investigada en cultivos leñosos existiendo escasa información al respecto. En esta tesis doctoral se ha estudiado la influencia del silicio en plantas de olivo y melocotonero sometidas a distintos estreses bióticos y abióticos. En el olivo, los ensayos se llevaron a cabo en condiciones de umbráculo, en cámaras de crecimiento y en campo. En ellos se ha analizado la aportación de silicio en un intervalo de dosis de 0 a 20 mg L-1, la forma de aplicación, vía foliar o mediante el agua de riego y la absorción y redistribución de este elemento en los diferentes órganos de la planta. Adicionalmente, se ha estudiado su efecto sobre la tolerancia a la salinidad y sobre el control de las principales enfermedades que afectan al cultivo: el repilo, la antracnosis y la verticiliosis. Por otro lado, también se buscó conocer la respuesta de melocotoneros establecidos en un umbráculo y sometidos a condiciones de estrés hídrico. Los resultados han puesto de manifiesto que en el olivo el silicio es acumulado principalmente en las raíces, seguido de las hojas y los tallos. En las hojas su concentración aumenta de acuerdo con las dosis crecientes aplicadas, independientemente de la forma de aplicación, siendo necesarios alrededor de 60 días desde el inicio de las aplicaciones para que se manifiesten diferencias en la acumulación entre las plantas tratadas y las control. La dosis de 20 mg L-1 fue la que mayormente provocó dichas diferencias. La aplicación de silicio se mostró eficiente en el control del repilo del olivo. En el melocotonero, también se encontró mayor tolerancia de las plantas frente al estrés causado por la sequía. En los demás estreses estudiados no se obtuvieron respuestas concluyentes, muy probablemente debido a las bajas dosis de silicio suministradas en esos experimentos, y también a la metodología empleada. Esto sugiere plantearse en el futuro la repetición de estos experimentos siguiendo los conocimientos obtenidos en esta tesis. Silicon is considered a non-essential element for plant growth, but it is a beneficial element. Plants uptake silicon in the form of monosilicic acid, which is translocated through the xylem and deposited on the epidermis and in the sheath cells of vascular bundles, acting in morpho-physiological, biochemical or molecular processes. This silicon may induce plant tolerance to several abiotic and biotic stresses, such as water deficiency, salinity, high or low temperature, heavy metals, mineral imbalances, and pests and diseases. However, few studies have been carried out with woody crops. Therefore, the aim of this Thesis was to study the influence of silicon on olive and peach trees subjected to different abiotic and biotic stresses. In olive trees, the experiments were conducted in growth chambers, shade-house or under field conditions. Silicon concentration (0 to 20 mg L-1), the form of application (foliar or through the irrigation water), and the uptake and redistribution of this element in the different plant organs were studied. It was also studied its effect on the tolerance to salinity and the control of the main diseases which affect this crop: leaf spot, anthracnose and verticillium wilt. On the other hand, it was also evaluated the effect of silicon application on young peach trees growing under shade-house conditions and subjected to water stress. The results showed that silicon was accumulated mainly in the olive roots, followed by the leaves and stems. Silicon concentration increased according to the doses applied, independently of the application form. Differences between treated and control plants in silicon accumulation in leaves were observed 60 days after the initiation of treatments. Silicon concentration of 20 mg L-1 showed the best results. Silicon application was efficient in controlling olive leaf spot, the most important foliar disease in the olive. Silicon also was efficient in reduce the stress caused by drought in peaches. No responses were found when the other stresses were studied. Probably the low silicon concentration used in these experiments and the methodology used, could explain the lack of results, suggesting the repetition of the experiments in the future.

Agradecimentos: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (88881.311020/2018); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2013/20180-3, 2015/24517-8, 2016/19270-6, 2018/25339-4); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (02036/2018-0, 311035/2018-3, 432303/2018-9). We thank ANT for the support in preparation for the fabrication of the samples in a dedicated run, and we also thank Leandro Fonseca and Maicon Faria for the fruitful discussion and technical assistance Abstract: Compact fiber-to-chip couplers play an important role in optical interconnections, especially in data centers. However, the development of couplers has been mostly limited to standard single-mode fibers, with few devices compatible with multicore and multimode fibers. Through the use of state-of-the-art optimization algorithms, we designed a compact dual-polarization coupler to interface chips and dense multicore fibers, demonstrating, for the first time, coupling to both polarizations of all the cores, with measured coupling efficiency of -4.3 dB and with a 3 dB bandwidth of 48 nm. The dual-polarization coupler has a footprint of 200 mu m(2) per core, which makes it the smallest fiber-to-chip coupler experimentally demonstrated on a standard silicon-on-insulator platform COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ Fechado

Funding: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PID2019-106747RB-I00); Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU16/03401, FPU16/06762, FPU17/00638); Junta de Andalucía (P18-RT-1453, P18-RT-793, UMA18-FEDERJA-219); Universidad de Málaga; National Research Council Canada (CSTIP grant #HTSN210); Grantová Agentura České Republiky (19-00062S). Waveguide Bragg gratings are expected to play an important role in diverse applications of photonic integrated circuits. Here, we present our latest progress in implementing Bragg filters with a customized spectral response in the silicon-on-insulator platform. Our filter comprises a silicon waveguide with an array of Bragg segments placed aside. The waveguide core is designed to have a reduced mode confinement, which enables an accurate control of the grating strength via modulation of the Bragg segment separation distance and allows for minimum feature sizes compatible with deep-UV lithography (>100 nm). Our design strategy is experimentally validated by demonstrating a filter with 20 non-uniformly spaced notches in the transmittance spectrum. Palabras clave: Silicon photonics, Bragg gratings, spectral filters. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

La tesis presenta una descripció unificadora d'una varietat d'experiments de transport tèrmic a la micro i nano escala en semiconductors com el silici o el germani. S'utilitza un model de transport de calor hidrodinàmic per predir la resposta no difusiva de sistemes complexes en situacions de rellevància tecnològica, com el procés de refredament d'un component electrònic alliberant calor cap a un substrat semiconductor. El model no utilitza paràmetres d'ajust en funció de la geometria, sinó que utilitza paràmetres calculats des de primers principis. Els efectes de mida petita o alta freqüència es capturen a través de condicions de contorn específiques i, per tant, el model és una eina útil pel disseny de dispositiu micro electrònics. Degut a que la descripció hidrodinàmics pel silici no és el mètode convencional, en aquesta tesis es posa especial èmfasis en determinar l'aplicabilitat del model en múltiples experiments de manera unificadora. Com a resultat, s'identifiquen fenòmens no difusius com la propagació del segon so en camps tèrmics fluctuants en germani o múltiples temps de relaxació en l'evolució tèrmica d'escalfadors nano estructurats en silici. A més, la descripció hidrodinàmica es compara amb altres models moderns per descriure els mateixos experiments, i es proporciona un resum de les eines teòriques necessàries (la termodinàmica de no equilibri i la teoria cinètica). Utilitzant les evidències experimentals que s'aporten, es conclou que el model hidrodinàmic té capacitat predictiva de la resposta tèrmica de materials com el silici a la nano escala dins d'un cert rang d'aplicabilitat. Ésta tesis presenta una descripción unificadora de una variedad de experimentos de transporte térmico a la micro y nano escala en semiconductores como el silicio o el germanio. Se utilitza un modelo de transporte de calor hidrodinámico para predecir la respuesta no difusiva de sistemas complejos en situacions de relevancia tecnológica, como el proceso de enfriamento de un componente electrónico liberando calor hacia un sustrato semiconductor. El modelo no utilitza parámetros de ajuste en función de la geometría, sinó que utiliza parámetros calculados des de primeros principios. Los efectos de tamaño reducido o alta frecuencia se capturan a través de condiciones de contorno específicas y, por tanto, el modelo es una herramienta útil para el diseño de dispositivos micro electrónicos. Dado que la descripción hidrodinámica para el silicio no es el método convencional, en ésta tesis se presta especial atención a determinar la aplicabilidad del modelo en múltiples experimentos de forma unificadora. Como resultado, se identifican fenómenos no difusivos como la propagación de segundo sonido en campos térmicos fluctuantes en germanio, o múltiples tiempos de relajación en la evolución térmica de calentadores nano estructurados en silicio. Además, la descripción hidrodinámica se compara con otros modelos modernos para describir los mismos experimentos, y se proporciona un resumen de las herramientas teóricas necesarias (la termodinámica de no equilibrio y la teoria cinética). Utilizando las evidencias experimentales que se aportan, se concluye que el modelo hidrodinámico tiene capacidad predictiva de la respuesta térmica de materiales como el silicio a la nano escala dentro de un cierto rango de aplicabilidad. This thesis presents a unifying description of a variety of experiments on micro- and nano-scale heat transport in semiconductors like silicon or germanium. A hydrodynamic-like heat transport model is used to predict the non-diffusive thermal response of complex systems in technologically relevant situations, like the process of energy release from nanostructured heat sources towards a semiconductor substrate. The model does not use geometry-dependent or fitted parameters, but use intrinsic material properties that can be calculated from first principles. Small-size and high-frequency effects are captured through the use of specific boundary conditions, thus resulting in a practical tool for complex microelectronic device design. Since hydrodynamic modeling is not the state-of-the-art approach to describe standard semiconductors like silicon, special care is devoted to quantitatively determine the applicability of the model, and multiple experiments using different techniques are considered and studied in a unifying way. As a result, previously unreported non-Fourier phenomena in materials like silicon or germanium is identified and demonstrated (e.g. second sound in rapidly varying thermal fields or multiple decay times characterizing the evolution of nano-structured heaters). Furthermore, the hydrodynamic description is compared with alternative modern frameworks describing size and frequency effects in semiconductor heat transport, and a summarized overview of the theoretical background, namely non-equilibrium thermodynamics and kinetic theory, is presented. In light of the extensive experimental evidence provided, this thesis demonstrate the predictive capability of hydrodynamic-like thermal transport modeling in semiconductors within a certain range of applicability that is well beyond the diffusive regime. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Física

Agradecimentos: This work was supported in part by the Brazilian funding agencies Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) under Projects #2017/10581-1 and #2020/07397-7, in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal do Nível Superior– Brasil (CAPES) (Finance Code 001), and in part by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) under Project #436573/2018-0 Abstract: Ever since the advent of scalable production of nanodevices, the search for optimal fabrication techniques of low dimensional materials has gained the attention of scientists and engineers all over the world. In particular, the fabrication of silicon nanowires is being increasingly investigated, due to their potential integration into novel technologies such as biological and optical sensors, solar cells, power generators, and transistors, among others. In this context, this work reports the single-step fabrication of Ga-doped Si bulk and nanowire single crystals. They were obtained through the Metallic Flux Nanonucleation (MFNN) technique, where a nanoporous alumina template was employed to define the nanowire morphology, while Ga was used as flux to both lower the Si melting point and dope the crystals. Our results show that Ga-doped silicon bulk crystals were successfully fabricated via MFNN. The carrier concentration was determined by probing the Hall effect and was found to be (2.5 +/- 0.2) x 10(19) cm(-3). Silicon nanowires were simultaneously obtained, presenting an average wire diameter of 125 +/- 26 nm and length up to several tens of microns. These results open the possibility to easily fabricate heavily doped intermetallic cylindrical nanowires, with versatility both on the nanowire composition and the doping element FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ Fechado

Tese (Doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociência e Nanobiotecnologia, 2020. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). O presente estudo teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma matriz de nanocompósito a base Cobalto complexada com átomos de Silício e Telúrio. A matriz complexada foi obtida por meio do processo de síntese por combustão em solução (SCS) assistida por micro-onda. Foram aplicadas diferentes metodologias de preparo para construir diferentes amostras de nanocompósito. Através do arranjo estequiométrico moleculares dos elementos foram realizadas a variação na composição do catalisador uréia em relação a quantidade de Co, Si e Te. Foi feito tratamento térmico por calcinação em algumas amostras da matriz de nanocompósito. As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas foram a Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) para medir o diâmetro médio e a polidispersão e morfologia das nanopartícula da matriz do nanocompósito. A Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) para identificar a forma da estrutura da matriz do nanocompósito. A Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDS) para identificar e medir a porcentagem de cada elemento químico presente na matriz do nanocompósito. A Difração de Raios-X (DRX) para identificar a estrutura, medir os parâmetros de rede, a fase e o arranjo espacial da matriz de CoxSiyTez. A Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA-DTG) para medir o comportamento da matriz do nanocompósito ao estresse térmico. A Espectroscopia no Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) para identificar a distribuição de elementos químicos na cobertura da matriz do nanocompósito. A Espectroscopia Ultravioleta e Visível (UV-VIS) para medir a banda de gap de energia da matriz do nanocompósito. As Medidas Magnéticas de Magnetização e Susceptibilidade magnética que contribuíram identificar e medir a resposta da matriz no campo magnético. A investigação das matrizes de nanocompósito que foram desenvolvidas e estudadas, conduziram a criação de uma nova estrutura de nanocompósito na forma monoclínica Co8(Si4O12)2Te12. The present study aimed to develop a Cobalt based nanocomposite matrix complexed with Silicon and Tellurium atoms. The complexed matrix was obtained through the combustion synthesis process in solution (SCS) assisted by microwave. Different preparation methodologies were applied to build different nanocomposite samples. Through the molecular stoichiometric arrangement of the elements the variation in the composition of the urea catalyst in relation to the amount of Co, Si and Te. Heat treatment was carried out by calcination on some samples of the nanocomposite matrix. The characterization techniques used were Transmission Electron Microscopy (MET) to measure the average diameter and the polydispersity and morphology of the nanoparticles of the nanocomposite matrix. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to identify the shape of the nanocomposite matrix structure. X-ray Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS) to identify and measure the percentage of each chemical element present in the nanocomposite matrix. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identify the structure, measure the network parameters, the phase and the spatial arrangement of the matrix of CoxSiyTez. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA-DTG) to measure the behavior of the nanocomposite matrix to thermal stress. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the distribution of chemical elements in the nanocomposite matrix coverage. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS) to measure the energy gap band of the nanocomposite matrix. The Magnetic Measurements of Magnetization and Magnetic Susceptibility that contributed to identify and measure the response of the matrix in the magnetic field. The investigation of the nanocomposite matrices that were developed and studied, led to the creation of a new nanocomposite structure in monoclinic form Co8(Si4O12)2Te12.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Interações como a herbivoria há o consumo de partes de tecidos vegetais por insetos herbívoros que promovem impactos no desempenho vegetativo e reprodutivo de plantas hospedeiras. Mecanismos de defesas induzidas como respostas de hipersensibilidade (RH) são observadas em diversas espécies e têm relação direta com a especificidade entre inseto herbívoro e planta hospedeira. No entanto, a capacidade de desenvolver RH varia de acordo com o genótipo e fenótipos de plantas hospedeiras e com distúrbios ambientais como o fogo. Assim, o objetivo geral do nosso estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de Bauhinia brevipes, a capacidade de desenvolver defesas induzidas contra o inseto galhador Schizomyia macrocapillata e as taxas de herbivoria por insetos de vida livre. Avaliamos essas interações no contexto das variações fenotípicas em desenvolver respostas de hipersensibilidade, e de distúrbios ambientais como o fogo. Assim, no primeiro capítulo, avaliamos o desempenho de plantas adultas e da progênie de acordo com os fenótipos de resistência (resistente e susceptível) aos ataques de S. macrocapillata. Para tal, avaliamos o desempenho vegetativo como arquitetura e o desempenho reprodutivo como número de sementes (componente feminino), o número de frutos formados (componente masculino) e a qualidade nutricional (macro e micronutrientes) em indivíduos resistentes e susceptíveis. Além disso, avaliamos o desempenho da prole em três estágios de desenvolvimento: sementes, plântulas e juvenis. Não houve diferenças nos desempenhos vegetativo e reprodutivo das plantas adultas, bem como na relação entre macro e micronutrientes e o fator resistência entre os fenótipos. Além disso, as taxas de germinação e investimentos em porção aérea e subterrânea na prole dos diferentes fenótipos foram similares. Acreditamos que a baixa incidência de S. macrocapillata sobre a população de B. brevipes contribuiu para o desempenho similar entre os fenótipos. Além disso, estratégias como tolerância à herbivoria devem ser analisadas nesse sistema inseto galhador / planta hospedeira. No segundo capítulo, avaliamos como as interações entre herbívoros e plantas hospedeiras, no contexto das defesas induzidas, como RH e defesas mecânicas como o acúmulo de silício em plantas com diferentes respostas ao fogo. Verificamos os indivíduos da população de B. brevipes apresentaram diferentes características quanto à incidência de fogo. As plantas que não rebrotaram apresentaram maiores taxas de herbivoria por insetos mastigadores e menores conteúdos de silício em relação às rebrotas. Por outro lado, as rebrotas foram mais atacadas por S. macrocapillata, mas exibiram maiores quantidades RH que àquelas plantas que não rebrotaram e em relação à estação anterior. Acreditamos que rebrotas de B. brevipes podem ser mais bem defendidas uma vez que alocam mais nutrientes, como nitrogênio para o crescimento e silício que reduz o desempenho de insetos mastigadores. As RH também podem ser aumentadas pela alocação de recursos pós-fogo o que levou às maiores taxas de defesas entre as rebrotas. Este estudo forneceu evidencias sobre o papel do fogo nas interações entre plantas hospedeiras e insetos de diferentes guildas e possíveis alterações no comportamento de insetos mastigadores. In interactions such as herbivory the consumption of plant tissue by herbivore insects promotes several impacts on vegetative and reproductive performance of host plants. Defense mechanisms induced as hypersensitive response (HR) are observed in several species and is directly related to the specificity of herbivore insects and host plants. However, the ability to develop HR varies according to genotype and phenotype of plant hosts and with environmental disturbances such as fire. Thus, we aimed evaluate the performance of Bauhinia brevipes, the ability to evolve induced defenses against gall insect Schizomyia macrocapillata and herbivory rates by free-living insects. We analyzed these interactions in the context of phenotypic variation of resistance and environmental disturbances as fire. Then, in the first chapter, we evaluated the performance of mature plants and offspring according to the phenotypic resistance (resistant and susceptible) to S. macrocapillata attacks. Thus, we evaluate vegetative performance as architecture and reproductive performance as number of seeds (female component), the number of fruits (male component) and the nutritional quality (macro and micronutrients in leaves) on resistant and susceptible individuals. In addition, we evaluated the performance of the offspring in three stages of development: seeds, seedlings and juveniles. There were no differences in vegetative and reproductive performances of mature plants from resistant and susceptible phenotypes. Besides, there was no relationship between macro and micronutrients and the resistance factor. Germination rates and investments in shoot and root portion in the offspring of different phenotypes were similar. We believe that the low incidence of S. macrocapillata on the population of B. brevipes contributed to the similar performance between phenotypes. Moreover, strategies such as tolerance to herbivory should be analyzed in this gall insect / plant host system. In the second chapter, we evaluate the differences in responses to fire effects in relation to interactions between herbivore insects and host plants in and induced defenses (HR and silicon content). We detected an individual variation in response to fire as resprouting and non-resprouting plants in the population of B. brevipes. Non-resprouting plants showed higher rates of herbivory by chewing insects and lower silicon content in relation to resprouting. Contrasting, resprouting presented greater attack rate by S. macrocapillata, but exhibited larger amounts of HR than non- resprouting. We believe that resprouting of B. brevipes can be better defended, since allocate more nutrients such as nitrogen for growth and silicon which reduces the performance of chewing insects. HR can also be increased by the allocation of resources post-fire, which lead to the greatest defenses rates among resprouting plants. This study provided evidences about the role of fire in the interactions between host plants and insects of different guilds and possible changes in the behavior of chewing insects. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Resumen Este trabajo describe las virtudes de una investigación centrada en el silicio, uno de los ingredientes más importantes pero menos conocidos de la cerveza, y su acción protectora a nivel neurodegenerativo. Entre los varios factores que contribuyen a la inducción y desarrollo de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, se encuentra el aluminio el cual tiende a concentrarse en el cerebro e inducir, entre otros mecanismos, alteraciones prooxidantes e inflamatorias. El silicio al bloquear esos efectos negativos, se convierte en un ingrediente estrella, que en términos alquimistas sugiere que puede transmutar en oro. Abstract This article describes the virtues of a research focused on silicon, one of the most important but least known ingredients in beer, and its protective action at the neurodegenerative level. Among the various factors contributing to the Alzheimer's disease induction and development, aluminum, by concentrating in brain induces, among other mechanisms, pro-oxidant and inflammatory disorders. Silicon, by blocking these negative effects, becomes a star ingredient, which in alchemist terms suggests that has the property to transmute into gold.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Photovoltaic panels are technologies that have been gradually increasing in the world market and, after their end of life, are considered as electronic waste. There are 250,000 metric tons of solar panel waste worldwide and that number will reach 78 million by 2050. Among some of the consequences of improper disposal of photovoltaic panels, there is the percolation of heavy metals in the soil, such as lead and cadmium, and consequent impact on water resources and also losses of aluminum and glass, important for the industrial market. In addition, there are losses of metals with high added value, such as silicon and silver. The importance of recycling photovoltaic panels meets the need to restore these materials to the production process. The technology of supercritical fluids has been presented as an interesting technique for the recycling and extraction of several materials due to the high solvation power and low viscosity. It is advantageous to use this technology when the extraction object has high added value, as is the case with the photovoltaic plate. The separation of the module layers with supercritical fluids allows components to be reused in new materials. One of the major difficulties in recycling solar panels is the delamination of their constituents. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the efficiency of supercritical technology with carbon dioxide (CO2) in the delamination of photovoltaic panels through the application of different cosolvents and the use of a planetary ball mill to enable exposure and access to high-value metals to be recycled. Several samples of a Canadian Solar model cs6Pp-265p photovoltaic plate were used. Toluene was used in the delamination of the photovoltaic module with supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) and comparatively in the system at atmospheric pressure. The variables pressure, temperature, solid:liquid ratio (S:L) and time were analyzed. The recovery efficiency and purity of the materials obtained after the process were carried out. The constituents of the photovoltaic module were subjected to analyzes of SEM/EDS, XRD, XRF, TGA, DSC and FTIR. ScCO2 showed advantages in terms of solvent volume and time when compared to the system at atmospheric pressure. After 60 min in ScCO2 and in the planetary ball mill, the recovery was close to 100% for the fractions of glass, metallic filament and protection sheet. The recovery of the solar cell and EVA was over 85%, which is satisfactory and allows the recovery of silicon and silver, metals of high value for the market. In addition, this reuse reduces the extraction of raw materials, bringing economic and environmental benefits. Os painéis fotovoltaicos são tecnologias que vêm aumentando gradativamente no mercado mundial e, após seu fim de vida, são considerados como resíduos eletrônicos. Há 250.000 toneladas métricas de resíduos de painéis solares em todo o mundo e esse número atingirá 78 milhões até 2050. Dentre algumas das consequências do descarte inadequado dos painéis fotovoltaicos, têm-se a percolação de metais pesados no solo, como o chumbo e o cádmio, e consequente impacto nos recursos hídricos e também perdas de alumínio e vidro, importantes para o mercado industrial. Além disso, ocorrem perdas de metais com alto valor agregado, como silício e prata. A importância de se reciclar os painéis fotovoltaicos vem ao encontro de se restituir ao processo produtivo esses materiais. A tecnologia de fluidos supercríticos vem se apresentando como uma técnica interessante para a reciclagem e extração de diversos materiais devido ao alto poder de solvatação e baixa viscosidade. E vantajoso utilizar essa tecnologia quando o objeto de extração possui alto valor agregado, como é o caso da placa fotovoltaica. A separação das camadas do módulo com fluidos supercríticos permite que componentes sejam reaproveitados em novos materiais. Umas das grandes dificuldades na reciclagem dos painéis solares é a delaminação de seus constituintes. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a eficiência da tecnologia supercrítica com dióxido de carbono (CO2) na delaminação de painéis fotovoltaicos através da aplicação de diferentes cossolventes e uso de moinho de bolas planetário para possibilitar a exposição e acesso a metais de alto valor para serem reciclados. Foram utilizadas diversas amostras de uma placa fotovoltaica da marca Canadian Solar modelo cs6Pp-265p. Tolueno foi utilizado na delaminação do módulo fotovoltaico com CO2 supercrítico (ScCO2) e de forma comparativa no sistema à pressão atmosférica. As variáveis pressão, temperatura, razão sólido:líquido (S:L) e tempo foram analisadas. A eficiência de recuperação e pureza dos materiais obtidos após o processo foi realizada. Os constituintes do módulo fotovoltaico foram submetidos a análises de MEV/EDS, DRX, FRX, TGA, DSC e FTIR. O ScCO2 apresentou vantagens em relação ao volume de solvente e ao tempo quando comparado ao sistema à pressão atmosférica. Após 60 min no ScCO2 e no moinho de bolas planetário, a recuperação foi próxima a 100% para as frações de vidro, filamento metálico e folha de proteção. A recuperação da célula solar e EVA foi superior a 85%, a qual é satisfatória e possibilita a recuperação do silício metálico e prata, metais de alto valor para o mercado. Além disso, esse reaproveitamento reduz a extração de matéria-prima, trazendo benefícios econômicos e ambientais.

Los módulos de silicio cristalino dominan el mercado fotovoltaico con más del 85% de producción de módulos durante el año 2018. Se espera que un número grande de basura fotovoltaicos sea desechada como desperdicio electrónico en un futuro próximo. Diferentes autores han realizado investigación relacionada al reciclaje de módulos fotovoltaicos, sin embargo, más esfuerzos deberán llevarse a cabo para optimizar el reciclaje de estos desechos. Los paneles de silicio contienen elementos preciados como lo son: silicio (Si), aluminio (Al), plata (Ag), cobre (Cu), vidrio, pero también incluye materiales tóxicos como el plomo (Pb). La meta de este trabajo es estudiar el proceso de reciclaje para los módulos que hayan cumplido con su ciclo de vida o hayan sufrido algún daño, el proceso de reciclaje propuesto incluye tratamientos físicos, térmicos y químicos. Los resultados cuantitativos y cualitativos en términos de recuperación de masa y calidad de los elementos recuperados serán presentados. Los efectos de las diferentes etapas del proceso reciclaje en tres diferentes módulos FV de silicio, uno monocristalino y dos policristalinos, se han comparado. La etapa física se enfoca en recuperar el vidrio y remover la backsheet, para este último diferentes alternativas fueron propuestas. La etapa térmica tiene como objetivo remover los compuestos orgánicos, en especial el EVA y la etapa química tiene como finalidad recuperar el silicio y los demás metales. Un espectrómetro de absorción atómica se empleó para analizar la cantidad de plata, plomo y cobre presente en las diferentes muestras. El principal parámetro a considerar fue la cantidad de metal recuperado. Se identificaron las mejores condiciones en términos de: temperatura, tiempo y reactivos utilizados. INES MARGARITA RIECH MENDEZ

Limestone is the most commonly used acidity-correction agent in tropical soils. However, steel slag can be an alternative for turfgrass production areas because it contains silicon, which can increase turfgrass tolerance to biotic and/or abiotic stresses. This study was developed to evaluate the effect of the application of steel slag, as compared with limestone, on a bermudagrass sod production system. The experiment was carried out in Botucatu-SP, Brazil, in a randomized block design arranged in a factorial scheme 2 × 5 with 4 replications. Treatments consisted of two correctives (steel slag and limestone) and their rates, which were calculated to raise the soil base saturation to 12% (current), 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%. The application of lime and steel slag rates had positive effects on soil chemical attributes related to acidity correction, such as pH, Ca, Mg, H + Al, Al, CEC, SB, and base saturation (%). The slag provided higher levels of P, Ca, and Si, whereas limestone increased the Mg soil content. Steel slag provided a higher ground cover rate for bermudagrass than limestone at 114 and 161 days after transplanting (DAT), with maximum cover rate achieved with 60% base saturation at 161 DAT. The turfgrasses treated with slag showed a higher amount of roots, rhizomes, and stolons when compared with those treated with limestone. It is suggested the use of steel slag and, in calculating the need for corrective, 90% soil base saturation. Resumo O corretivo de acidez mais comumente utilizado nos solos tropicais é o calcário, porém a escória de aciaria pode ser alternativa para áreas de produção de grama, devido à presença do silício que pode aumentar a tolerância da grama a estresses bióticos e/ou abióticos. Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o efeito da aplicação de escória de aciaria, comparado ao calcário, na implantação de um sistema de produção de grama bermuda. O experimento foi instalado em Botucatu-SP e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso em fatorial 2 x 5 com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por dois corretivos (escória de aciaria e calcário) e doses dos corretivos calculados para elevar as saturações por bases do solo para 12% (atual), 30%, 50%, 70% e 90%. A aplicação de doses de calcário e de escória de aciaria proporcionaram efeitos positivos nos atributos químicos do solo relacionados com a correção da acidez, como o pH, teores de Ca e Mg, H+Al, Al, CTC, SB, e V%. A escória proporcionou maiores teores de P, Ca e Si, enquanto o calcário maior teor de Mg no solo. A escória de aciaria proporcionou uma maior taxa de cobertura do solo pela grama bermuda quando comparado ao calcário, aos 114 e 161 DAT (dias após o transplantio), sendo a máxima taxa de cobertura obtida com a saturação por bases de 60% aos 161 DAT. As gramas que receberam a escória apresentaram maior quantidade de raízes, rizomas e estolões, quando comparados ao calcário. Sugere-se o uso da escoria de siderurgia, e, no cálculo da necessidade de corretivo, a saturação por bases do solo de 90%.

Os diversos tipos de aços produzidos apresentam uma grande variedade de elementos deletérios em sua composição, sendo que, o fósforo pode ser uma das principais impurezas que influencia fortemente na qualidade. Neste trabalho, foi caracterizada a fragilização causada pelo fósforo durante o processo de laminação a quente de tubos de aço C-Mn. O material foi produzido em uma aciaria elétrica, em seguida laminado a quente, utilizando dois tipos de desoxidante que possuem fósforo em sua composição química: um deles contendo 70% de fosfato e o outro 80% de fosfato e 3% de sílica (SiO2). Após a laminação a quente, as peças de aço C-Mn foram inspecionadas no equipamento de ultrassom com o intuito de detectar descontinuidades, ruídos característicos no interno causados pela fragilização pelo fósforo. Esses tubos foram amostrados para caracterização da superfície interna e seção transversal no microscópio óptico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Foram encontradas nessas amostras regiões fragilizadas pelo fósforo, onde estavam presentes fragilização no contorno de grão e regiões com presença de corrosão por sal fundido, causados pelo fósforo. Foram realizadas simulações do processo de fragilização pelo fósforo em escala laboratorial. Os resultados encontrados mostram que à medida que aumenta a quantidade de desoxidante e tempo de exposição do aço ao desoxidante, aumenta-se a espessura da camada de fósforo, e à medida que aumenta a temperatura, a corrosão por sal fundido torna-se mais significativa. Além disso, o presente trabalho confirmou que o fósforo possui tendência na formação de fratura intergranular pela sua segregação em contornos de grãos. Outro resultado importante encontrado no presente trabalho foi desoxidantes que possuem sílica em sua composição química apresentarem menor quantidade de fósforo difundido no aço. O silício forma uma película protetora de faialita (Fe2SiO4), que separa o substrato (aço) do fósforo. Com isso, a penetração do fósforo no aço diminui e neste caso a fragilização do aço pelo fósforo é menor. No programa Thermo-Calc e Matlab, foi demonstrado que o coeficiente difusão efetivo do fósforo aumenta com o aumento da temperatura e do tempo de exposição ao desoxidante. Além disso, foi demonstrado que aumentando o teor de fósforo, a fase líquida se forma em temperaturas cada vez mais baixas e a porcentagem da fase eutética e quantidade de fósforo na fase líquida e eutética aumenta. The various types of steel that was produced have a high variety of deleterious elements in their composition, the phosphorus can be one of the main impurities that strongly influence the quality. In this work the embrittlement caused by phosphorus during hot rolling of C-Mn steel pipes was characterized. The steel was produced in an electric steelmaking and hot-rolled using two types of deoxidizers that contain phosphorus in their composition: one containing 70% phosphate and the other 80% phosphate and 3% of silica (SiO2). After hot rolling, the C-Mn steel pipes were inspected in ultrasound equipment to detect, internal noise caused by phosphorus embrittlement. In these pipes were taken samples for characterization of the inner surface and cross section using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. In these strips were found in some regions that were embrittlement by phosphorus, where embrittlement was present in the grain boundary and regions with presence of molten salt corrosion caused by phosphorus. Simulations of the embrittlement of phosphorus in the process were performed on a laboratory scale. The results shown that when increases the amount of deoxidizer and the expose time of steel with deoxidizer, increases the thickness of the phosphorus layer and when increase the temperature the molten salt corrosion becomes more significant. In addition, the present work confirmed that phosphorus has a tendency to segregate at grain boundaries, leading to intergranular fracture. Another important result that was found in the present work was that deoxidizers containing silica in their chemical composition present less amount of phosphorus diffused in steel. The silicon forms a protective layer of faialite (Fe2SiO4) that separates the substrate (steel) from phosphorus. Thus, the penetration of phosphorus in steel decreases and in this case the embrittlement of steel by phosphorus is lower. In the Thermo-Calc and Matlab program, it was demonstrated that the effective coefficient of diffusion of phosphorus increases with increasing temperature and the time of exposure with the deoxidizer. In addition, it has been shown that the increases the phosphorus content induce the liquid phase formed at lower temperatures and the percentage of phosphorus in the eutectic phase and liquid phase increase.

Low-energy neutrinos are clean messengers from supernovae explosions and probably carry unique insights into the process of stellar evolution. We estimate the expected number of events considering coherent elastic scattering of neutrinos off silicon nuclei, as would happen in Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) detectors. The number of expected events, integrated over a window of about 18 s, is $\sim$ 4 if we assume 10 kg of silicon and a supernovae 1 kpc away. For a distance similar to the red supergiant Betelgeuse, the number of expected events increases to $\sim$ 30 - 120, depending on the supernovae model. We argue that silicon detectors can be effective for supernovae neutrinos, and might possibly distinguish between models for certain target masses and distances., 9 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables; Matches the version published in Astropart. Phys

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No. of bitstreams: 1 mantovani_c_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 1956806 bytes, checksum: 4337dda0e829266112202f278c4c94af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-06 Approved for entry into archive by Laudicélia Martins Arantes (lm.arantes@unesp.br) on 2020-03-23T22:28:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mantovani_c_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 1956806 bytes, checksum: 4337dda0e829266112202f278c4c94af (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-23T22:28:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mantovani_c_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 1956806 bytes, checksum: 4337dda0e829266112202f278c4c94af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-06 Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-23T22:28:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mantovani_c_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 1956806 bytes, checksum: 4337dda0e829266112202f278c4c94af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-06 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) A produção comercial de orquídeas é uma atividade de destaque na floricultura mundial e a cultura de tecidos tem sido a técnica mais utilizada para obtenção de grande quantidade de mudas em curto espaço de tempo. Fontes de silício e o ácido salicílico dependendo da concentração e da espécie cultivada podem induzir a toxicidade, mas não há informações para orquídeas sob cultivo in vitro. Como os efeitos da adição de ácido salicílico e fontes de silício na composição do meio de cultivo in vitro ainda não são totalmente conhecidos estudou-se, separadamente neste trabalho, o efeito do ácido salicílico exógeno e a adição de silício (Si) in vitro e o efeito residual do Si durante a aclimatização. Para isso foram realizados dois experimentos. O experimento 1 consistiu no cultivo in vitro das orquídeas Cymbidium atropurpureo e Phalaenopsis Golden Peoker em meio MS acrescido dos tratamentos com ácido salicílico: 0; 50; 100; 200; 300; 400; 500 e 1000 µmol L-1 de AS durante 210 dias. Já o experimento 2 consistiu no cultivo in vitro das orquídeas Cymbidium atropurpureo e Dendrobium secundum, o meio MS utilizado para propagação das plântulas foi acrescido dos tratamentos constituídos por seis concentrações (0,00; 14,15; 28,30; 42,45 e 56,6 mmol de Si por L) de cada fonte de Si (nanossílica, silicato de potássio com silicato de sódio e ácido monossilícico) e ao término do cultivo in vitro as plântulas foram analisadas. Os resultados indicam que a adição de AS reduziu todas as variáveis de crescimento avaliadas e induziu toxicidade. A adição de silício na forma da mistura de silicato de potássio e silicato de sódio promoveu o máximo crescimento de Dendrobium secundum. A nanossílica foi a fonte mais promissora para o cultivo in vitro de Cymbidium atropurpureo e o ácido monossilícico foi a fonte mais tóxica. The commercial production of orchids is a prominent activity in world floriculture, and the cultivation of plant tissues has been the most used technique for obtaining large quantities of seedlings in a short time. Sources of silicon and salicylic acid depending on the concentration and species grown can induce toxicity, but there is no information for orchids under in vitro cultivation. As the effects of the addition of salicylic acid and silicon sources on the composition of the in vitro culture medium are not yet fully understood, the effect of exogenous salicylic acid and the addition of silicon (Si) in vitro and the residual effect of Si during acclimatization were separately studied in this work. For this, two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 consisted of in vitro cultivation of Cymbidium atropurpureo and Phalaenopsis Golden Peoker orchids in MS medium plus treatments with salicylic acid: 0; 50; 100; 200; 300; 400; 500 and 1000 µmol L-1 AS for 210 days. In experiment 2 consisted of in vitro cultivation of Cymbidium atropurpureo and Dendrobium secundum, the MS medium used for seedling propagation was added with treatments consisting of six concentrations (0.00; 14.15; 28.30; 42.45 and 56.6 mmol of Si per L) from each source of Si (nanosilica, potassium silicate with sodium silicate and monosilicic acid) and at the end of cultivation the seedlings were analyzed. The results indicate that the addition of AS reduced all the growth variables evaluated and induced toxicity. The addition of silicon in the form of a mixture of potassium silicate and sodium silicate promoted the maximum growth of Dendrobium secundum. Nanosilica was the most promising source for the in vitro cultivation of Cymbidium atropurpureo and monosilicic acid was the most toxic source. CNPq: 141292/2017-2

El trabajo se realizó en el Valle Cieneguillo Sur; Sector ATEA (Asociación de Técnicos Extensionistas Agropecuarios) a 9 Km del norte de Piura, en una plantación de limonero de 7 años con distanciamiento de 7x7 m2, duró 22 meses (enero 2016 - noviembre 2017), bajo suelo arenoso (92 % arena) y 0.13% de materia orgánica.Se empleó el diseño Bloques Completamente al Azar. La unidad experimental fue un árbol en producción.Los factores en estudio fueron: 110 (N) 50 P2O5 120 K2O 25 Ca (D1), 210 (N) 100 P2O5 150 K2O 80 Ca (D2), 280 (N) 120 P2O5 180 K2O 120 Ca (D3), 50 % Cascarilla de arroz + 50 % materia Orgánica (C1) y 75% Cascarilla de arroz + 25 % materia orgánica (C2); la combinación determinó los tratamientos: T1 (D1C1), T2 (D1C2), T3 (D2C1), T4 (D2C2), T5 (D3C1), T6 (D3C2) y T0 (sin aplicar).Con los resultados obtenidos se concluyó: No existen diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos sobre el número de frutos de primera, segunda y tercera. El peso de frutos primera, segunda y tercera, se comportó estadísticamente similar, sin embargo en la calificación fábrica, el testigo (481.67 g) se comportó estadísticamente igual al T5 (340.00 g) y es superior al resto de los tratamientos.El T4 reportó el mejor rendimiento para el limón de primera, con 7296.03 kg/ha. El T2 mostró el mayor rendimiento para la calificación segunda con 2564.41 kg/ha. El rendimiento (kg/ha) de frutos de tercera, fue mejor con los tratamientos T5 y T6. The work was carried out in the Valle Cieneguillo Sur; Sector ATEA (Association of Agricultural Extension Technicians) to 9 km of the north of Piura, in a plantation of lemon tree of 7 years with distancing of 7x7 m2, lasted 22 months (January 2016 - November 2017), under sandy soil (92% sand) and 0.13% organic matter.The design Blocks Completely Random was used. The experimental unit was a tree in production.The factors under study were: 110 (N) 50 P2O5 120 K2O 25 Ca (D1), 210 (N) 100 P2O5 150 K2O 80 Ca (D2), 280 (N) 120 P2O5 180 K2O 120 Ca (D3), 50% Rice husk + 50% Organic matter (C1) and 75% Rice husk + 25% organic matter (C2); the combination determined the treatments: T1 (D1C1), T2 (D1C2), T3 (D2C1), T4 (D2C2), T5 (D3C1), T6 (D3C2) and T0 (without applying).With the results obtained, it was concluded: There are no statistical differences between the treatments on the number of first, second and third fruits.The fruit weight first, second and third, behaved statistically similar, however in the factory score, the control (481.67 g) behaved statistically equal to T5 (340.00 g) and is superior to the rest of the treatments.The T4 reported the best performance for the first lemon, with 7296.03 kg / ha. The T2 showed the highest performance for the second qualification with 2564.41 kg / ha. The yield (kg / ha) of third fruits was better with the treatments T5 and T6.

Copper (Cu) toxicity reduces plant photosynthetic activity and causes oxidative stress in plants, which impairs plant growth. A possible solution to overcome such toxicity is the supply of silicon (Si), which may promote higher tolerance of plants to Cu stress. The present study was designed to examine the potential protective roles of Si against Cu toxicity in Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania. The experiment was set as a complete randomized block design with three replicates containing three Si rates (0, 1, and 3 mmol L−1) and three Cu rates (0.3, 250, and 500 μmol L−1). The grass was grown under hydroponic conditions for 62 days in a greenhouse, with a total of 27 pots. Plants were evaluated during two growth periods: first for 32 days after seedling transplantation and the second for 30 days after the first harvest. In the first growth period, plants were exposed to Cu for seven days, 25 days after being transplanted. The second harvest had the objective of evaluating the regrowth of the grass under the residual Cu rates. Gas exchange parameters were determined in the diagnostic leaves (DL) at the end of each growth period. Concentrations of stress indicators malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and proline, and activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined in shoots and roots. Silicon rates positively and Cu rates negatively affected gas exchange parameters in the first growth. In the second growth period, a eustress event was observed where the highest values of gas exchange parameters and lowest H2O2 concentrations were observed in the combinations with high Cu rates. Antioxidant system enzymes had their activities considerably reduced by the raising in Cu rates. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities were positively affected by Si supply to plants in the second growth period. Catalase (CAT) activity increased with the addition of Si to the nutrient solution in both growth periods. The results provide evidence of the positive influence of Si supplementation on the photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities of Tanzania guinea grass under stress by Cu toxicity.