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In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the influence of sintering temperature on the microstructure and forming behavior of AA8079 synthesized through powder metallurgy route. The AA8079 powders were milled using high-energy ball mill. The green compacts were prepared using suitable punch and die by applying a compaction pressure of 400 MPa using hydraulic press. The green compacts were sintered at three different temperatures 400, 500, and 600 °C. The sintering was done with the aid of electric muffle furnace under the controlled atmosphere. The sintered samples were subjected to microstructure analysis by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cold upset tests were conducted in stages of 10 kN and the true axial stress, the true hoop stress, the true hydrostatic stress, and the true effective stresses were identified, and their behavior besides the true axial strain was systematically investigated.

The present study was aimed to assess the influence of various culture conditions (pH -6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8; salinity-18, 23, 27, 32, 37 PSU; temperature-23, 26, 30, 32, 34 °C; photoperiod-12:12, 18:6, 20:4, 6:18, 24:00 h L:D; and light intensity-50, 100, 150, 200, 250 μ mol m2 s−1) on the production of chlorophylls (‘a’ and ‘b’), total carotenoids and β-carotene at laboratory scale. The growth, biomass, and pigments were assessed once in two days for 10 days and the findings revealed that the D. salina can grow at any given salinity but the pigments production rate was varied by one to another. The growth, biomass, chlorophylls ‘a’, ‘b’, total carotenoids, and β-carotene were found to be increased to 1.72, 5.24, 1.65, 2.04, 2.18, 3.28 folds higher under optimized conditions (pH -7, salinity-37 PSU, temperature-23 °C, photoperiod-12:12 h L:D, and light intensity-200 μ mol m2 s−1) when compared to normal conditions.

Infrastructure plays a vital role in development for recent times and humiliation of structural materials that is caused by some environmental effects has to be protected by strengthening of structures. One of the finest challenges in Civil Engineering is strengthening and rehabilitation of existing structures. There are various rehabilitation technique such as external wrapping of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) have been developed. At initial period, strengthening has been done externally using steel plates bonded to the tension side and it has numerous difficulties including durability, manipulation, and heavy weight. The main aim of the study is to investigate the flexural behavior of the PCC beam with respect to orientation of the wrapped basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP). A sequence of 12 PCC beams with 500mm as its length, 100mm as its width and 100mm as its depth are cast with M25 grade concrete. All the 12 specimens are cured for a period of 28 days. Of the 12 PCC beams two beams are control specimens and a comparative study on the orientation of the fiber such as wrapped tension zone, shear zone, U shaped-1, U shaped-2, and fully wrapped are used on the specimen. The fiber is to be wrapped according to the orientation of the beam with epoxy resin. The experimental results shows that PCC beam that is wrapped as U shaped – 2 Shows higher Flexural strength compared to all other fabric orientations. BFRP Fully wrapped beam gives minimum Load carrying capacity when compare with other fabrics. U shaped – 2 orientation has higher load carrying capacity and economical as compared to fully wrapped and all other modes of orientations.

The concentration of 23 metals was analyzed in the tissue of nine fish species, which represents the different habitats, i.e., primary feeder, tertiary feeder, and bottom feeder in fresh and marine waters of Visakhapatnam. Scomberomorus guttatus, Upeneus vittatus, and Penaeus indicus were selected in the coastal waters; Xiphias gladius, Stolephorus indicus, and Penaeus monodon from deep sea; and Channa striata, Puntius chola, and Macrobrachium rosenbergii from freshwater were analyzed. Metals in fish were analyzed by using the Inductive Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The concentrations of metals in fish were within the permissible limit set by WHO, FAO apart from Chromium, Aluminum, Manganese, and Arsenic. The concentrations were highest in coastal water fish and lowest in freshwater fish. Similarly, higher concentrations were observed in bottom feeders than in other tiers.

The magnetoelectric bilayer composite Sm-doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)-PbTiO3/NiFe2O4 (Sm:PMN-PT/NFO) developed in this study exhibits a converse magnetoelectric coefficient (αCME) of 0.34 G cm/V at resonance. This value is at least an order of magnitude higher than any previously reported αCME for polycrystalline ferrite-based laminate composites. The large CME coefficients in both dc- and self-biased modes are attributed to the high transverse piezoelectric coefficient (d31 ∼ −421 pC/N) of the piezoelectric phase Sm:PMN-PT. High converse magnetoelectric coefficient and characteristic advantages of ferrite-based magnetoelectric (ME) materials such as low eddy current losses make this composite a potential candidate for the ME devices operating in the converse mode. In particular, its performance characteristics for two applications —voltage to current converter, and as a magnetic switch —have been investigated. The laminate composite exhibits current to voltage conversion performance of 14 mA/V at the resonance frequency. The performance characteristics as a magnetic switch show that the bi-stable states separated by 25 G can be realized through an AC signal of 5V.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created disruptions worldwide with unprecedented interruption of non-COVID health care. Cleft care services toward children with cleft lip and palate have also been affected worldwide leading to stress among cleft caregivers. The use of remote consultation and therapy finds a definitive application in such situations. We present our method of providing uninterrupted cleft care through remote consultations service during this pandemic.

Removal of excessive nutrients is essential for aquaculture wastewater treatment to protect receiving waters from eutrophication and for potential reuse of the treated water. This semi pilot-scale wastewater treatment system consists of agar-alginate algal blocks (AAAB). It was tested for removal of nutrients in shrimp farm wastewater. Aquaculture wastewater (90 days old Litopenaeus vannamei cultured water) was treated with a novel biofilter that was filled with a marine microalgae Picochlorum maculatum immobilized in alginate blocks. The removal rates of nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia) were evaluated at each cycle for ten cycles. The results showed that the nitrite (89.6%) and ammonia (98.5%) were removed effectively while – phosphate (57%) and nitrate (46.4%) were removed less effectively.

The present work deals with the growth efficiency of Picochlorum maculatum and Oithona rigida in shrimp-cultured wastewater. In addition, the effects of wastewater (WW)-cultured P. maculatum and O. rigida on the growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae (PLs) was studied and the results were compared with artificial culture media (ACM)-cultured P. maculatum and natural seawater (NSW)-cultured O. rigida. The results revealed that the high density obtained in microalgae and low in copepod using wastewater as a medium. Further, shrimp PLs fed with WW-cultured microalgae, and NSW-cultured copepod had specific growth rate and higher survival, but it was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from PL fed on ACM-cultured microalgae and WW-cultured copepod, indicate that P. maculatum has potential to be used as live feed for the hatchery rearing of L. vannamei PLs, in replacing microdiet. Further study is needed on optimization of wastewater-cultured copepod as a live feed to yield maximum growth and survival.

This paper deals with the singularly perturbed boundary value problem for a second order delay differential equation. Similar boundary value problems are associated with expected first-exit times of the membrane potential in models of neurons. A difference scheme on a uniform mesh is accomplished by the method based on cubic spline in tension. The difference scheme is shown to converge to the continuous solution uniformly with respect to the perturbation parameter, which is illustrated with numerical results.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness and conductivities in a flexible conducting polymer composite film, prepared via a simple solvent cast method, of PVDF incorporated with Au–MWCNT are studied. The scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that the Au-loaded MWCNT uniformly dispersed in PVDF. The HRTEM images show that Au nanoparticles having a particle size of 20–30 nm have been deposited on the nodes of the MWCNT. The values of dielectric constant were found to be 12.11 and 13.89 at 1 MHz upon the incorporation of 1 and 3 wt % MWCNT in PVDF. The impedance and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness studies reveal that the polymer nanocomposites possess enhanced conductivity of 1.12 × 10–4 S/cm at 1 MHz, minimum return loss of 4.4 dB, and effective electromagnetic shielding of 26.7 dB at 12 GHz for 3 wt % Au NPs in 3 wt % MWCNT/PVDF thin film.

Nitrogenous compounds are major contaminants in aquaculture effluent and thereby needs a potential candidate for removing these nutrients. The present study tested the efficacy of immobilized microalga, diatom Amphora sp. and copepod Oithona rigida to remove excessive nutrients from the shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured effluents. Nutrient removal was evaluated with five different combinations: (1) copepod, O. rigida; (2) immobilized Picochlorum maculatum and copepod O. rigida; (3) immobilized P. maculatum; (4) immobilized Amphora sp. and copepod O. rigida; and only (5) immobilized diatom, Amphora sp. Preliminary studies showed maximum reduction of about nitrate 86% and nitrite 88% in treatment 2–4, respectively. The maximum phosphate (69%) and ammonia (91%) removal was recorded in the treatment 3. In disparity, the phosphate concentration recorded was significantly higher (6%) at the end of the experiment in the treatment 1 than other experiments. While in the treatments 1, 2, and 4 the cope...

Central venous cannulation is routinely done to infuse inotropes, for measuring central venous pressure, for total parenteral infusion, for large-bore venous access, and for infusing chemotherapeutic drugs. Various complications like pneumothorax, hemothorax, chylothorax, malposition, and fracture of catheters are described after central venous cannulation. Malpostioning of a central venous catheter into an anomalously draining left-sided pulmonary vein is a rare complication. We report a case of a patient presenting for carotid body tumor excision in whom the central venous catheter was malpositioned who was found to have a partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the left lung.

Hydrogen bonds in biological macromolecules play significant structural and functional roles. They are the key contributors to most of the interactions without which no living system exists. In view of this, a web-based computing server, the Hydrogen Bonds Computing Server (HBCS), has been developed to compute hydrogen-bond interactions and their standard deviations for any given macromolecular structure. The computing server is connected to a locally maintained Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive. Thus, the user can calculate the above parameters for any deposited structure, and options have also been provided for the user to upload a structure in PDB format from the client machine. In addition, the server has been interfaced with the molecular viewers Jmol and JSmol to visualize the hydrogen-bond interactions. The proposed server is freely available and accessible via the World Wide Web at http://bioserver1.physics.iisc.ernet.in/hbcs/.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a new trend in manufacturing in which computer aided design (CAD) 3D model file is used to make a solid physical model of the designed part. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) a technique in additive manufacturing has revolutionized engineering in various applications. One of the significant impacts of this technology is on the medical industries. The most substantial reason is because of this technology’s facility to convert 3D medical imaging data into solid objects. The productional cost of an implant and other instruments reduced because of the ease of this technology which significantly reduced the cost charged from the patients. Polylactic acid (PLA) is conceivably one of the best-known polymers shaped from renewable raw materials such as sugar cane and corn starch. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is an FDA approved low toxicity material which is in re water-soluble liquid state or waxy solid-state. It is used in preparations of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Most of the emulsifying or wetting agents and lubricants are manufactured using PEG. Also, PEGs are suitable plasticizers owing to their low glass transition temperature. PLA/PEG has a hopeful probable for large-scale manufacture of green composites towards various applications in biomedical fields. In this research work, PEG reinforced polylactic acid composite were produced in 2, 5 and 10 wt. % PEG content by a single-screw extruder in filament form. The results obtained during the experiment indicated that PEG concentration enhances the processing of PLA, but changes in various features like relevant surface, geometry ad structure were observed. The addition of PEG in PLA had significantly changed the rate of degradation of the FDM fabricated scaffolds.

Growing awareness about natural resources the environmental guidelines are fortified researchers to practice it for structural claims. Sisal fibers are abundantly available and they are less in cost compared with steel reinforcement. Sisal fibre is solitary promising reinforcements in fibre-reinforced polymer composites because of increased in tensile strength. Traditionally sisal fibres were used to make ropes, due to these high tensile properties in the sisal fibre it can be molded into the form of a stirrup by using Pultrusion process and hand layup method. which leads to the replacement of steel stirrups. The beams were casted with steel stirrups and sisal fibre stirrups and tested. On comparison of the results sisal fibre stirrups showed slightly increase in flexural strength but crack width is more compared to beams with steel stirrups. Due to their superior corrosion resistance of SIFRP (Sisal fibre reinforced polymer), it increases the durability. But the brittleness of SIFRP and their inferior bonding performance with concrete needs to be addressed.

Nowadays researchers are nominating microalgae for efficient treatment of effluents as well as producing plenty number of value added products by the same. This paper deals with the development of low cost culture medium using rice mill effluent (RME) for culturing fresh water microalga Scenedesmus pecsensis for valuable biomass production. The present study also examined the excessive nutrients removal from the RME. The experiments have been made to investigate the biomass production and nutrient consumption ability of S. pecsensis in RME using two different samples such as raw and autoclaved with help of cultivation. The highest phosphate (68.12%) and nitrogen (49.32%) elimination were observed with highest growth (0.956abs) and biomass production (5.27 g L−1) in autoclaved RME. While using commercial low cost fertilizers for biochemical production, the highest protein (472 mg G−1 DW) and carbohydrate (223 mg G−1 DW) yield was provided by Urea + Autoclaved RME.

In recent years, Hardware Trojans (HT)have become an increasing concern due to outsourcing the manufacturing of Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs). Power Analysis based Side-Channel Attack (SCA)is one of the main methods of detecting HT in IMDs. However, using SCA in detecting trojans is limited by the large process variation effects in IC technology which has reduced detection sensitivity of ultra-small trojans. Along with the safety of IMDs against HTs, the need for power management has also risen in parallel with the increasing complexity of IMDs. In this paper, we are analyzing the usefulness of Differential Power Analysis (DPA)resistant adiabatic logic gates to detect smaller trojans. DPA resistant adiabatic logic gates consume uniform power irrespective of input data transition and also consume lower power compared to conventional CMOS logic gates. When the HT is triggered in the DPA resistant circuits, the circuit will have non-uniform power consumption which will help us to easily identify HTs. In order to validate our proposed methodology, we have implemented a C17 and a carry save adder using a recently proposed DPA resistant adiabatic logic family called Energy-Efficient Secure Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic Family (EE-SPFAL). Further, in order to calculate the true energy-efficiency of the EE-SPFAL logic, we have proposed a four phase Power Clock Generator (PCG)and integrated with the EE-SPFAL logic circuits. Simulations are performed in Cadence Spectre using 180nm CMOS technology. From our simulations, we have observed the non-uniform power consumption, during the activation of HT, in EE-SPFAL based C17 and carry save adder circuit. Further, EE-SPFAL based C17 and carry save adder along with its PCG consume 25.8% and 31.4% of less power as compared to the conventional CMOS based C17 and carry save adder respectively.

Intensive production of marine shrimp is mainly depending on live prey in rearing of the first feeding shrimp larval stages. Commonly rotifers and brine shrimps are the primary live feed for the shrimp, and commercial shrimp production has conventionally acclimatized with this. Because, commercial scale need fast growing and high reproductive rates live pray and they mainly depend on rotifers which fulfil all the requirements. At the same time, brine shrimp Artemia can be collected in nature and stored as cysts until needed. Regrettably, still marine larviculture faces an unbalanced live feed which contains low nutritional compositions, and it reflects in shrimp larval survival and their disease resistance capability. While there is a mass production of shrimp larvae, the high and fluctuating costs of Artemia push to find an alternative live prey such as copepods (Abate et al. 2015; Drillet et al. 2008).

Absorption and adsorptions of pollutants involve the irons binding by either nonliving (biosorption) or living (bioaccumulation) biomass in addition to environmental factors influencing such remediation as mentioned in Fig. 1. Barron (1995) defined bioaccumulation process as gathering of pollutants, such as nutrients (nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, organic and inorganic carbon compounds), metals, pesticides, or other organic chemicals in an organism, and transferring of organic or inorganic pollutants inside of microbial organisms. Microbial organism uptakes the substances or pollutants (nutrients, metals, etc.), while the substance rate is higher than what they lost.

Microalgae are an immense group of unicellular prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms that are mainly autotrophic (Tartar et al. 2003; Ueno et al. 2003). Capability of microalgae as simple growth requirements and photoautotrophic and capacity to modulate their metabolism, make them attractive for demand by the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic or biodiesel industries. Microalgae can be used as a feed for fish larvae in aquaculture and asanimal fodder, due to their rich content of fatty acids, protein, antioxidant pigments and polysaccharides (Yaakob et al. 2014). Microalgae produce a wide variety of bioactive products with potential commercial values such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiplasmodial, enzyme-inhibiting, immunostimulant, and cytotoxic activities (Ghasemi et al. 2004). Even though the microalgae has high potential and comprise more and more bioactive substances, only β-carotene and astaxanthin have been produced at an industrial scale (Dominguez et al. 2005). This paper explains the methods involving extraction, purification, characterization, and application of bioactive compounds from phytoplankton.

For the past two decades, microalgae are cultured commercially for secondary wastewater treatment and production of human food, animal feed, fertilizer, biofuel, fine chemicals and secondary metabolites. But, success of mass culture of microalgae depends on bacteria and other contaminated cells. If it is efficient method to culture of microalgae in mass scale means, it should be contains higher biomass productivity, can grow in low light conditions and maximum utilization of carbon dioxide. In recent years, most of the world researchers focused on to develop sustainable outdoor mass scale culture techniques in low cost. Most outdoor culture techniques result in low algal density, high contamination, problem in harvesting and lipid separation from the algal cells. The low algal cell productivity of mass scale techniques has prompted the development of enriched outdoor mass culture methods like raceway, photobioreactors and attached algal culture system (Fig. 1). This chapter reveals the various techniques involving culture, havest and preparation of microalgae paste.

Climate change is one of the most serious threats for sustainable development of human society. The release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities is one of the main causes of global warming and climate change. Reducing CO2 emission and increasing carbon storage are the two major solutions to control greenhouse effects. China is now one of the world’s largest greenhouse emitters, and actively dealing with climate change by reducing emission and increasing storage has become China’s strategic consensus for economic and social development. Oceans cover approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface, and the carbon content present in the ocean is 50 times that in the atmosphere and 20 times that in the soil (Holmen 2000). Therefore, oceans are the largest carbon pools on Earth, and it also serves as a “buffer” for climate change. Approximately 30% of the CO2 produced by anthropogenic activities is absorbed by oceans (Le Quere et al. 2014) (otherwise global warming would have become more intense). In particular, the coastal oceans are mostly affected by anthropogenic activities, which account for only 8% of the global ocean area, but the amount of 20% CO2 is taken by open oceans (Field et al. 1998).

For the last three decades, since the 1990s, aquaculture has become the fastest growing animal food-producing industry in the world (FAO 2014). It has experienced a tremendous growth in productivity during this period (Asche et al. 2008, 2013). Thus, aquaculture has been one of the most promising animal food-producing sectors, with the lowest feed conversion ratio (Smil 2001), while providing sufficient and highly nutritional food for a growing world population. Particularly, the industry will play a crucial role in meeting increasing demands for healthier animal proteins and lipids. Thus, the contribution of aquaculture in alleviating obesity and its resultant health and social benefits is clear and should not be underestimated.

Copepods are the main prey for fish and other crustacean larvae in the marine environment compared to other preys (Stottrup 2000; Ostergaard et al. 2005; Sampey et al. 2007). Their dietic value to fish larvae is known to be greater than the rotifer, Brachionus spp. and brine shrimp Artemia spp., they are the main live prey presently used in aquaculture hatcheries widely (Stottrup 2000; Lee 2003). Using rotifers and Artemia during the early fish larval rearing periods of life history not always enhances finest larval growth since these live prey usually have an inadequate fatty acid report and, in some instances, inappropriate size (Kahan et al. 1982; Sargent et al. 1999; Holt 2003; Faulk and Holt 2005). Thus, alternative food sources that do not have these inadequacies and promote larval growth are required. Copepods, copepodites, and naupliar stages are good nominees (Holt 2003), and studies on their mass production have been developed to investigate their efficiency on novel diets in aquaculture (Drillet et al. 2006). The small cyclopoid copepod genus Oithona is one of the most prevalent and copious in temperate, tropical, and polar oceans (Gallienne and Robins 2001; Hopcroft et al. 2005; Castellani et al. 2007); Oithona sp. can be used as feed transition between Rotifera and Artemia, or as a substitution of Artemia, recently. The calcium content of Oithona sp. is higher than that of Artemia (Castellani et al. 2008). The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is also higher than that of Artemia and Rotifera. The high content of EPA/DHA will be helpful for growth improvement and survival rate and to reduce the occurrence of abnormality on shrimp and fish larvae. Oithona sp. contains immunostimulant; attractant and some significant digestive enzyme given the importance of Oithona sp. as a substitute for Artemia in the aquaculture, and also the sustainable availability of Oithona sp., were significant (Diana and Suminto 2015). Furthermore, owing to limitations of mouth gape, newly hatched larvae of some warmwater marine fish species have complexity ingesting Rotifera and Artemia nauplii but are able to feed upon copepod nauplii (Stottrup 2003). Optimizing copepod diets to meet their inclination can result in growth, egg production, and successful egg hatching (Milione and Zeng 2008; Rahman and Meyer 2009; Rahman and Verdegem 2010). Based on the commercial availability and production, the aquaculture industry is dominated by rotifers and Artemia, even though without enrichment of Artemia nauplii and rotifers did not fulfill the HUFA level required by the fish larvae (Raju 2012). The fast growth and higher survival of larvae were noticed when the fish larvae are fed with copepod alone or in combinations with other live feeds (Stottrup 2000, 2003; Payne et al. 2001; Ananthi et al. 2011; Santhanam and Perumal 2012a; Jayaraj 2012; Kathiresan 2013; Nandakumar 2015; Ananth 2015; Dinesh Kumar 2015). For the successful rearing of larvae, nutrition-rich, small-sized feed should be used. Copepods can work on it and considered as a promising live feed for larval stages of shrimp and fish (Santhanam 2002). Temperature, pH, and salinity are the main key factors that ruled the growth and reproductive potential of copepod in aquaculture systems followed by food and food concentration (Sun et al. 2008; Rhyne et al. 2009; Santhanam and Perumal 2012a; Santhanam et al. 2013; Nandakumar et al. 2015). Temperature plays a main role throughout the life cycle when the food factor is satisfactory. When pH is low in water, the skeptical damage was found in crustacean (Whiteley 2011), and growth and reproductive success were also affected (Whiteley 2011; Engstrom-Ost et al. 2014). Most of the marine invertebrates including copepods are weak during early developmental and reproductive stages (Kurihara 2008). Previous studies also suggested that the when the pH decreases, egg production, egg-hatching success, and nauplius survival also decreased (Mayor et al. 2007; Kurihara 2008). Only few reports are available on the culture of Oithona rigida with reference to environmental condition (Santhanam and Perumal 2012b; Vasudevan et al. 2013). Kahan (1979) optimized the copepod diet with vegetable juice as remedy for algal feed shortages. Though their diet depends on microalgae, we may have reinstated the algal diet with some other edible waste materials (Kahan 1979). The culture materials with various shapes will be given to troubleshoot the various physical barriers such as stable humidity, swimming activity behaviors, etc.; the type of vessels and their shape have been used since the copepod culturing mechanism begins (De Lepiney and Lionelle 1962; Santhanam et al. 2015). Light is also a complex external and ecological factor which includes spectrum of colors, intensity, and periodicity. It is considered to be a critical abiotic factor, influencing biological functions of any organism. With the above merits and demerits, the present study has been focused on optimization, and culturing O. rigida with a series of experiments was conducted to know the effect of temperature, salinity, pH, diets, and diet concentration on the survival, nauplii production rate, population density, development time, generation time, alternate diets, shape of the culture vessels, nature of the culture vessels, different light intensities, and different photo periods which have been analyzed under controlled and sophisticated laboratory condition. The main intention of this study is to develop the intensive culturing technology for copepod O. rigida to achieve greater population density of species.

Copepods comprise the first vital link in the marine food chain between primary producers and fish. The fast-growing hatchery production of larvae for mariculture, as well as the increased attention on new species and ornamental fish cultures for replacing wild fisheries, requires the development of suitable larval feeds; this need cannot be met by conventional species of live feeds, such as rotifers and Artemia. Thus, interest in copepods has increased and the use of copepods as live feed in aquaculture has gained momentum. Copepods may be the only prey of acceptable size for small larvae of some fish species or the only type of live feed that is suitable for the rearing of fishes with altricial larvae. Marine copepods are the major diet for most fish larvae in the ocean. They have high amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), either from their phytoplankton diet or accumulated despite low PUFA levels in their diet. Furthermore, copepods play an important role in fish larval digestion by producing exogenous digestive enzymes. The newly hatched marine fish larvae are very small; hence, they cannot be fed rotifers as live feed for the first feeding. This chapter discusses the methods for rearing newly hatched marine fish Asian seabass Lates calcarifer larva fed with marine copepods as live feed for the first feeding.

Salt is one of the world’s best-known minerals and the chemical substances most related with the history of human civilization (Korovessis and Lekkas 2009). Solar evaporation is a process that has been profitably used for salt production for millennia. However still, the biology of a saline ecosystem in relation with the salt production process has not been well studied. Recently many countries have shown interest in maintaining and manipulating the hypersaline ecosystem for aquaculture and other related activities. Salt pan ecosystem is highly dynamic where the organisms are subjected to vulnerable physico-chemical disturbances. Salt pans are unique enclosed ecosystem that is characteristically exposed to a wide range of environmental stress and perturbations manifest mainly through salinity changes. In the extreme astatic physico-chemical conditions of these hypersaline habitats, only a few plant and animal species can live. Salt pan ecosystem offers a number of unique ecological niches having a strange combination of environmental factors. The nutrient-rich seawater in saltworks favours algal blooms in reservoirs and evaporators.

The mangrove environment has been considered as a plankton abundant area (Robertson and Blaber 1992), and it acts as feeding and nursery platform for a variety of secondary consumers like fish and invertebrates (Chong 2007). The carbon source of mangrove wetland is the main factor for their high productivity which has always been linked to detritus-based food web (Odum and Heald 1975). Zooplankters are tiny organism which was abundantly available in all depth of the ocean. The Indian Ocean plankton bibliography was composed by Prasad (2003). Subramanian (1987) has introduced the ecological survey of primary consumers in Indian Ocean. While going in to the mangrove-associated fishes, their main primary food is zooplankton, and also there is a need to study their community structure and abundance in relation with the environment (Chong 2007). Some of the researchers has made attempt on zooplankton ecology previously in the mangrove ecosystem worldwide (Robertson et al, 1988; McKinnon and Klumpp 1998; Krumme and Liang 2004). Studying about zooplankton ecology is an important feature of biological oceanography because of their major role in the marine food chain of the aquatic environment. Zooplankton dominantly occupied the intermediate level between the primary and tertiary producers. Zooplankton distribution and their life cycle have been determined by the physical and chemical characteristics of the marine environment. The present study dealt with the assessment of diversity and abundance of zooplankton from Muthupet mangrove wetland ecosystem, Southeast coast of India, in relation to the environmental factors.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are mostly small and operate wirelessly on limited battery supply, and therefore have stringent constraints on power consumption and hardware resources. Therefore, energy-efficient (low energy) design is paramount for the successful deployment of resource constrained IoT devices. Further, Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have evolved as a popular hardware security primitive for low cost, mass produced IoT devices with very constrained resources. Energy harvesting technologies utilizing solar cells are being used in ultra-low power IoT devices to satisfy the energy requirement. In this paper, we utilize the intrinsic variations in solar cells to design a novel solar cell based PUF. As a proof of concept, we have used the Tiva TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller to build our solar cell based PUF. From our experiments, we found that the proposed solar cell based PUF has the uniformity value of 49.21% which is close to the ideal value of 50%. Further, the proposed solar cell based PUF has worst case reliabilities of 92.97% and 90.62% with variations in temperature and light intensity, respectively.

CXCL14 is a CXC chemokine family that exhibits antimicrobial activity and contains an amphipathic cationic α-helical region in the C-terminus, a characteristic structure of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study, we designed three analogs of CXCL1459–75 (named CXCL14-C17) corresponding to the C-terminal α-helix of CXCL14, which displayed potential antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 4−16 μM without mammalian cell toxicity. Furthermore, two CXCL14-C17 analogs (CXCL14-C17-a1 and CXCL14-C17-a3) with improved cell selectivity were engineered by introducing Lys, Arg, or Trp in CXCL14-C17. Additionally, CXCL14-C17 analogs showed much greater synergistic effect (FICI: 0.3125–0.375) with chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) than LL-37 did (FICI: 0.75–1.125). CXCL14-C17 analogs were more active against antibiotic-resistant bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), MDRPA, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) than LL-37 and melittin. In particular, CXCL14-C17-a2 and CXCL14-C17-a3 completely inhibited the biofilm formation at sub-MIC and all of the peptides were able to eliminate pre-formed biofilm as well. Membrane depolarization, flow cytometry, sytox green uptake, ONPG hydrolysis and confocal microscopy revealed the possible target of the native peptide (CXCL14-C17) to likely be intracellular, and the amphipathic designed analogs targeted the bacterial membrane. CXCL14-C17 also showed DNA binding characteristic activity similar to buforin-2. Interestingly, CXCL14-C17-a2 and CXCL14-C17-a3 effectively inhibited the production and expression of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that these peptides could be promising anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents.

Hardware based security vulnerabilities such as side-channel attacks, IC piracy, IC counterfeiting, etc. are major threats for the successful deployment of the embedded computing systems. Further, the embedded computing devices work on a limited power supply (battery operated devices), and therefore have stringent constraints on power consumption. In this paper, we propose Energy Recovery (ER) computing as a novel platform to design low-power hardware security primitives for embedded computing devices. As a case study, we have discussed the design of two important ER-based hardware security primitives: (i) low-power and Differential Power Analysis (DPA) resistant PRESENT cryptographic core, (ii) low-power Physically Unclonable Function (PUF). Through simulations, it is illustrated that the ER computing based hardware security primitives are low-power as compared to the existing approaches. For example, the PRESENT-80 cryptographic algorithm implemented using ER computing consumes 45% less power as compared to its CMOS implementation. Further, ER computing in emerging devices such as FinFET and Tunnel FET to design low-power hardware security primitives is also illustrated.

We have synthesized the phase-pure (1�?�x)BaTiO3�xLa0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (x�=�0.1 and 0.3) magnetoelectric composites without interdiffusion among the existing phases. The magnetic measurements revealed an anomaly at the ferroelectric Curie temperature (393�K) of BaTiO3, and the dielectric data revealed an anomaly at the ferromagnetic transition temperature (360�K) of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 ascertaining the magnetoelectric coupling in the composite. Impedance analysis indicated dipolar polarization contributions to the dielectric spectrum with two non-Debye-type relaxations. Both the grain and grain boundary contributions were present in the system with dominant grain boundary effect in all the composites. The composites show semiconducting behavior with the barrier hopping-type conducting mechanism. To avoid the free charge carrier and the space charge contributions, the magnetoelectric response was measured at high frequency range. The maximum values of magnetoelectric voltage coefficient measured at 100�kHz were 221 and 219�mV/Oe-cm for x�=�0.1 and 0.3 samples, respectively. � 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

An online computing server, Online_DPI (where DPI denotes the diffraction precision index), has been created to calculate the `Cruickshank DPI' value for a given three-dimensional protein or macromolecular structure. It also estimates the atomic coordinate error for all the atoms available in the structure. It is an easy-to-use web server that enables users to visualize the computed values dynamically on the client machine. Users can provide the Protein Data Bank (PDB) identification code or upload the three-dimensional atomic coordinates from the client machine. The computed DPI value for the structure and the atomic coordinate errors for all the atoms are included in the revised PDB file. Further, users can graphically view the atomic coordinate error along with `temperature factors' (i.e. atomic displacement parameters). In addition, the computing engine is interfaced with an up-to-date local copy of the Protein Data Bank. New entries are updated every week, and thus users can access all the structures available in the Protein Data Bank. The computing engine is freely accessible online at http://cluster.physics.iisc.ernet.in/dpi/.

The aim of the present study was the removal of phosphate and nitrate by sodium alginate seagrass (Cymodocea rotundata) beads from aqueous solutions. The adsorption characteristics of phosphate and nitrate on the seagrass beads were optimized under different operational parameters like adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of phosphate and nitrate, retention time and pH. The results showed that 71% of phosphate and 62% of nitrate removal was obtained using this seagrass beads. It is concluded that seagrass beads is a relatively efficient, low cost and easily available adsorbent for the treatment of nutrients rich wastewater. Key words: Biosorption, seagrass, Cymodocea rotundata, nutrients, beads.

Cables are an integral part of the power transmission and distribution network. As the voltage level increases, amount of insulation used in the cable increases. Therefore a need arises for a material with better insulation characteristics to be used in cables. The dielectric strength of cable insulation depends on many factors such as the existence of filler material in the insulation. In this work, laboratory studies on a new filler material for cable insulation have been conducted. The influence of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) filler on the dielectric and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cable were analyzed. Comparison is made between the result of measurement and the actual value of the pure specimen. From the results, it is shown that the filler material has improved the dielectric and mechanical properties of the cable insulation.

This study explore the SAR coupled with optical data for the delineation of coral reef area in and around the Boat Island of Andaman. The study found that wave interactions with the microwave signal make the spectacular pattern which leads to the delineation of coral area from SAR data. IRS RISAT-1 has the capability to acquire image in different polarization and incident angle, which is explored in this study to segregate coral from the open ocean. K-means unsupervised classification was performed on SAR image and the result shows the high incident angle (43.39 $$ {}^{\circ} $$ ) HV polarized image was suitable for delineating the reef edge because of the linear stretch of wave breakage. The low incident angle (27.04 $$ {}^{\circ} $$ ) HH polarized image was found to suitable for identifying reef flats in the coastal zone by comparing the wave action in open sea. The protection of Coral reefs requires frequent monitoring. However accessing such area in Andaman Islands is very difficult task due to accessibility, security and climatic concerns. Hence the study proposed to use radar coupled with multispectral image for coral reef mapping in such area. However data selection should be based on study area environments, wave direction and wave height.

Lightweight cryptography (LWC) provides cryptographic solutions for resource-constrained devices such as RFID tags, industrial controllers, sensor nodes, and smart cards. LWC based devices have stringent constraints on power consumption and are vulnerable to side-channel attacks such as Differential Power Analysis (DPA). The existing CMOS-based countermeasures for DPA are not suitable for circuits working under power constraints. Energy recovery logic is a promising computing paradigm for designing low-power and DPA-resistant hardware. Further, it has been proven that emerging transistors could help mitigate DPA attacks while consuming low power. This work investigates the utility of emerging Tunnel FET (TFET) transistors in the energy recovery circuits to design low-power and DPA resistant LWC circuits. The PRESENT-80 LWC algorithm is used as a benchmark circuit. The PRESENT-80 algorithm is implemented using TFET based Symmetric Pass Gate Adiabatic Logic (TunSAL). SPICE simulations at 12.5 MHz validated that one round of PRESENT-80 implemented using TunSAL has power saving of 62% and 28% in comparison to CMOS-SPGAL and FinFET-SPGAL (FinSAL), respectively. The security of TunSAL based PRESENT-80 has been evaluated by performing a DPA attack through SPICE simulations. We proved that PRESENT-80 algorithm implemented using TunSAL is resistant to DPA attacks.

Recent trends in the field of high voltage engineering attracts attention over the development of advanced electrical insulation systems. Electrical treeing due to highly divergent electric stress is one of the major threats to the electrical insulation. Once a treeing channel is incepted, it will lead to the propagation of electrical trees followed by insulation failure and electrical breakdown. Inclusion of nano-fillers in the base polymer(Epoxy resin) is found to resist the propagation of trees and improves the breakdown strength. This work attempts to study the effect of nano-fillers such as TiO 2 , ZnO, MgO with various filler concentrations for one gap distance. Test samples are made with needle plane electrode configuration to express the real time highly divergent electric field stress experienced by the cables. Neat epoxy samples were used as reference. High voltage AC at power frequency is the waveform used for the tests. The results show that Titanium oxide nano-composites exhibits higher breakdown strength than zinc oxide and Magnesium oxide nano-composites at 2 wt. % concentration. Further analysis of the results exhibits that 2 wt. % nano-fillers enhances while 1 wt. % worsens the electrical treeing resistance than neat epoxy.

Light weight concrete (LWC) shall be stated as a type of concrete which includes as a rising agent and it increases the quantity of mixture despite the fact that lowering the dead weight. When compare to normal concrete its weight is less and dry density lesser than 2000kg/m3. The major specialties of the LWC are the less density and low thermal conductivity. The objective of this investigation is to develop the most economical light weight concrete for building with satisfactory amount of compressive strength. Fly ash replacement is fixed to as 5%, 10%and 15 % of the cement in the mixture. The percentage addition of aluminum powder is limited to three categories that are 0, 0.5 and 1 to the light weight concrete mixture. At 15 % replacement of fly ash, the tested concrete block have maximum compressive strength and split tensile strength. It is found that, after adding up of aluminum powder, there is a gradual decrease in compressive strength and split tensile strength. Combination of fly Ash (15%) and Aluminum powder (0.25%) gives higher compressive strength and split tensile strength. https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150398

Adiabatic logic is one of the promising computing paradigm to design energy-efficient and Differential Power Analysis (DPA)-resistant hardware. However, CMOS based adiabatic logic suffers from high leakage power. In order to reduce the leakage power in the existing DPA-resistant adiabatic logic families, we are investigating the usefulness of Ultra-Thin-Body Silicon-On-Insulator (UTB-SOI) devices as the replacement of CMOS devices. As a case study, we have implemented the PRESENT-80 Light Weight Cryptography (LWC) algorithm in UTB-SOI based Symmetric Pass Gate Adiabatic Logic (SPGAL). The security of UTB-SOI SPGAL based PRESENT-80 has been evaluated by performing a DPA attack through SPICE simulations. We proved that the UTB-SOI SPGAL implementation of the PRESENT-80 algorithm is resistant to DPA attacks. SPICE simulations show that the consumption of leakage power for UTB-SOI SPGAL XOR gate is 60% less in comparison to CMOS SPGAL XOR gate. It is also shown that, one round of PRESENT-80 simulated using UTB-SOI SPGAL consumes 36% less power in comparison to CMOS SPGAL one round of PRESENT-80.

The improvisation of the treatment procedures for treating the various kind of bone defects such as, bone or dental trauma and for diseases such as osteoporosis, osteomyelitis etc., need the suitable and promising biomaterials with resemblance of bone components. Bioactive glass ceramic (BGC) has recently acquired great attention as the most promising biomaterials; hence it has been widely applied as a filler material for bone tissue regeneration. Because it elicts specific biological responses after implantation in addition more potential in formation of strong interface with both hard and soft tissues by dissolution of calcium and phosphate ions. Hence, the current focus in treating the bone defects by orchestrating the biomaterial in combination of alternative medicine such as homeopathic remedies with biomaterials to prevent the adverse effects at minimal concentrations. So the current study was focused on constructing the nano-bioglass ceramic particles (nBGC) doped with novel homeopathic remedy Calcarea phosphorica for dental and bone therapeutic implants. The nBGC particles were synthesized by sol-gel method and reinforced with commercially available Calcarea phosphorica. The synthesized particles were characterized by SEM, DLS, EDS, FT-IR, and XRD studies. The SEM and DLS were shown the size of the particles at nano scale, also the EDS, and FT-IR investigations indicated that the Calcarea phosphorica was integrated with nBGC particles and also the crystalline nature of particles was confirmed by XRD studies. Both nBGC and Calcarea phosphorica doped nBGC (CP-nBGC) were found to be non toxic to mouse mesenchymal stem cells at lower concentrations and also illustrated the better bone forming ability in vitro.

The marine microalga Chlorella sp. (PSDK01) was cultured in shrimp-cultured effluent under different initial population densities (IPDs) ranging from 0.25 to 12.0 g L−1 for dual purpose (excess nutrient consumption and biomass productivity). It was found that the IPD had affected the nutrient consumption and biomass significantly (P

This paper presents the review of the effects of bioremediation on the denim textile effluent using adapted bacterial cells immobilized on polyurethane foam. It further examines the various methods used in the biodecolorization of the industrial wastewater including the action of oxidative enzymes. Bacterial biofilms have great potential for the sustainable production of enzymes because of their high resistant, inherent characteristic of self immobilization and long term activity. It was also found that bacterial biofilm is widely used to treat textile wastewater because of the advantage derived from its ability to withstand under extreme conditions with their action of oxidoreductase enzymes.