Search

ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a threat to human health and one of the leading bacterial causes of seafood-borne infection worldwide. This pathogen is autochtonous in the marine environment and is able to acquire antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms, which is a global concern. However, the emergence of AMR V. parahaemolyticus strains in seafood is still understudied, as interpretation criteria for this species for antimicrobial susceptibility tests are limited in the literature. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility profiles to clinically important antibiotics and the associated genetic determinants of V. parahaemolyticus isolates cultured from imported shrimps. Based on the analysis of the resistance phenotypes of 304 V. parahaemolyticus isolates, we have defined experimental epidemiological cutoff values (COWT) for 14/15 antibiotics tested. We observed that 19.1% of the bacterial isolates had acquired resistance to at least one antibiotic class. The highest number of resistance was associated with tetracycline (14.5% of the strains) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (3.6%). Moreover, seven strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR, resistant to at least three antibiotic classes). The most frequently identified genes in these strains were aph(3″)-Ib/aph(6)-Id (aminoglycoside resistance), sul2 (sulfonamide), tet(59) (tetracycline), and floR (chloramphenicol). The SXT/R391 family ICE and class 1 integron-integrase genes were detected by PCR in three and one MDR V. parahaemolyticus strains, respectively. Consequently, V. parahaemolyticus in seafood can act as a reservoir of AMR, constituting a health risk for the consumer.IMPORTANCEOur study on “Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Genetic Determinants of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates from Imported Shrimps” addresses a critical gap in understanding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in this seafood-associated pathogen. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of global seafood-borne infections, and our research reveals that 19.1% of isolates from imported shrimps display resistance to at least one antibiotic class, with multidrug resistance observed in seven strains. Importantly, we establish experimental epidemiological cutoff values for antibiotic susceptibility, providing valuable criteria specific to V. parahaemolyticus. Our findings underscore the potential risk to consumers, emphasizing the need for vigilant monitoring and intervention strategies. This study significantly contributes to the comprehension of AMR dynamics in V. parahaemolyticus, offering crucial insights for global public health. The dissemination of our research through Microbiology Spectrum ensures broad accessibility and impact within the scientific community and beyond.

Wet markets in low-and middle-income countries are often reported to have inadequate sanitation resulting in fecal contamination of sold produce. Consumption of contaminated wet market-sourced foods has been linked to individual illness and disease outbreaks. This pilot study, conducted in two major wet markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh during a 4-month period in 2021 aimed to assess the occurrence and characteristics of Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. (NTS) from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Fifty-four individuals of each species were collected. The identity of the bacterial isolates was confirmed by PCR and their susceptibility toward 15 antimicrobials was tested by disk diffusion. The whole genome of 15 E. coli and nine Salmonella spp. were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technology. E. coli was present in 60–74% of tilapia muscle tissue and 41– 44% of shrimp muscle tissue. Salmonella spp. was found in skin (29%) and gills (26%) of tilapia, and occasionally in muscle and intestinal samples of shrimp. The E. coli had several Multilocus sequence typing and serotypes and limited antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, such as point mutations on glpT and pmrB. One E. coli (BD17) from tilapia carried resistance genes for betalactams, quinolones, and tetracycline. All the E. coli belonged to commensal phylogroups B1 and A and showed no Shiga-toxin and other virulence genes, confirming their commensal non-pathogenic status. Among the Salmonella isolates, five belonged to Kentucky serovar and had similar AMR genes and phenotypic resistance patterns. Three strains of this serovar were ST198, often associated with human disease, carried the same resistance genes, and were genetically related to strains from the region. The two undetermined sequence types of S. Kentucky were distantly related and positioned in a separate phylogenetic clade. Two Brunei serovar isolates, one Augustenborg isolate, and one Hartford isolate showed different resistance profiles. This study revealed high fecal contamination levels in tilapia and shrimp sold at two main wet markets in Dhaka. Together with the occurrence of Salmonella spp., including S. Kentucky ST198, a well-known human pathogen, these results stress the need to improve hygienic practices and sanitation standards at markets to improve food safety and protect consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp is an important aquaculture species worldwide. The use of antibiotics to suppress disease outbreaks has led to antibiotic resistance; however, probiotics or natural herbal additives can enhance the health of farmed shrimp. In this study, the effects of formulations containing natural herbs and probiotics on shrimp farming were explored. Following indoor shrimp farming, the shrimp were returned to outdoor natural ponds for 1 week in the presence of a fermented probiotic product. The gut microbiota was surveyed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at 1, 2, 3, and 8 weeks after the natural pond release. The results showed that Vibrio-related bacterial genera increased significantly in the shrimp intestinal microbiota at 2 weeks and were particularly high at 3 weeks after natural pond release. The phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Vibrio-related bacteria, and the genus Cetobacterium emerged as crucial bacteria linked to shrimp health and growth. Overall, the diversity of the shrimp intestinal microbiota was lower upon release into the natural pond. However, this outcome may be associated with dysbiosis or influenced by the natural environment. Further research is warranted to substantiate these findings. A perspective on the shrimp gut microbiota provides important information for aquaculture management and explains the implementation of control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Application of a virus-like particle (VLP) as a nanocontainer to encapsulate double stranded (ds)RNA to control viral infection in shrimp aquaculture has been extensively reported. In this study, we aimed at improving VLP's encapsulation efficiency which should lead to a superior fighting weapon with disastrous viruses. Results: We constructed 2 variants of chimeric Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV)-like particles (V1- and V2-MrN-VLPs) and tested their efficiency to encapsulate VP37 double stranded RNA as well as WSSV protection in P. vannamei. Two types of short peptides, RNA-binding domain (RBD) and deca-arginine (10R) were successfully engineered into the interior surface of VLP, the site where the contact with VP37-dsRNA occurs. TEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses revealed that the chimeric VLPs remained their assembling property to be an icosahedral symmetric particle with a diameter of about 30 nm, similar to the original MrN-VLP particle. The superior encapsulation efficiency of VP37-dsRNA into V2-MrN-VLP was achieved, which was slightly better than that of V1-MrN-VLP but far better (1.4-fold) than its parental V0-MrN-VLP which the mole ratio of 7.5–10.5 for all VLP variants. The protection effect against challenging WSSV (as gauged from the level of VP37 gene and the remaining viral copy number in shrimp) was significantly improved in both V1- and V2-MrN-VLP compared with an original V0-MrN-VLP template. Conclusion: MrN-VLP (V0-) were re-engineered interiorly with RBD (V1-) and 10R (V2-) peptides which had an improved VP37-dsRNA encapsulation capability. The protection effect against WSSV infection through shrimp administration with dsRNA + V1-/V2-MrN VLPs was experimentally evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agribusiness textbook on “rearing giant prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in environmentally friendly biofloc-aquaponics Ponds” was prepared as a result of research and has been published to help increase students’ understanding of agribusiness courses in the Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Information Technology (FPMIPATI), PGRI University Semarang. The research method used is R and D. The design of the textbook that was developed aims to attract students’ attention in learning, making it easier for lecturers to master the teaching and learning process. Therefore, valid teaching materials are needed. The results of the research show that validation by validators resulted in the validation of teaching material media of 97.5% and validation of teaching material of 96.67% so it was declared in the very good category and suitable for use in learning. This textbook can make it easier for students to understand Agribusiness material, especially about raising giant prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in environmentally friendly biofloc-aquaponics ponds. Furthermore, the publication of this book is also hoped to motivate lecturers to continue writing according to their respective expertise to add to the scientific knowledge at PGRI University Semarang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate-driven shifts in the natural flow regime can threaten species persistence in stream systems, and anticipating such shifts before they occur is critical for conservation. We can explore how climate change may impact biota by examining natural systems that differ in terms of climate yet are similar in terms of other landscape features such as geology, size, and elevation. Across an established precipitation and hydrologic gradient on the east coast of Hawaii Island, we sampled stream habitat and populations of the endemic migratory mountain shrimp Atyoida bisulcata over three years and examined how habitat as well as population metrics and individual condition respond to differences in stream flow. Along the precipitation gradient, baseflow declined and streams shifted from run/riffle systems with moss cover to those with predominately pools and limited available habitat. Across years, baseflow conditions were relatively consistent within streams while measures of stream flow stability and the duration of high flows were more variable. Streams with high and persistent baseflow had greater atyid biomass density with larger individuals less prone to disease. Within-stream interannual variation in baseflow was low relative to differences across streams, and most A. bisulcata metrics also had low within-stream interannual variability, making average baseflow an appropriate surrogate for differences in suitability. However, extremes in annual rainfall may result in high variability in A. bisulcata metrics within a single stream due to seasonal drying or persistent high flows, highlighting the importance of long-term monitoring to fully understand population responses to climate-mediated stream flow. Our study suggests that changes in rainfall patterns will alter stream flow and may ultimately negatively influence tropical stream organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) gas sensors, coated with electrospun polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) nanofibers, were employed to monitor the spoilage level of cultured Pacific white shrimp. The sensors exhibited a sensitivity range of 0.63 to 1.61 Hz/ppm when detecting trimethylamine vapor, a key biomarker for shrimp spoilage. Significant resonance frequency shifts were observed in the as‐prepared sensors when exposed to amine gases released by long‐stored shrimps. These shifts underline the significance of low‐temperature storage for shrimps. While color changes in the shrimps stored at ambient temperature (25 °C) become noticeable to the naked eye after 6 hours, the sensor detects sample deterioration much earlier, registering a prominent frequency shift (178 Hz) within only 3 hours of storage. This outcome suggests the potential of nanofiber‐coated QCM sensors as early‐stage food freshness indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's growing pet population is raising sustainability and environmental concerns for the petfood industry. Protein-rich marine by-products might contribute to mitigating negative environmental effects, decreasing waste, and improving economic efficiency. The present study evaluated two marine by-products, squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate, as novel protein sources for dog feeding. Along with the analysis of chemical composition and antioxidant activity, palatability was evaluated by comparing a commercial diet (basal diet) and diets with the inclusion of 150 g kg-1 of squid meal or shrimp hydrolysate using 12 Beagle dogs (2.2 ± 0.03 years). Two in vivo digestibility trials were conducted with six dogs, three experimental periods (10 days each) and three dietary inclusion levels (50, 100 and 150 g kg-1) of squid meal or shrimp hydrolysate in place of the basal diet to evaluate effects of inclusion level on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), metabolizable energy content, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota. Both protein sources presented higher protein and methionine contents than ingredients traditionally used in dog food formulation. Shrimp hydrolysate showed higher antioxidant activity than squid meal. First approach and taste were not affected by the inclusion of protein sources, but animals showed a preference for the basal diet. Effects on nutrient intake reflected the chemical composition of diets, and fecal output and characteristics were not affected by the increasing inclusion levels of both protein sources. The higher ATTD of dry matter, most nutrients and energy of diets with the inclusion of both by-products when compared to the basal diet, suggests their potential to be included in highly digestible diets for dogs. Although not affected by the inclusion level of protein sources, when compared to the basal diet, the inclusion of squid meal decreased butyrate concentration and shrimp hydrolysate increased all volatile fatty acids, except butyrate. Fecal microbiota was not affected by squid meal inclusion, whereas inclusion levels of shrimp hydrolysate significantly affected abundances of Oscillosperaceae (UCG-005), Firmicutes and Lactobacillus. Overall, results suggest that squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate constitute novel and promising protein sources for dog food, but further research is needed to fully evaluate their functional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the intensification on the performance of the Amazon River prawn hatchery carried out in a simple recirculation system were investigated. Newly hatched larvae were stocked in 120 L tanks at 80, 100, 120 and 140 larvae L−1 in a closed recirculating system. The experiment used a randomized block design with five replicates. An exponential equation was adjusted to express the relationship between the stocking density and productivity (postlarvae L−1). The development, larval quality, survival and postlarval (PL) dry weight did not significantly differ among the treatments (p > 0.05). When 80 larvae were stocked, the productivity (54 ± 11 PL L−1) was lower than those at higher densities (p < 0.05). Stocking 120 and 140 larvae L−1 resulted in higher productivities (75 ± 18 and 80 ± 17 PL L−1, respectively) with a lower use of Artemia nauplii to produce each postlarvae (~1200 Artemia nauplii PL−1). The maximum mean M. amazonicum postlarval production estimated by the exponential model was 93 PL L−1. This means that despite the increase in stocking density, productivity tends to stabilize. The results showed that M. amazonicum tolerates high intensification in recirculating hatchery systems based on a crushed shell bed biofilter, and the intensification optimizes Artemia use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most of the shrimp side streams are discarded due to the lack of appropriate processing techniques/methodology for their utilization, which is not only a loss of potentially valuable compounds, but also leads to environmental pollution. The study aimed to employ a mechanical filter press to separate the liquid called press juice (PJ) and the solid named press cake (PC) fraction from shrimp head and shell (H&S). Results: The proximate composition was performed, including amino acids analysis, protein content, fatty acids, and the main volatile compounds. In the whole shrimp (WS), the average values of protein, lipid, dry matter, and ash content were recorded at 14.7%, 2.9%, 21.1%, and 4.8%, respectively. The protein percentage reached 10.1% in H&S, indicating considerable amount of protein leftover in the shrimp side streams (p < 0.05). The major PUFAs in WSs' sample were Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (8.8%) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (7.8%). Furthermore, the values of EPA and DHA a showed nearly two‐folded increase after peeling and filter‐pressing, PC sample. Total amino acids in the WS, H&S, PJ, and PC samples were found to be 94.6, 67.7, 22.2, and 76.6 mg/g, respectively. From the nutritional point of view, non‐essential amino acids represented higher values (13.2%–56.9%) compared to essential amino acids (9.0%–37.6%). The major components of 5′‐neucleoitides in WS sample were in order of guanosine‐5′‐diphosphate (GDP) ≫ hypoxanthine (HYP) > inosine‐5′‐monophosphate (IMP) ≫ adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate (AMP) > adenosine‐5′‐diphosphate (ADP) with values of 684.4, 293.6, 201.4, 25.6 and 16.2 μg/g sample, while no inosine (INO), guanosine‐5′‐monophosphate (GMP), and guanosine‐5′‐triphosphate (GTP) were detected. Equivalent umami concentration (g MSC/100 g) was recorded as 0.63, 0.07 for WS and H&S samples and 0.015 for PJ sample, which indicates a significant drop from the shrimp raw material toward the side streams. Most volatile compounds belonged to alkenes followed by alkanes groups. Conclusion: This work showed the possibility to employ the filter press machine to obtain PJ and PC from shrimp H&S, after peeling processing. The fractions present an interesting nutritional composition and value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural history studies are important in helping to understand the origin and evolution of social organization as well as the evolution of specialized morphological structures linked to mating behavior of animals. Here we describe the burrow use pattern, sex ratio, and sexual dimorphism of the burrowing shrimp Lepidophthalmus siriboia to test a series of evolutionary hypotheses. To this end, a total of 259 individuals of L. siriboia were collected from the northeast region of Brazil. No shrimp pairs or burrows inhabited by more than one shrimp were detected during the study period. A solitary habit is a non-random behavior in this species because single shrimps were found with a greater frequency than expected by chance. All ovigerous females were found living solitarily, which suggests that males abandon these females shortly after insemination. Contrary to the expectations of an anisogamous species, L. siriboia produced a female-biased operational sex ratio (OSR), contradicting the hypothesis that only males compete for mates. The latter was supported by the existence of sexual dimorphism in cheliped size, a condition that argues in favor of female–female competition in this species. In the same line of reasoning, heterochely was present in adult males, although it was also present to a lesser degree in adult females. Female asymmetry of chelipeds suggests the evolution of an unconventional role in female major cheliped use. The major cheliped showed a positive allometric growth pattern through the ontogeny of both sexes. However, when growth patterns of the major and minor chelipeds were compared, the fitted regression lines for each sex had different slopes, indicating that the cheliped could be an appendage sexually selected by individuals of the opposite sex during mating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is considered as a commercially important aquaculture species. Genetically, this species is differentiated into western, central and eastern populations. Molecular studies have reported population differences in M. rosenbergii inhabiting Indian waters and have suggested possibilities for the existence of a separate genetic stock in Vembanad Lake (Kerala, S. India). This study was carried out to address this question regarding the lineages of M. rosenbergii inhabiting this lake. Since the lake is divided into 'downstream' and 'upstream' parts, M. rosenbergii samples were collected from both these regions, and COI sequences were developed. Sequence alignment revealed base substitutions for certain samples, indicating possible population differences. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) also provided a significant Fst value (0.874; p value = 0.00000 ± 0.00000), confirming the population difference in individuals inhabiting the lake. Genetic lineages of these populations towards the global M. rosenbergii populations were investigated using developed and acquired COI sequences for this species. A phylogenetic tree based on neighbor-joining (NJ) analysis and population network revealed the presence of western and central populations in Vembanad Lake. This study recommends identification of natural stocks of M. rosenbergii inhabiting different geographical realms through genetic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first evidence of the predation of brittle stars, Ophiothela sp. (Ophiotrichidae), by the palaemonid shrimp Phyllognathia simplex Fujino, 1973 (Palaemonidae), is presented based on a single observation accompanied by in situ photographs taken while scuba diving in Bali, Indonesia, also being the first ever observation of the feeding behaviour in this uncommon shrimp species. In addition, in situ photographs of three ovigerous females tentatatively identified as P. cf. simplex from southern Florida, U.S.A., suggest that P. simplex or a closely related species may be present in the western Atlantic. This is the first photographic evidence of the presence of the genus Phyllognathia Borradaile, 1915 in this part of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphometric relationships and condition factors are essential for understanding any marine species' development process, which aids in designing appropriate strategies for management and articulating their balance in the ecosystem — and this includes shrimps. Since only a few studies on these characteristics have been done in Penaeus semisulcatus over the last thirty years, constant updating of these criteria is required to successfully manage the shrimp fishery in Palk Bay. The CL-TW relationship demonstrates negative allometric growth in both males and females, whereas the TL-TW relationship exhibits positive allometric growth. In this present investigation, significant differences in slopes and elevations of the carapace length-total weight, total length-total weight, carapace length-total length, and total length-carapace length have been observed between sexes; considering the condition factors shown in the present investigation, the shrimps in Palk Bay were in good growing condition. This study has demonstrated that updated information on morphometric relationships would help fishery managers effectively manage the fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different air diffusers on the oxygen transfer rate, water quality, and growth performance of the whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, for 60 days using a recirculating aquaculture system. The first experiment was conducted with six treatments applying two different air diffusers regarding two treatments (TRT): (i) rubber aeration tube and (ii) airstone at three different air pressures (0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 Mpa), respectively. Based on the first experiment's results, the second experiment was designed with two treatments: TRT1 - rubber aeration tube and TRT2 - airstone. Results indicated that the standard oxygen transfer rate increased as the pressure increased. The rubber aeration tube and air stone showed no significant difference at pressure levels. Therefore, the second experiment used a pressure level of 0.025 Mpa for TRT1 and TRT2. The results from the second trial showed that the dissolved oxygen in TRT1 did not differ significantly from that in TRT2. At the same time, the other parameters, such as temperature, pH, and alkalinity, remained steady throughout the culture period. The survival rate and biomass had the highest values in TRT2, but no significant differences were found in growth performance compared to TRT1. The results of this study suggest that either rubber aeration tubes or air stones are feasible and effective alternatives to improve the water quality and growth performance of P. vannamei in experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper was to develop chitosan-coated nanoliposomes for carrying bioactive peptides derived from hydrolyzed shrimp waste (SW) with chitosan coating (concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 1% W/ V). The study involved producing SW hydrolysates using protease enzymes from Bacillus salsus bacteria, followed by investigating the physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the peptide-loaded nanoliposomes. The dispersion index ranged from 0.17 to 0.65, and the particle size varied from 500 to 685 nm. Increasing the chitosan concentration to 1% significantly increased the particle size (P < 0.05). The Zeta potential of the nanoliposomes became positive as the chitosan concentration increased, starting from − 47.73 mV and reaching + 36.40 mV. The highest encapsulation efficiency (84.67%) was observed in nanoliposomes with 1% chitosan, while uncoated liposomes had the lowest encapsulation efficiency (44%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited homogeneous, spherical, and cluster-shaped structures with smooth surfaces. Chitosan coating enhanced the stability of the peptides in simulated stomach and intestinal environments, with higher stability observed at higher chitosan concentrations (P < 0.05). Chitosan-coated nanoliposomes exhibited higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to uncoated nanoliposomes. Increasing the chitosan concentration resulted in greater inhibition of free radicals (DPPH and ABTS free radical activities increased significantly in nanoliposomes with 1% chitosan compared to uncoated samples: 32.56–70.28% and 41.58–80.28% respectively) and enhanced antimicrobial properties (P < 0.05). In conclusion, coating hydrolyzed SW with nanoliposomes and chitosan improved the structural, physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the peptides, making them suitable for direct application in food products requiring antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environments contain various forms of noise that can interfere with the ability of animal sensory systems to perceive information. One ubiquitous type of visual noise in shallow aquatic habitats is caustic flicker (or caustics), consisting of dynamically moving light patterns caused by the refraction of light when passing through the water's rippling surface. While some teleost fish avoid environments with caustic noise (where their prey can be more difficult to detect), it remains untested whether caustics affect the habitat selection of invertebrates. In the present study, we ask whether three invertebrate species, the shore crab Carcinus maenas, the brown shrimp Crangon crangon, and the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, prefer or avoid associating with environments with caustic noise, and whether caustics affect their behavioural activity and habitat exploration. To do this, we exposed the three species in binary choice experiments to different simulated caustic noise levels varying in their temporal (speed) and spatial (definition) components. Neither of the three tested invertebrate species spent more or less time in environments with higher caustic noise levels. While we also found no evidence that caustics affected the behavioural activity and exploration of Ca. maenas and S. officinalis, the brown shrimp Cr. crangon reduced its activity with increasing spatial caustic noise. However, all obtained effect sizes in this study were small, suggesting that caustic noise only minimally affects invertebrate behaviour. Overall, our results show that, unlike in teleost fish, caustics have limited influence on the habitat selection, exploration, and activity of crustaceans and cephalopods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the impacts of varying protein levels and additional substrate area for periphyton formation on the growth and survival of whiteleg shrimp postlarvae reared in a biofloc system. Shrimp postlarvae were stocked in eighteen 100L tanks each filled with 60L of seawater (28 = salinity). In a 3×2 factorial arrangement, the experimental diets were formulated to contain three varying dietary protein levels (25, 35, and 45% CP). Shrimp diets were prepared and supplied during the subsequent interval of the trial. The dietary protein levels were subjected to study in combinations with two different levels of periphyton surface areas (no periphyton P0% and P100% tank surface area). Different dietary protein and substrate addition levels significantly influenced growth performance, feed utilization, and survival. The dietary protein level in the diets of shrimp postlarvae reared in the Biofloc system can be reduced from 45 to 35% CP without negative effects on growth and feed conversion response. Regardless of the dietary protein level, results indicated much greater benefits for adding periphyton substrate to the shrimp-rearing system. Survival ranged between 76.67 and 91.33% and increased significantly from 84.33 (without substrate) to 91.56% (100% additional substrate area) regardless of the dietary protein level. Irrespective of substrate levels, they were 83.667, 88.167, and 92.0% for 25, 35 and 45% of CP, respectively. Likewise, periphyton enhances the immunity gene expressions of L. vannamei. The artificial substrate has economic advantages and is easy to establish. Although the positive impact for white leg shrimp, there is no interaction between the percentages of protein levels and the presence of absent artificial substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated Aristaeomorpha foliacea, the exclusive species of Aristaeomorpha in the Mediterranean, Egypt, employing morphometric, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses. Morphometric assessments unveiled notable size variations between males and females, with males exhibiting a negative allometric growth pattern during spring. Utilizing COI and 16S rRNA genes, molecular analysis demonstrated congruence between morphometrically and molecular taxonomy. Phylogenetic insights revealed genetic relationships between A. foliacea populations from Egypt, Portugal, Italy, Malta, and China, suggesting a migratory pattern from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. The study identified a moderate genetic diversity in A. foliacea, with six haplotypes in both COI and 16S rRNA regions, providing evolutionary insights. The integration of morphometric identification and phylogenetic study proved instrumental in elucidating the evolutionary relationships of this shrimp species. This interdisciplinary approach contributes valuable morphometric information for fisheries management, emphasizing the need for combined morphometric and DNA-based assessments for effective species identification and conservation. The research enhanced our understanding of A. foliacea in the Mediterranean, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive approaches to species characterization and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a case study of a 67-year-old man who presented with speech and gait disturbances following an episode of gastroenteritis. The patient had cerebellar dysarthria and limb incoordination, and an MRI revealed bilateral lesions in the white matter of the brain. Further testing confirmed a diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by reactivation of the John Cunningham virus (JCV) in the context of HIV infection. The article discusses the typical features of PML on MRI and highlights the importance of early recognition and treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Acute ammonia exposure has detrimental effects on shrimp, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully explored. In the present study, we investigated the impact of acute ammonia exposure on the gut microbiota of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its association with shrimp mortality. Exposure to a lethal concentration of ammonia for 48 h resulted in increased mortality in L. vannamei, with severe damage to the hepatopancreas. Ammonia exposure led to a significant decrease in gut microbial diversity, along with the loss of beneficial bacterial taxa and the proliferation of pathogenic Vibrio strains. A phenotypic analysis revealed a transition from the dominance of aerobic to facultative anaerobic strains due to ammonia exposure. A functional analysis revealed that ammonia exposure led to an enrichment of genes related to biofilm formation, host colonization, and virulence pathogenicity. A species-level analysis and experiments suggest the key role of a Vibrio harveyi strain in causing shrimp disease and specificity under distinct environments. These findings provide new information on the mechanism of shrimp disease under environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most animal species have a singular developmental pathway and adult ecology, but developmental plasticity is well-known in some such as honeybees where castes display profoundly different morphology and ecology. An intriguing case is the Atlantic deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp pair Rimicaris hybisae and R. chacei that share dominant COI haplotypes and could represent very recently diverging lineages or even morphs of the same species. Rimicaris hybisae is symbiont-reliant with a hypertrophied head chamber (in the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre), while R. chacei is mixotrophic with a narrow head chamber (on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Here, we use X-ray micro-computed tomography and fluorescence in situ hybridization to show that key anatomical shifts in both occur during the juvenile–subadult transition, when R. hybisae has fully established symbiosis but not R. chacei. On the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the diet of R. chacei has been hypothetically linked to competition with the obligatorily symbiotic congener R. exoculata , and we find anatomical evidence that R. exoculata is indeed better adapted for symbiosis. We speculate the possibility that the distinct development trajectories in R. hybisae and R. chacei may be determined by symbiont colonization at a "critical period" before subadulthood, though further genetic studies are warranted to test this hypothesis along with the true relationship between R. hybisae and R. chacei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the difficult degradation of phenolic compounds, the existence of phenolic compound residues accumulated through the food chain in crustaceans and their effects on human health have garnered considerable and more attention. However, the current detection methods for phenolic compounds are not only complex and time-consuming but can also detect fewer types of phenols simultaneously. Thus, a simple, high-throughput method without derivatization for the determination of 18 phenolic compounds in crustaceans was developed using a modified QuEChERS sample preparation method combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the average recovery of the 18 phenolic compounds was 80.2–106.5% at three spiked levels, and the relative standard deviation was 2.6–12.4%. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.001–0.014 and 0.003–0.042 mg/kg, respectively. Good linear relationships were observed for the phenolic compounds in their corresponding concentration ranges (R2 > 0.999). The applicability of the method was assessed by analyzing 16 actual shrimp samples, among which five samples contained residues ranging from 0.013 to 0.042 mg/kg. Moreover, the establishment of this method has important theoretical and practical significance for the determination and control of the residue levels of phenolic compounds in crustaceans. In addition, it can provide a reference for the development of similar detection standard methods in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are everywhere and may be harmful to the biota environment. This study investigated microfiber contamination in giant freshwater prawn tissues, one of Thailand's economic species. The prawn samples were taken from the Trang River in southern Thailand in September 2022. Three tissue sections (head, middle, and tail) of 60 prawns were studied and the samples were digested with 10 % potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. We utilized a stereomicroscope to study the microplastics and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to determine the types of polymer. There were 3.50 ± 0.34 microfibers in the head per 5 g weight, 2.87 ± 0.29 per 5 g weight in the middle, and 3.10 ± 2.28 per 5 g weight in the tail. Fiber appearance is obvious, the predominant color is blue, the most common size is in the range of 101-500 µm, and the polymer type found is cotton rayon polypropylene (PP). The correlation analysis of microfiber content (in the stomach and intestine), carapace length, abdomen length, stomach weight, and body weight in giant freshwater prawns was not correlated with tissue microfiber content (p > 0.01). It was found that the number of microplastics in giant freshwater prawns was not significantly different (p > 0.05) among the 3 sections of prawn tissue (head tissue, middle tissue, and tail tissue). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mohale, H.P.; Jawahar, P.; Jayakumar, N.; Oli, G. Arul; Ravikumar, T., and Bhosle, R., 2024. Ecomorphology of selected penaeid shrimp in the coastal marine waters of Tamil Nadu (southern India). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(2), 303–318. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. This study investigated how shrimp morphology is influenced by the environment by examining the effects of components like temperature, salinity, substrate type, and water currents; it exposed how these variables affect the development and expression of morphological traits in shrimp species by examining patterns of morphological variation within and between species to demonstrate the contributions of natural selection, genetic drift, and phenotypic plasticity to the diversification of shrimp morphology. The prevalence of shrimp species was: Penaeus indicus > Metapenaeus dobsoni > Metapenaeus brevicornis > Penaeus canaliculatus > Penaeus semisulcatus > Penaeus mergiuensis > Penaeus japonicas > Metapenaeus moyebi > Penaeus latisulcatus > Penaeus monodon. The study results showed negative correlations between biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen and a harmful effect on the morphological characteristics and growth of shrimp species. According to single factor and comprehensive pollution indices, the water bodies in this study were moderately polluted. P. semisulcatus had higher mean values for the ecomorphology parameters, indicating no adverse effects and a positive relationship. P. semisulcatus shrimp were also found to have decadal growth development and survivability. P. mergiuensis had the lowest growth rates. Results indicated detrimental effects and a bad association when evaluating decadal growth, development, and survival for most of the other shrimp species. This study enhances knowledge of the evolutionary processes that have shaped shrimp adaptations over time and highlights the challenges for sustainability of the biodiversity in the coastal marine waters of Tamil Nadu, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of endogenous viral elements (EVE) in the penaeid shrimp genome has been recently reported and suggested to be involved in the host recognition of viral invaders. Our previous report of a search for EVE of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV‐EVE) in the Thai Penaeus monodon whole genome sequence project (GenBank accession no. JABERT000000000) confirmed the presence of three clusters of EVE derived from IHHNV in the shrimp genome. This study aimed to compare an immunohistochemistry method (IHC) and a PCR method to detect infectious IHHNV infection in shrimp. First, specimens collected from farms were checked for IHHNV using three PCR methods; two methods were recommended by WOAH (309 and 389 methods), and a newly established long‐range PCR for IHHNV (IHHNV‐LA PCR) targeting almost the whole genome (>90%) of IHHNV. Among 29 specimens tested, 24 specimens were positive for WOAH methods (at least one method). Among 24 WOAH‐positive specimens (WOAH+), there were 18 specimens with positive IHHNV‐LA PCR method (WOAH+/LA+), six specimens with negative IHHNV‐LA PCR method (WOAH+/LA−). Six specimens were negative for all methods (WOAH−/LA−). The positive signals detected by IHC method were found only in the specimens with WOAH+/LA+. The results suggest that the WOAH+/LA− specimens were not infected with IHHNV, and the positive WOAH method might result from the EVE‐IHHNV. The study recommends combining the IHHNV‐LA PCR method and IHC with positive PCR results from WOAH's recommended methods to confirm IHHNV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new species of the genus Caridina are described from the northernmost part of Australia. Caridina darwin n. sp. resembles Caridina temasek Choy and Ng, 1991 but differs in the armature of the rostrum, the development of epipods on the pereiopods and the absence of an appendix interna on the male first pleopods. Caridina magnovis n. sp. resembles Caridina serratirostris de Man, 1892 but differs in the armature of the ventral margin of the rostrum, a shorter stylocerite, a stouter carpus of the first pereiopod, the number and size of spiniform setae on the third and fifth pereiopods, the shape of the preanal carina and the size of the embryos (referred to as "eggs" in most previous publications). Caridina wilsoni n. sp. resembles Caridina gracilirostris de Man, 1892 but differs in the size of the embryos and in some length to width ratios of the segments of the pereiopods. Detailed morphological descriptions of all three new species are given. A molecular phylogeny (mt DNA 16S) supports the morphospecies hypothesis and illustrates the phylogenetic relationship with morphologically similar species from outside Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on evaluating the effect of different concentrations of nutrients and total suspended solids on the removal rate of nutrients and biocompounds from the macroalgae U. lactuca in an integrated system with the shrimp Penaeus vannamei in biofloc. The experiment lasted 45 days and included five treatments with three replicates each, with percentages of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100% biofloc inoculum (73.3 ± 5.7 and 325.0 ± 21.2 mg L−1 initial nitrate and solids, respectively, in the 100% inoculum), from a shrimp farm, resulting in different concentrations of solids and nutrients. The macroalgae were introduced into 280 L tanks at a density of 0.88 kg m−2, along with 200 shrimp m−3. The algae were separated by a floating structure. Water quality parameters were measured, and the nutrient removal rate was evaluated. The treatment with 75% inoculum showed a removal rate of 55.0 ± 4.0 and 31.0 ± 10.0% of nitrate and phosphate, respectively. There was no difference in macroalgae growth between the treatments; however, macroalgae grown in 75% inoculum had higher protein, chlorophyll-a, and lower ash values compared with the control. The use of macroalgae in integrated production with shrimp under the conditions of the treatment with 75% biofloc inoculum proved to be viable and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This review addresses the important bioactive ingredients recovered from different major crustacean's by-products. • A comprehensive application of crustacean's by-products in various fields is presented. • Nowadays, many newly developed techniques have been applied in crustacean's by-products recovery. • A combination of innovative extraction techniques with industrially applicable technologies can efficiently recover these valuable components. The processing of the three major crustaceans (shrimp, lobster, and crab) is associated with inevitable by-products, high waste disposal costs, environmental and human health issues, loss of multiple biomaterials (chitin, protein hydrolysates, lipids, astaxanthin and minerals). Nowadays, these bioresources are underutilized owing to the lack of effective and standardized technologies to convert these materials into valued industrial forms. This review aims to provide a holistic overview of the various bioactive ingredients and applications within major crustaceans by-products. This review aims to compare various extraction methods in crustaceans by-products, which will aid identify a more workable platform to minimize waste disposal and maximize its value for best valorization practices. The fully integrated applications (agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, paper industries, etc.) of multiple biomaterials from crustaceans by-products are presented. The pros and cons of the various extraction methods, including chemical (acid and alkali), bioprocesses (enzymatic or fermentation), physical (microwave, ultrasound, hot water and carbonic acid process), solvent (ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, EDTA) and electrochemistry are detailed. The rapid development of corresponding biotechnological attempts present a simple, fast, effective, clean, and controllable bioprocess for the comprehensive utilization of crustacean waste that has yet to be applied at an industrial level. One feasible way for best valorization practices is to combine innovative extraction techniques with industrially applicable technologies to efficiently recover these valuable components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of a native probiotic product on the intestinal bacteria biodiversity of Penaeus vannamei. Shrimp larvae were administered the probiotic via food (treatment 1), through culture water (treatment 2), and a control group received no probiotics (treatment 3). After three months of rearing, bacteria were isolated from the shrimp intestines, and initial identification was conducted based on morphological, biochemical, and physiological traits. The diversity of intestinal bacterial flora was assessed using PCR-RFLP methods, focusing on the determination of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results revealed a significantly higher abundance of cultivable bacteria in the intestines of shrimp from treatment 1 (2.4 x 107 CFU/gr) compared to those receiving probiotics through water (6.16 x 106 CFU/gr). The probiotic product led to a reduction in bacterial diversity in the intestines of treated shrimp, decreasing from 10 to 6 genera. Additionally, the frequency of Vibrio bacteria decreased by 20%, while other opportunistic pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Shewanella, and Photobacterium were eliminated. Overall, the findings suggest that administering probiotics through food was more effective in modulating the diversity of the shrimp intestinal microbiome. This study enhances our understanding of the impact of indigenous probiotics on the composition and dynamics of the intestinal microbiome of P. vannamei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of contemporary disease management strategies in shrimp aquaculture, such as the 'systems' approach, is predicated on robust knowledge of the conditions and interactions between the host, pathogen and environment that promote disease. Pathogen challenge experiments (PCEs) are a power tool for investigating these conditions and interactions. However, absence of accurately reported experimental detail in published PCEs limits scientific transparency, reproducibility, and the potential for the research to make progressive advancements contributing to contemporary shrimp disease management strategies. This review identifies and discusses key factors relating to the host (shrimp), pathogen (virus), and environment that should be carefully considered during the design and publication of PCEs. We offer substantial evidence of their impact on viral disease outcomes, drawn from the existing body of literature, to supporting their consideration. The prevalence of reported experimental details for these factors across 186 viral PCEs in shrimp were evaluated. The review highlights a concerning paucity of experimental detail reported in published shrimp PCEs. We propose a checklist for the minimum reportable information in the publication of shrimp viral PCEs, hereafter referred to as the Shrimp PCE Reporting Guidelines (SPERG). The guidelines aim to enhance the transparency and standardisation of reporting in published PCEs, ensuring that key factors pertaining to the shrimp, pathogen, and environment are adequately considered and documented. Adoption of SPERG is envisaged to empower researchers, reviewers, and readers to assess the internal and external validity of PCEs, facilitating critical evaluation and improved utility of PCE findings for contemporary disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecies hybridization has been widely used in the development of aquaculture in fish species but there is not much impact in crustacean species. Several species of crustaceans that have been successfully crossed still have low hatching rates and the hybrids obtained have not met expectations. This review tries to summarize and analyse interspecific hybridization of cultured crustacean species (shrimps, lobsters, crayfish and crabs) and its potential for development of crustacean aquaculture production. The success of cross‐breeding on several species of shrimp and lobster has been supported by artificial insemination technology. In crabs, artificial insemination cannot be applied and cross‐breeding still relies on natural mating with an unstable success rate. In addition to cross‐breeding in captivity, cross‐breeding of crustacean species (shrimp, lobster, crayfish and crab) in nature has also been found. Interbreeding of crustacean species in nature cannot always be distinguished morphologically, hybrids between them can be known with certainty after carrying out molecular analysis. Even though the level of reproductive performance in cross‐breeding of shrimp, lobster, crayfish and crab species is still low, cross‐breeding efforts must be continued to obtain more information so that it can later be mapped which species have the potential to develop hybrids for cultivation. Furthermore, growth, reproductive performance, monosex hybridity and disease resistance are all hybrid parameters that must be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial flocs (bioflocs) present in the water of intensive culture tanks are formed by a variety of microorganisms and other kinds of particulate organic matter, such as faeces and uneaten feed. During shrimp culture, biofloc concentrations increase. It has been reported that some level of control over biofloc levels, which can be quantified by the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS), is necessary for the adequate performance of the system. Some authors suggest that TSS concentrations below 600 mg L−1 are more appropriate for the superintensive culture of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in biofloc technology (BFT). However, subsequent research results contradict some of the arguments supporting the suggested solids limits, for example, the impact of increased solids on gill obstruction and subsequent shrimp survival. Recent studies have also shown the relationship between the control of solids and other important aspects of the system not considered so far, such as the control of opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, this topic seems worthy of revisiting, and it will be helpful to find new guidance toward understanding the levels of bioflocs that should be kept in L. vannamei culture tanks. In this review, we addressed the reasons that led to the establishment and limitations of the current biofloc levels for L. vannamei culture. The effects of maintaining low and high levels of bioflocs on both shrimp performance and the culture system are also analysed. Finally, perspectives on the management of biofloc levels are discussed, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each proposed strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrates serve as essential macronutrients in aquaculture feeds, providing cost‐efficiency and numerous advantages, including energy supply, pellet stability, reduced ammonia excretion, and support for exoskeleton synthesis in crustaceans. Despite their significance, research on carbohydrate nutrition in crustaceans has been relatively limited compared to finfish. This comprehensive review addresses this knowledge gap by presenting contemporary insights into carbohydrate utilization in commercially important crustacean species, encompassing shrimps, prawns, crabs, lobsters, and crayfishes. The review underscores the pivotal role of carbohydrates, identifies limiting factors, and outlines strategies for enhancing efficiency. Wheat and sorghum/milo emerge as particularly promising carbohydrate sources. Nevertheless, determining species‐specific carbohydrate inclusion levels remains essential for further investigation. This review also emphasizes species‐specific distinctions in carbohydrate utilization during starvation, influenced by factors such as age, moulting stage, and digestive capacity. Challenging the misconception that carbohydrates are superfluous for crustaceans is imperative. Additional research to advance comprehension of their utilization mechanisms is vital. Enhanced knowledge of carbohydrate utilization can pave the way for economically sustainable and environmentally friendly feeds in crustacean aquaculture. Furthermore, exploring exogenous enzyme potential, optimizing pre‐treatment methodologies, and harnessing probiotics can further augment carbohydrate utilization. These advancements hold promise for bolstering the growth and sustainability of the crustacean industry, meeting the surging demand for seafood production while minimizing environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of seafood is crucial for food security, but poor hygiene along the food production chain can result in low microbiological quality, posing significant risks for public health and seafood quality. Thus, this study aimed to assess the microbiological quality and antimicrobial sensitivity of E. coli from 69 samples of illegally marketed shrimp and mussels in the Vitória Region, Brazil. These foods exhibited poor microbiological quality due to high counts of mesophilic, psychrotrophic, and enterobacteria microorganisms. While this issue is widespread in this area, shrimp samples displayed higher microbial counts compared to mussels, and fresh mussels had elevated counts of enterobacteria compared to frozen ones. Among the 10 E. coli isolates, none carried the genes blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and tet, associated with antibiotic resistance. Phenotypical resistance to tetracycline and fosfomycin was not observed in any isolate, while only 20% demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin. Regarding ampicillin and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, 60% of isolates were resistant, 10% showed intermediate susceptibility, and 30% were sensitive. One isolate was considered simultaneously resistant to β-lactams and quinolones, and none were conserved as ESBL producers. These findings highlight the inherent risks to local public health that arise from consuming improperly prepared seafood in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We had previously revised the systematics of four species of Macrobrachium Spence Bate, 1868 from the Pacific coast of Mexico, including the Baja California Peninsula (BCP): M. americanum Spence Bate, 1868 , M. digueti (Bouvier, 1895), M. hobbsi Nates & Villalobos in Villalobos Hiriart & Nates Rodríguez, 1990 , and M. occidentale Holthuis, 1950. Genetic analyses of the mitochondrial markers 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) of individuals of these morphological species from BCP have shown that, even facing the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortés) as an apparent marine ecological barrier, they are conspecific to their respective genetic lineages (species) found from the Pacific slope of mainland Mexico. We discuss the systematics of the fifth species of Macrobrachium from the Mexican Pacific slope, M. tenellum (Smith, 1871) to test the hypothesis that individuals of the putative M. tenellum from BCP belong to the same species from the Pacific slope of mainland Mexico. We revised the morphological characters of taxonomic importance using material obtained in the field and voucher material deposited in Mexican scientific collections, and performed molecular genetic analyses with newly generated fragments of the mitochondrial markers 16S and COI. We conclude, as in our previous studies on Macrobrachium species of the region, that the examined specimens of the putative M. tenellum from BCP belong to the same species found on the Pacific slope of mainland Mexico, and that oceanic dispersal is responsible for the distribution of the species of Macrobrachium in the peninsula rather than by vicariant events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871) in four sites in the lower part of the coastal plain of the Ameca River, Mexico is analyzed before drastic anthropogenic modifications of the riverbed occurred. Of the 7,100 individuals of M. tenellum collected between February 2015 and January 2016, 45.7% of which were females (3,250), 4.3% ovigerous females (309), 39.3% males (2,79), and 10.6% undifferentiated (750). Males were significantly larger and heavier than females. In general, the largest individuals were collected at the most distant sites from the coastline (Colomo and San Juan), whereas the smallest ones were captured near the river mouth. The sex ratio (males:females 1:1.3) deviated from the expected 1:1. The length-weight relationship of females, males, and the population in general indicated a negative allometric growth for all three groups. The results of our research may serve as a reference point for future investigations assessing the impact of anthropogenic changes on M. tenellum populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Contents for Volume 43 (2023)" is a journal article from the Journal of Crustacean Biology. It contains a list of research articles and reviews that were published in the journal's first three issues of 2023. The articles cover a wide range of topics related to crustaceans, including aquaculture, behavior, ecology, genetics, phylogeny, taxonomy, paleobiology, and physiology. The articles provide valuable insights into various aspects of crustacean biology and can be a useful resource for researchers and library patrons interested in studying specific topics related to crustaceans. [Extracted from the article]

The caridean shrimps comprise one of the largest groups of amphidromous species, sharing their life cycle between freshwater habitats and the ocean. Key species of tropical ecosystems, some of which are also targets for local or international markets without any regulations being implemented, make carideans particularly vulnerable to the threats facing natural populations. We present an inventory of amphidromous carideans and an overview of their habitats, the interests they arouse, because of their ecological role as well as for their commercial importance and the threats they face. We suggest directions for future research following an experimental-biology approach, that may help to assess risks and impacts on natural habitats and ultimately prioritize conservation and management projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly contagious and economically costly virus that affects many crustacean species. Since its introduction into the United States in the 1990s, it has spread from aquaculture shrimp and crayfish to wild crustaceans throughout the southeastern United States. Transmission to natural systems may occur through contact between commodity (i.e. store-bought) and wild crustaceans or the use of infected frozen shrimp as bait, which has been proven capable of transmitting the virus. In this study, we surveyed both live (Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) and P. aztecus Ives, 1891) and frozen commodity shrimp (Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) and crayfish (Procambarus troglodytes (Le Conte, 1856) and P. clarkii (Girard, 1852)) as well as wild populations of some of these species of shrimp, crayfish, and blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896) in South Carolina for WSSV. We found extremely low levels of the virus in wild-caught decapods but high levels of WSSV in commodity crayfish (50%) and imported frozen shrimp (43.3%). While additional work is needed to understand the environmental conditions that affect the transmission potential of WSSV, these results suggest that care must be taken with commodity crustaceans to prevent introductions of WSSV and subsequent harm to natural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye water contamination was the main challenge that pressured textile industries tremendously. The present investigation aims to employ solid waste from fisheries industries to remove toxic dye contaminants in an aqueous solution. Shrimp shell waste (SSW) was fishery waste with good potential for adsorbing dyes, one of which is methylene blue. This research studied methylene blue's adsorption capacity using shrimp shell waste as a biosorbent. By studying several parameters, it was found that the adsorption capacity was 48.834 mg g−1 at pH = 10, with an optimum concentration of 550 mg L−1, a contact time of 105 min, and a heating temperature of the biosorbent 120 °C - the results of XRF characterisation shown the differences in the chemical composition percentage before and after adsorption process. The results suggested that SSW can be employed as and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from water effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishmeal is an indispensable ingredient for most aquatic animals. However, the finite supply and escalating price of fishmeal seriously limit its use in aquaculture. Thus the development of new, sustainable protein ingredients has been a research focus. Microalgae are potential fishmeal alternatives owing to their high protein content and balanced amino acid profile. Studies suggest that suitable replacement of fishmeal with microalgae is beneficial for fish growth performance, but excessive replacement would induce poor growth and feed utilization. Therefore, this paper aims to review research on the maximum substitutional level of fishmeal by microalgae and propose the main issues and possible solutions for fishmeal replacement by microalgae. The maximum replacement level is affected by microalgal species, fish feeding habits, quality of fishmeal and microalgal meals, and supplemental levels of fishmeal in the control group. Microalgae could generally replace 100%, 95%, 95%, 64.1%, 25.6%, and 18.6% fishmeal protein in diets of carp, shrimp, catfish, tilapia, marine fish, and salmon and trout, respectively. The main issues with fishmeal replacement using microalgae include low production and high production cost, poor digestibility, and anti-nutritional factors. Possible solutions to these problems are recommended in this paper. Overall, microalgae are promising fishmeal alternatives in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their entire lifecycle, mariculture animals are farmed in water that contains various microorganisms with which they are in close associations. Microbial exchanges between the animals and their surrounding water can occur. However, little is known about the interactions between shrimp larvae and water, and more especially, about larval bacterial selection and microbiota modulation across ontogeny. To address this gap, using HiSeq sequencing targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA molecule, we investigated the active prokaryotic diversity and structure of healthy Penaeus stylirostris larvae and seawater. Comparisons between different larval stages revealed evidence of stage-specific microbiotas and biomarkers, a core microbiota common to all stages, and shared taxa between successive stages, suggesting vertical transmission of bacterial taxa. Comparisons between stage-specific microbiotas and core microbiotas with water storages highlighted that many taxa associated with the larvae were originally present in the natural seawater, underlining horizontal transmission of bacteria from water to larvae. As some of these lineages became active at specific larval stages, we suggest that larvae were able to modulate their microbiota. This study provides insight into larvae-microbiota interactions at the larval stage scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Two specimens of the genus Hippolyte were examined from the caridean collections of the Marine Biological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences. These specimens were captured in the South China Sea in 1987. Detailed inspection revealed that their morphological features closely match the (re)descriptions of Hippolyte australiensis, especially in the presence of a long, distinct lateral carina on the rostrum, a dorsally unarmed rostral border, and four prominent terminal spines on the dactylus of the last three pereiopods. New information: The discovery of Hippolyte australiensis in Chinese waters represents a significant expansion of its geographic distribution from the South Pacific to the North Pacific. Furthermore, an additional taxonomical report of H. australiensis is provided since its retrieval in 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internally or self-doped oxygen–nitrogen–phosphorus heteroatoms are useful in increasing the hydrophilicity, wettability, and conductivity of supercapacitor cell electrodes. These properties are positively related to electrochemical supercapacitive behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to examine activated green resources from black tiger shrimp shells (BTS) to produce O-N-P self-co-doped carbon (C) nanofibers for a high-performance supercapacitor. KOH was used to determine the content of heteroatoms in the carbon matrix. The results showed that the composition of BTS contained 10.01 wt% nitrogen, 40.92 wt% carbon, 23.16 wt% oxygen, and 4.92 wt% phosphorus, confirming the presence of O-N-P self-doping. Furthermore, the carbon matrix exhibited a nanofiber structure with the presence of nanopores (micro-mesopore co-extension), which showed the highest specific capacitance of 315 F/g at 1 mV/s in 1 M H2SO4 solution. BTS supercapacitor cells designed on a symmetrical electrode system achieved a specific power of 323 W/Kg at a specific energy of 9.59 Wh/Kg. These results indicated that internal heteroatoms doping was a strategy for improving the electrochemical performance of environmentally friendly, efficient, economical, and sustainable supercapacitor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The lack of focus on the health status of shrimp cultivators by previous studies while the production of shrimp has been rising over the years after the introduction of the blue revolution in India. The present study estimated the burden of diseases among shrimp cultivators in India. Methods: Primary data were collected by using simple random sampling. The sample size was 357. The classification of diseases were made by using the international classification of diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10), version 2019. Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were used to measure the health status of shrimp cultivators. DALY is the summation of the burden of disease from mortality and morbidity. Sensitive and uncertainty analysis was used by changing the value of the parameter and method, respectively. Results: The burden of disease among shrimp cultivators in 2020 ranges from 101.03 DALY based on equal age weightage, without discount rate, and potential life expectancy (DALY0,0,PLE) to 84.02 DALY based on unequal age weightage, discount rate, and standardized life expectancy (DALY1,0.03,SLE). The burden of disease per 100,000 shrimp cultivators was 28,477.74 DALY and 23,600.84 DALY when calculated by using DALY0,0,PLE and DALY1,0.03,SLE method, respectively. The higher burden of diseases from non-communicable diseases was followed by injury and communicable diseases for both methods. The disease burden from mortality was more than two-thirds of the total burden of disease and the rest from morbidity. The burden of disease among shrimp cultivators was sensitive to parameter changes because it changes between 92.10 DALY and 63.03 DALY with the change in the parameter. Uncertainty in the burden of disease among them was due to method variation, which ranges from 120.03 DALY to 74.06 DALY. Conclusion: The higher burden of non-communicable diseases, and the lower burden of communicable, and injuries per 100,000 shrimp cultivators compared to the national level in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient utilisation of plant-based diets in the giant freshwater prawn, Marcrobrachium rosenbergii, varies according to individual, suggesting that it might be associated with differences in physiological and metabolic responses. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the individual differences in the growth response of shrimp fed to a soybean-based diet (SBM). Two hundred shrimp were fed SBM for 90 days, and specific growth rate (SGR) was determined individually. Fast- and slow-growing shrimp (F-shrimp vs. S-shrimp), with the highest and lowest 5% SGRs, respectively, were sampled to determine haemolymph chemistry and carcass composition. The hepatopancreas of these shrimps were used for transcriptome analysis through RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The results showed no significant differences in haemolymph chemistry parameters. In terms of carcass proximate composition, F-shrimp exhibited higher protein composition than did S-shrimp, suggesting that F-shrimp have higher protein anabolism. Using RNA-seq and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the expression levels of several genes encoding physiologic and metabolic enzymes were found to be upregulated in F-shrimp compared to in S-shrimp, suggesting that these enzymes/proteins mediated the efficient use of SBM-based diets for growth promotion in shrimp. Various DEGs associated with the immune system were observed, indicating a difference in immune processes between F- and S-shrimp. The expression of several housekeeping genes was found to be upregulated in S-shrimp. Collectively, the upregulated expression of several enzymes associated with physiological and/or metabolic processes and increased protein anabolism may be attributed to the efficient use of SBM for maximal growth in shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a major threat to shrimp health worldwide. Severe EHP infections in shrimp cause growth retardation and increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections. EHP produces spores with a chitin wall that enables them to survive prolonged environmental exposure. Previous studies showed that polar tube extrusion is a prerequisite for EHP infection, such that inhibiting extrusion should prevent infection. Using a proteomic approach, polar tube protein 2 of EHP (EhPTP2) was found abundantly in protein extracts obtained from extruded spores. Using an immunofluorescent antibody against EhPTP2 for immunohistochemistry, extruded spores were found in the shrimp hepatopancreas (HP) and intestine, but not in the stomach. We hypothesized that presence of EhPTP2 might be required for successful EHP spore extrusion. To test this hypothesis, we injected EhPTP2-specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and found that it significantly diminished EHP copy numbers in infected shrimp. This indicated reduced amplification of EHP-infected cells in the HP by spores released from previously infected cells. In addition, injection of the dsRNA into EHP-infected shrimp prior to their use in cohabitation with naïve shrimp significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the rate of EHP transmission to naïve shrimp. The results revealed that EhPTP2 plays a crucial role in the life cycle of EHP and that dsRNA targeting EHP mRNA can effectively reach the parasite developing in host cells. This approach is a model for future investigations to identify critical genes for EHP survival and spread as potential targets for preventative and therapeutic measures in shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]