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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important virus that can cause extensive economic losses in both dairy and beef industry worldwide. Acute infection with BVDV results in peripheral blood lymphopenia, apoptosis and immunosuppression. Up-regulated programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression induces functional exhaustion of lymphocytes, inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis of lymphocytes during acute and chronic viral infections, such as HIV and HCV. However, there are no reports showing the role of PD-1 in peripheral blood lymphopenia, apoptosis and immunosuppression after acute BVDV infection. Accordingly, we measured the mRNA and protein expression of PD-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with BVDV, and analyzed the effects of PD-1 blockade on immune-associated function and activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The results showed that both cytopathic (CP) BVDV (strain NADL) and non-cytopathic (NCP) BVDV (strain KD) infection stimulated the mRNA and protein expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 significantly. The upregulation of PD-1/PD-L1 was accompanied by the decreased PBLs proliferation and increased apoptosis. Additionally, PD-1 blockade restored proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, increased IFN-γ production and decreased BVDV load. Remarkably, the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction has a more substantial effect on the immunoregulation of inhibiting proliferation induced by CP BVDV infection. Our findings confirm that PD-1 plays a vital role in peripheral blood lymphopenia and apoptosis caused by acute BVDV infection, and provide new insights into exploring the immunopathological mechanisms of BVDV or other members of the Flaviviridae family, and a potential therapeutic strategy to control BVDV infection.

In order to avoid leakage problem caused by liquid electrolyte, a new ionogel electrolyte was developed by in situ immobilizing organosilicon-functionalized ionic liquid within a nanoporous silica matrix. The ionic liquid evenly coats on the surface of porous silica and fills in the silica framework pores with no strong chemical interaction. The ionogel electrolyte has the dual advantages of a silica solid support and a wide electrochemical stability window of ionic liquid (4.87 V vs. Li+/Li). The half-cells assembled with this electrolyte and LiFePO4 electrode have excellent performance at room temperature and 60 °C. The Li/SiO2-IGE/LiFePO4 cell displays a discharge capacity of 129.1 mAh·g−1 after 200 charge/discharge cycles at room temperature.

In this paper, by adjusting the mass ratio of Nb2O5, NaOH and V2O5, the hydrothermal synthesis method was used to successfully dope vanadium into NaNbO3 to prepare Vanadium-doped NaNbO3 powder. The modified constitution and structure of Vanadium-doped NaNbO3 are characterized through X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Spectrum, and Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflection Spectrum representation. The results show that doping with V2O5 can reduce the band gap of NaNbO3 and increase its utilization of visible light. Under light radiation, Vanadium-doped NaNbO3 exhibits excellent photocatalytic degradation activity for the degradation of tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. The degradation rate of modified NaNbO3 with the most applicable quantity of V2O5 on Tetracycline within 90 min can reach 61%, the degradation rate on Ciprofloxacin within 150 min can reach 76%, and the degradation rate on Enrofloxacin within 150 min can reach 64.6%. Through cycled degradation experiment, we find that Vanadium-doped NaNbO3 Photocatalyst has good photocatalytic stability. This paper also uses high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer to analyze the tetracycline solution under different light time, and speculates the molecular formula and structural formula of the intermediate product that may be produced by the tetracycline molecule in the photocatalytic degradation process. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation mechanism and possible degradation pathways of tetracycline were also discussed. This article can provide a reference for the actual antibiotic wastewater treatment.

The experiments were performed in a reformed single cylinder common-rail diesel engine which adopts a low temperature premixed charge compression injection (PCCI) mode by a pilot-pilot-main injection strategy coupled with heavy EGR. The objective of this study was to examine the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of neat diesel and D10 (diesel fuel with 10% dimethyl carbonate (DMC) by volume) in five center of heat release (COHR) modes, since there is rare research considered these parameters together. The results show that the COHR has significant influence on the in-cylinder pressure, average bulk gas temperature and the major peak of heat release. By means of postponing fuel injection coupled with heavy EGR, a larger fraction of premixed combustion is achieved, while the stability of the combustion is not evidently affected. Both HC and CO emissions increase slightly with retarding COHR due to the decreased temperature during combustion, which does not favor a sufficient late oxidation. The additions of DMC can reduce PM more than 40% compared to neat diesel, while D10 fuel generates more NO x than the diesel fuel. With retardation of COHR, a tradeoff between NO x and PM emissions can be well tuned, thanks to a higher fraction of premixed combustion.

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Infiltrating immunocytes differences. (A) The volcano-plot demonstrates the fold changes of 22 immunocytes in chronic periodontitis compared with aggressive. (B) Compositional differences of 22 immunocytes between chronic and aggressive periodontitis presented by violin-plot (blue means aggressive and red means chronic). (C) The volcano-plot demonstrates the fold changes of 22 immunocytes in male periodontitis compared with female. (D) Compositional differences of 22 immunocytes between male and female periodontitis presented by violin-plot (blue means male and red means female). (E) Correlations between infiltrating immunocyte fractions and patient ages were presented by bar-plot. (F-G) The two significantly age-related immunocytes were presented by scatter plot. Figure S2.(A) Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) coefficient profiles of 22 immunocytes fractions. The dotted line indicates the value chosen by ten-fold cross-validation. (B) Ten-fold cross-validation for tuning parameter selection in the LASSO regression. The partial likelihood deviance is plotted against log (λ), where λ is the tuning parameter. Partial likelihood deviance values are shown, with error bars representing SE. The dotted vertical lines are drawn at the optimal values by minimum criteria and 1-SE criteria. Figure S3. Supplementary information for immune subtype analysis. (A) Estimation of the rank: Quality measures computed from 200 runs for each value of r. (B) Estimation of the rank: Consensus matrices computed from 10 runs for each value of r. (C-D) Heatmap of the mixture coefficient and the basis matrices for all immune genes. Figure S4. Supplementary information for WGCNA analysis. (A) analysis of the scale-free ft index for various soft-thresholding powers beta. (B) Analysis of the mean connectivity for various soft-thresholding powers. (C) The protein-protein interaction network of hub genes in turquoise module. (D) The top ten positive and negative plasma cell fraction related genes, calculated by pearson correlation analysis.

Most genome-wide association and fine-mapping studies to date have been conducted in individuals of European descent, and genetic studies of populations of Hispanic/Latino and African ancestry are limited. In addition, these populations have more complex linkage disequilibrium structure. In order to better define the genetic architecture of these understudied populations, we leveraged >100,000 phased sequences available from deep-coverage whole genome sequencing through the multi-ethnic NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program to impute genotypes into admixed African and Hispanic/Latino samples with genome-wide genotyping array data. We demonstrated that using TOPMed sequencing data as the imputation reference panel improves genotype imputation quality in these populations, which subsequently enhanced gene-mapping power for complex traits. For rare variants with minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.5%, we observed a 2.3- to 6.1-fold increase in the number of well-imputed variants, with 11-34% improvement in average imputation quality, compared to the state-of-the-art 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 and Haplotype Reference Consortium reference panels. Impressively, even for extremely rare variants with minor allele count 86%. Subsequent association analyses of TOPMed reference panel-imputed genotype data with hematological traits (hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), and white blood cell count (WBC)) in ~21,600 African-ancestry and ~21,700 Hispanic/Latino individuals identified associations with two rare variants in the HBB gene (rs33930165 with higher WBC [p = 8.8x10-15] in African populations, rs11549407 with lower HGB [p = 1.5x10-12] and HCT [p = 8.8x10-10] in Hispanics/Latinos). By comparison, neither variant would have been genome-wide significant if either 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 or Haplotype Reference Consortium reference panels had been used for imputation. Our findings highlight the utility of the TOPMed imputation reference panel for identification of novel rare variant associations not previously detected in similarly sized genome-wide studies of under-represented African and Hispanic/Latino populations.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Naringenin, a flavonoid compound with strong anti‐inflammatory activity, attenuated non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by a methionine‐choline deficient (MCD) diet in mice. However, the mechanisms underlying this suppression of inflammation and NAFLD remain unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: WT and NLRP3(−/−) mice were fed with MCD diet for 7 days to induce NAFLD and were given naringenin by gavage at the same time. in vitro experiments used HepG2 cells, primary hepatocytes, and Kupffer cells (KCs) stimulated by LPS or LPS plus oleic acid (OA). KEY RESULTS: Treating WT mice with naringenin (100 mg·kg(−1)·day(−1)) attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation in the livers of mice given the MCD diet. NLRP3(−/−) mice showed less hepatic lipid accumulation than WT mice, but naringenin did not ameliorate hepatic lipid accumulation further in NLRP3(−/−) mice. Treating the HepG2 cells with naringenin or NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 reduced lipid accumulation. Naringenin inhibited activation of the NLRP3/NF‐κB pathway stimulated by OA together with LPS. In KCs isolated from WT mice, naringenin inhibited NLRP3 expression. Naringenin also inhibited lipid deposition, NLRP3 and IL‐1β expression in WT hepatocytes but was not effective in NLRP3(−/−) hepatocytes. After re‐expressing NLRP3 in NLRP3(−/−) hepatocytes by adenovirus, the anti‐lipid deposition effect of naringenin was restored. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Naringenin prevented NAFLD via down‐regulating the NLRP3/NF‐κB signalling pathway both in KCs and in hepatocytes, thus attenuating inflammation in the mice livers.