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In a comparative study, 63 collection cultures representing 38 nomenspecies of, or assigned to, the genera Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, or Pasteurella were characterized by phenotypical features and deoxyribonucleic acid base composition. The latter was calculated from the thermal denaturation point. Biochemical reactions were tested in differential media commonly used for Enterobacteriaceae, and two test procedures were compared: (i) pure cultures with haematin and nicotine adenine dinucleotide added, where necessary, and (ii) xenocultures with an asaccharolytic Acinetobacter strain (ST 661/60). Furthermore, the respiratory quinones, and the effect of fumarate on oxygen-limited growth were considered. On the basis of these and some additional physiological and morphological criteria, a definition of the Actinobacillus-Haemophilus-Pasteurella group as a whole was established which appears to rank as a family. Several misclassified species, i.e. the so-called Actinobacillus actinoides, Haemophilus piscium, Haemophilus vaginalis, Pasteurella anatipestifer, and the organisms of the Bovine Lymphangitis group were eliminated, and the position of so-called Pasteurella piscicida was questioned. Some principles of subdivision of the group, and some of the practical identification procedures were discussed.

Natriumorthothiostannat Na4SnS4 · 14 H2O wurde aus wasriger Losung rein dargestellt und durch eine vollstandige Rontgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert. Es liegt tetraedrisch koordiniertes Sn in Form isolierter SnS-Ionen vor (SnS 2,375–2,384 A). Im Gegensatz zu fruheren Annahmen ist also in festen wasserhaltigen Thiostannaten oktaedrische 6-Koordination als instabil anzusehen. Das Salz kristallisiert monoklin (C2/c) mit a = 8,622, b = 23,534, c = 11,347 A, β = 110,53°, dexp = 1,81, dront = 1,821 g · cm−3, Z = 4. Das umfangreiche Wasserstoffbruckensystem wurde vollstandig analysiert. Preparation and Crystal Structure of Na4SnS4 · 14 H2O Sodium orthothiostannate Na4SnS4 · 14 H2O has been prepared in pure state from aqueous solution and was characterized by an X-ray structure analysis. Tetrahedral isolated SnS ions are observed (SnS 2.375–2.384 A); this suggests that, contrary to previous assumptions, octahedral 6-coordination is unstable in thiostannates from aqueous solution. Crystal data see “Inhaltsubersicht”. The extensive hydrogen bridge system has been completely analysed.

Examples are given of the determination of inorganic anions, cations and organic acids in atmospheric samples. With amperometric detection, 2.7 ppb of bromide can be determined in the presence of 8 ppm of nitrate. With a column-switching technique, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ can be determined within 8 min in a 50-μl sample using indirect fluorescence detection and a cerium (III) solution as eluent. A method of indirect amperometric detection after post-column derivatization with EDTA was developed for the determination of divalent transition metals, giving detection limits in the upper picogram range. With an enrichment technique involving solid-phase extraction, 0.28 ppb of monochloroacetate can be determined in rain water samples.

Three Australian isolates of “Histophilus ovis,” ten strains of “Haemophilus somnus” from North America, Australia, and Europe, and two American strains of “Haemophilus agni” were investigated by the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization (renaturation) method to determine their genetic interrelationships and their levels of relatedness to recognized members of the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981. Our results confirmed that “Haemophilus somnus,” “Histophilus ovis,” and one of the “Haemophilus agni” strains studied represent one genetically homogeneous species. This species exhibited up to 41% DNA relatedness to Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus, whereas only insignificant levels of relatedness or no measurable DNA binding was observed with the type species of the genera Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, and Pasteurella and with Haemophilus aphrophilus, Haemophilus ducreyi, Haemophilus paragallinarum, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus segnis, Pasteurella avium, Pasteurella ureae, and “Actinobacillus seminis.” On the other hand, one of the “Haemophilus agni” strains studied (Hoerlein strain M650-1343) was included in the species “Actinobacillus seminis” (DNA binding value, 91%). So far, only low levels of genetic relatedness with “Actinobacillus seminis” and currently recognized members of the family Pasteurellaceae have been detected. The problems of the generic affiliation of the “Histophilus ovis” group, Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus, and “Actinobacillus seminis” and the phenotypic differentiation of these organisms are discussed.

Die Reaktion zwischen Alkalisulfiden und uberschussigem GeS2 in wasriger Losung fuhrt zu tetrameren Thiogermanaten. Die Verbindung Cs4Ge4S10 · 3 H2O 1 wurde dargestellt und durch eine vollstandige Rontgenstrukturanalyse sowie Raman- und IR-Spektren charakterisiert. Danach bildet 1 sowohl im Festkorper als auch in wasriger Losung isolierte adamantanartige Ge4S104−-Anionen. 1 kristallisiert monoklin (Cc) mit a = 12,558 A, b = 12,322 A, c = 16,698 A, β = 92,20°, V = 2582 A3 und Z = 4. Die im Mittel mit 2,108 A beobachteten endstandigen GeS-Bindungen im Ge4S104−-Ion sind gegenuber den Bruckenbindungen (Mittelwert 2,236 A) wesentlich verkurzt und weisen auf deutliche π-Bindungsanteile hin. Preparation and Crystal Structure of Cs4Ge4S10 · 3 H2O Tetrameric thiogermanates are obtained by reaction of alkali sulfides with excess GeS2 in aqueous solution. Cs4Ge4S10 · 3 H2O 1 has been prepared and characterized by an X-ray structure analysis, Raman and i.r. spectra. 1 forms adamantane-like Ge4S104− ions in the solid state as well as in aqueous solution. Crystal data of the monoclinic structure (Cc) are given above. In the Ge4S104− ion the terminal GeS bond lengths (mean: 2.108 A) are significantly shorter than the lengths of the bridging GeS bonds (mean: 2.236 A) and indicate the existence of partial π-bonding.

Die Kristallstrukturen von FeI2 · 3THF(d. h. Fe(THF)6(FeI3THF)2 · THF)(1) und Fe(Ch2O)6 (FeI4)2 · I2 (2) wurden aus Einkristalldiffraktometerdaten bestimmt. 1 kristallisiert kubisch in der Raumgruppe Pa3 mit a = 1759, 8 pm und Z = 4, 2 monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/n mit a = 997, 4, b = 1669, 4, c = 1082,6 pm β = 93, 11°, Z = 2. 1 enthalt Fe(THF)62+-Kationen mit oktaedrischer und FeI3THF)−-Anionen mit verzerrt tetraedrischer Koordination von Eisen. Der Fe I-Abstand betragt 261,1 pm. In 2 werden jeweils zwei tetraedrische Tetraiodoferrat (III)-Anionen durch ein I2-Molekul mit-einander verknupft. Der mittlere FeI-Abstand betragt253,9 pm, der Iod–Iod-Abstand zwischen FeI4− und I2 3561,1 pm. Die Zersetzung von 1 im Vakuum bei erhohter Temperatur und die sich daraus ergebende Bildung von 2 werden diskutiert. Investigations about Iodoferrates: The Crystal Structures of Fe(thf)6(FeI3thf)2 · thf and Fe(CH2O)6(FeI4)2 · I2(thf = C4H8O) The crystal structures of FeI2 · 3 thf (i.e. Fe(thf)6(FeI3thf)2 · thf) (1) and Fe(CH2O)6(FeI4)2 · I2 (2) were determined from single crystal X-ray data. 1 crystallizes in the cubic space group Pa3, a = 1759.8 pm, Z = 4, 2 in the monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 997.4, b = 1669.4, c = 1082.6 pm, β = 93.11°, Z = 2. The structure of 1 is composed of octahedral Fe(thf)62+ cations and distorted tetrahedral [FeI3(thf)]-anions (FeI distance 261.1 pm). In 2 two tetrahedral tetraiodoferrate (III) anions are linked by an iodine molecule. The FeI distance was found to be 253.9 pm (mean, the II distance between FeI4− and I2 356.1 pm. The decomposititon of 1 in vacuum at elevated temperatures and the resulting formation of 2 from 1 are discussed.

Die Kristallstruktur der Titelverbindung wurde aus Einkristalldiffraktometerdaten bestimmt. P2I5+AlI4− kristallisiert orthorhombisch, Pbca, mit a = 1 088,3, b = 1 827,3, c = 2 031,6 pm, V = 4040 · 106 pm3, Z = 8. P2I5+- und AlI4−-Ionen sind durch schwach-bindende Iod-Iod-Wechselwirkungen miteinander verknupft (II-Abstande zwischen 343,5 und 376,3 pm). Die mittleren PI- und AlI-Abstande betragen 240,9 bzw. 252,9 pm. Crystal Structure of AlI3 · 2 PI3:P2I5+ AlI4− The crystal structure of the title compound was determined from single crystal X-ray data. P2I5+AlI4− crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, a = 1 088.3, b = 1 827.3, c = 2 031.6 pm, V = 4040 · 106 pm3, Z = 8. The P2I5+ and AlI4− ions are connected by weak iodine-iodine bonds (II distances between 343.5 and 376.3 pm). The mean PI and AlI bond lengths were found to be 240.9 and 252.9 pm respectively.

The Raman and i.r. spectra of the Ge 4 S 10 4− ion are measured. A normal coordinate treatment of As 4 O 6 , Sb 4 O 6 , P 4 S 10 and Ge 4 S 10 4− was made. The possibility of using the vibrational spectrum for the identification of the cage structure of more complicated organometallic compounds like (C 6 H 5 ) 4 Ge 4 S 10 is discussed. The bond distances and stretching force constants of the compounds M 4 X 6 and M 4 X 10 ( M = P, As, Sb, Ge; X = O, S) are compared with those of the tetrahedral anions MX 4 4− .

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization was used to determine the genetic relationships among a variety of previously established or proposed species of Pasteurella and their positions within the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981. Our results indicated that the genus Pasteurella sensu stricto, which can be separated from the Actinobacillus group, consists of at least the following 11 species: Pasteurella multocida, with three subspecies (P. multocida subsp. multocida, P. multocida subsp. septica, and P. multocida subsp. gallicida); Pasteurella dagmatis sp. nov., containing organisms previously labeled Pasteurella “gas,” Pasteurella new species 1, or Pasteurella pneumotropica type Henriksen; Pasteurella gallinarum; Pasteurella canis sp. nov., previously labeled P. multocida biotype 6 or “dog type” strains; Pasteurella stomatis sp. nov., which contains Pasteurella strains isolated from dogs and cats; Pasteurella avium (Hinz and Kunjara) Mutters et al. 1985; Pasteurella volantium Mutters et al. 1985, a new species consisting of V-factor-requiring strains that occur in humans and birds; Pasteurella anatis sp. nov.; Pasteurella langaa sp. nov., containing strains previously designated taxa 1 and 4 of Bisgaard; and two new species, which were provisionally designated Pasteurella species A and Pasteurella species B. The previously recognized taxa Pasteurella ureae, Pasteurella haemolytica biotypes A and T, Pasteurella testudinis, and P. pneumotropica biotypes Jawetz and Heyl do not belong to the genus Pasteurella but are more closely related to the Actinobacillus group. The exact taxonomic positions of Pasteurella aerogenes, P. multocida biotype 1, group HB-5, “Pasteurella piscicida,” the SP group, and the bovine lymphangitis group are still unknown, but these organisms do not belong to the genus Pasteurella.

The Pasteurella-like organism of porcine necrotizing pleuropneumonia described by Bertschinger and Seifert in 1978 was shown to be phenotypically similar to the V factor-requiring strains hitherto classified as Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (Matthews and Pattison 1961) Shope 1964. Deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization experiments in which the optical method was used yielded 91% binding of the genomes of the type and reference strains of these two taxa, thus indicating that they belong to the same species. The levels of deoxyribonucleic acid binding between these strains and the type strain of Haemophilus influenzae indicated no measurable relatedness. Therefore, these organisms do not belong to the genus Haemophilus sensu stricto. On the other hand, they are closely related to Actinobacillus lignieresii, as determined by both phenotypic characteristics and deoxyribonucleic acid base sequence relatedness (72 to 75% binding). To take into account the different host ranges of these organisms, we propose to classify them as a species distinct from, but closely related to, A. lignieresii, under the new combination Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. The emended species A. pleuropneumoniae is composed of V factor-requiring and V factor-independent biovars. The type strain (strain Shope 4047 [= CCM 5869 = ATCC 27088]) requires V factor; the V factor-independent biovar is represented by strain Bertschinger 2008/76 (= Frederiksen P 597 = HIM 677-3/4).

Die in reiner Form isolierten Verbindungen Na4Ge2S6 · 14 H2O (I) und Na4Sn2S6 · 14 H2O (II) wurden durch eine vollstandige Rontgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert. Die in der Litreatur bisher beschriebenen „Trithiogermanate MI2GeS3” und „Trithiostannate MI2SnS3” erweisen sich danach als Verbindungen mit isolierten Ge2S4−6 - bzw. Sn2S4−6 -Ionen, die aus zwei uber eine Kante verknupften Tetraedern bestehen. Hexathiodiegermant und -distanat bilden einen bisher nicht beobachteten Typ anorganischer Tetraderionen. I und II sind iostyp und kristallisieren triklin (P1) mit a = 9,978 (10,114), b = 7,202 (7,027), c = 9,601 (9,801) A, α = 018,41 (108,29) β = 92,39 (92,18), γ = 91,69 (91,11)° Z = 1. In den Ge2S4−6(Sn2S4−6)-Ionen sind die endstandigen Ge–S(Sn–S)-Bindungen mit 2,170 (2,332) A deutlich kurzer als die Bruckenbindungen des gespannten 4-Ringes mit 2,272 (2,450) A. Das umfangreiche OH…O- und OH…S-Bruckensystem der beiden Salzhydrate wurde vollstandig analysiert. Preparation and crystal structure of Na4Ge2S6 · 14H2O and Na4Sn2S6 · 14 H2O Na4Ge2S6 · 14 H2O (I) and Na4Sn2S6 · 14 H2O (II) have been prepared in pure state and have been characterized by an X-ray-structure analysis. The results show that the „trithiogermanates MI2GeS3” and „trithiostannates MI2SnS3”, described in the literature, are in fact compounds containing dimeric isolated Ge2S4−6 or Sn2S4−6 ions, consisting of two tetrahedral joined by a common edge. Hexathidigermanate and -distannte represent a new type of inorganic tetrahedral ions. I and II are isotypic and crystallize in the triclinic system (P1). Crystal data see „Inhaltsubersicht”. In the Ge2S4−6 (Sn2S4−6) ions the terminal Ge–S (Sn–S) bonds are significantly shorter than the bridge bonds in the strained four-membered rings: 2.170 (2.332) A vs. 2.272 (2.450) A. The extensive OH…O and OH…S bridge system of the two salt hydrates could be completely analysed.

Objective: Between January 1993 and May 1998, we performed 200 consecutive bilateral lung volume reduction operations. After initial assessment, 99 of these patients were eligible for lung volume reduction and potentially eligible for immediate or eventual lung transplantation on the basis of age and absence of contraindications. All chose to proceed with lung volume reduction surgery. The outcomes of these 99 patients are reviewed to assess the consequences of proceeding with lung volume reduction surgery on patients potentially eligible for lung transplantation. Methods: A retrospective study was performed with the use of a prospectively assembled computer database. Results: The 61 men and 38 women were 55 ± 7 years old at evaluation for lung volume reduction. Mean values for first second expired volume, total lung capacity, and residual volume were 24% ± 8%, 141% ± 19%, and 294% ± 54% predicted. There were 4 operative deaths and 17 late deaths. Two-year and 5-year survival after evaluation for lung volume reduction are 92% and 75%. The 32 patients who have been listed for transplantation after lung volume reduction include 15 who have undergone transplantation, 14 who remain on the list, and 3 who have been removed from the list. All 15 transplant recipients survived transplantation and 3 have subsequently died of rejection or late infection. The 12 living recipients have a median post-transplantation follow-up of 1.7 years. The age at transplantation was 58 ± 5 years with transplantation occurring 3.8 ± 1.1 years after lung volume reduction. Sixteen of 99 patients underwent lower lobe volume reduction with an increased rate of listing (63%, P =.008) and transplantation (38%, P =.003) compared with patients undergoing upper lobe volume reduction. Patients listed for transplantation were younger, more impaired, and experienced less benefit from lung volume reduction than patients not yet listed for transplantation. Conclusions: The preliminary use of lung volume reduction in patients potentially suitable for transplantation does not appear to jeopardize the chances for subsequent successful transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:10-7

Seventy eight patients with chronic lung diseases were once or repeatedly vaccinated against influenza with a bivalent inactivated vaccine. The vaccination was well tolerated. Systemic reactions and transitory deterioration of the lung disease were exceptional. Fourfold rise of antibodies occurred in 1/3 (H1N1) and 1/2 (H3N2) of the patients. After one year, this increase was no more demonstrable. Annual revaccination is recommended.

In a cooperative study 169 bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis relapses of the years 1984-1986 were analysed with regard of causes or relapse favouring factors. In 58.5% relapse occurred 3 or more years after cessation of previous treatment. Relapse was presumedly caused in 22.3% by inadequate chemotherapy (considering duration and/or continuation and/or combination), in 25% by alcoholism and in 14.9% by silicosis. Resistance to 2 or more antituberculotic drugs was found only in 5.3%. Advanced age and polymorbidity are relapse favouring factors. Consideration of adequate chemotherapy is the most important factor to avoid relapse.

In a comparative study, 63 collection cultures representing 38 nomenspecies of, or assigned to, the genera Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, or Pasteurella were characterized by phenotypical features and deoxyribonucleic acid base composition. The latter was calculated from the thermal denaturation point. Biochemical reactions were tested in differential media commonly used for Enterobacteriaceae, and two test procedures were compared: (i) pure cultures with haematin and nicotine adenine dinucleotide added, where necessary, and (ii) xenocultures with an asaccharolytic Acinetobacter strain (ST 661/60). Furthermore, the respiratory quinones, and the effect of fumarate on oxygen-limited growth were considered. On the basis of these and some additional physiological and morphological criteria, a definition of the Actinobacillus-Haemophilus-Pasteurella group as a whole was established which appears to rank as a family. Several misclassified species, i.e. the so-called Actinobacillus actinoides, Haemophilus piscium, Haemophilus vaginalis, Pasteurella anatipestifer, and the organisms of the Bovine Lymphangitis group were eliminated, and the position of so-called Pasteurella piscicida was questioned. Some principles of subdivision of the group, and some of the practical identification procedures were discussed.

We have postulated that signals from the microenvironment can induce shifts in tumor cell phenotypes and that microenvironmental factors are therefore important for cancer metastasis [1]. In this article we expand on this hypothesis and propose a model to explain (a) how extracellular signals can lead to changes in tumor phenotypes, and (b) how cytoplasmic oncogenes, which influence signal transducing pathways as well as nuclear oncogenes regulating gene expression via DNA binding transacting factors, might affect metastatic competence.