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The current pandemic scenario is trying with the administration limits and wellbeing health frameworks across countries, and handles its socio-economic consequences. According to different reports, the health emergency which initially began as a wellbeing crisis has converted a worldwide financial turmoil on scales like the incredible downturn of 2007-08. According to the World Economic Outlook, the projection of worldwide development in 2020 will tumble to - 3 percent which is essentially lower than the development paces of - 0.1 percent during the 2009 financial turmoil. This has the monetary effect of Covid-19 far more highly contrasted with the 2009 worldwide financial crisis, making it the most exceedingly terrible downturn since the Great Depression of 1930s. An earnestattempt has been made in this paper to articulate the Indias Balance of payment position duringthe pandemic period. To conclude, No doubt the Indias balance of payment is surplus after a long gap of 18 years. &nbsp

Background: Vagal indigestion in cattle is an abdominal disorder resulting from mechanical or functional obstruction of the fore stomach and/or abomasum outflow. Prognosis is usually poor except in late pregnancy indigestion. A Holstein- Friesian cow in late pregnancy was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex with the complaint of hyporexia, papple-shaped abdomen, dyschezia and voidance of pellety or dark scanty and greenish pasty dung for 8 days. Methods: Physical examination revealed papple-shaped abdomen. Rectal examination revealed L-shaped rumen and dilated intestinal loops. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed neutrophilia, hyperglobulinemia, hypocalcaemia and hypokalemia. Blood gas analysis revealed no alterations. Ultrasonogram revealed normal architecture and motility of abomasum and absence of impaction. Result: Type II vagal digestion was identified as a cause in association with functional (adynamic) ileus which was due to with hypokalemic alkalosis and hypocalcaemia. The case responded to the treatment with cholinergic drugs, fluid therapy, antibiotics, antiinflammatory drugs and oral electrolytes.

Now a day, privacy-preserved data mining is an important research topic that finds significant information from the database while hiding sensitive information. Numbers of algorithms are presented for concealing sensitive information. This paper presents the privacy preserved association rule mining by constraint-based objective function and the genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed method uses the Frequent Pattern (FP)-Growth algorithm for mining the association rules from the database. At first, the FP-Growth algorithm extracts the FPs from the database by applying the support threshold and then, generates the association rules from the FPs by applying the confidence threshold. Then, the generated association rules are processed by the GA for producing the privacy preserved association rules while preserving the sensitive rules. Finally, the privacy preserved association rules are provided to the third party users. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated with the existing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for the evaluation metrics' privacy and utility. The experimental results show that the proposed method mines the privacy preserved association rules from the database with the maximum privacy of 0.124 and the minimum utility of 0.0989 when compared to the existing method.

In this study 55 promising rice varieties cultivated in Tamil Nadu was selected and raised in Randomized Block design with two replications. To reveal the nature and degree of correlation and path analysis between yield and quality traits. The results of correlation analysis showed traits like number of filled grains per panicle, productive tillers per plant had positive significant association with the single plant yield. The direct and indirect effects through path coefficient analysis unveils maximum positive direct effect of single plant yield with number of productive tillers recorded followed by days to fifty percent flowering, number of filled grains, gel consistency, 1000 grain weight and hulling percentage in both genotypical and phenotypical path analysis Therefore, the trait number of productive tillers per plant plays a major role in shaping the single plant yield in rice on which selection pressure has to be applied for increasing the seed yield.

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) are the pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of preimplantation embryos at embryonic day 3.5 (E3.5) and postimplantation embryos at E5.5-E7.5, respectively. Depending on their environment, PSCs can exist in the so-called naïve (ESCs) or primed (EpiSCs) states. Exposure to EpiSC or human ESC (hESC) culture condition can convert mESCs towards an EpiSC-like state. Here, we show that the undifferentiated epiblast state is however not stabilized in a sustained manner when exposing mESCs to hESC or EpiSC culture condition. Rather, prolonged exposure to EpiSC condition promotes a transition to a primitive streak- (PS-) like state via an unbiased epiblast-like intermediate. We show that the Brachyury-positive PS-like state is likely promoted by endogenous WNT signaling, highlighting a possible species difference between mouse epiblast-like stem cells and human Embryonic Stem Cells.

This study is concerned about the stabilization for delayed fuzzy neutral-type system (DFNTS) with uncertain parameters under intermittent control. Firstly, by constructing the augmented Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF) about different time delays along with single and double auxillary function-based integral inequalities (SAFBII, and DAFBII, respectively), a new class of delay-dependent adequate conditions are proposed, so that the robust fuzzy neutral-type system under consideration is guaranteed to be globally asymptotically stable (GAS). Secondly, the intermittent control (IC) is introduced to stabilize the system with mixed time-varying delays. In the view of inferred adequate conditions, the IC parameters are determined as for the arrangement of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). It is noted that the strategies exploited in this work are apart from the other methods engaged in the literature, and the proposed conditions are less conservative. Finally, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed techniques in this work. One of the practical applications is single-link robot arm (SLRA) model to show the viability and benefits of the structured intermittent control.

Introduction: RTA occurs commonly in young adults,so polytrauma including vascular injury is commonly managed in our institution,and this study is to analyse the out comes brachial artery injury repair Methods: This is a prospective study from august 2015 to may 2018,. All patients admitted with upper limb vascular trauma with brachial artery injury (n=27) included in our study. Results: Though graft thrombosis or anastomotic thrombosis seen in two patients,on 3rd or 4th post operative day, the limb salvage rate is 100% in our study. Conclusion: Since brachial artery injury commonly occurs in young individuals timely intervention saves the upper limb in most cases so that they can do their works which is essential for their family because they are the breadwinners of the family.

The security of the data becomes the main concern due to the quick rise in the exchange of data over the open networks and the Internet. The cryptographic techniques based on chaos theory reveal some novel and effectual orders to develop secure image encryption approaches. Images are the most attractive kinds of data in the encryption domain. In current years, the chaos-based cryptographic techniques have provided an efficient way to expand secure image encryption frameworks. This proposal temps to develop an optimized HCM for promoting novel image encryption. The proposed image encryption model involves 4 steps, such as image pre-processing, key generation, image encryption using optimized HCM, and image decryption. In the pre-processing, the RGB image is converted into a grayscale image, and the key is generated by the SHA-256 cryptographic hash algorithm. Further, the encryption of the image is performed by HCM with the integration of 2DLCM, and PWLCM. While hybridizing the two chaotic maps for image encryption, parameter tuning or optimization is performed for improving its performance. Moreover, Information entropy is considered as the objective model that has to be maximized while tuning the parameters, and the maximum value of information entropy will mean the best performance. An improvement in the well-known optimization algorithms termed as CI-WOA is adopted for performing the parameter optimization of HCM. Hence, the optimized HCM-based image encryption can be confirmed as an efficient and secure way for all types of image transmissions.

Optimization of operational parameters to achieve higher tensile strength in Al5052-SS316 explosive cladding is attempted. The operational parameters viz., standoff distance, loading ratio (mass of explosive/mass of flyer plate), inclination angle and interlayer were varied in three levels, and their optimum levels were determined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) concluded that all the chosen operational parameters influences the tensile strength of the dissimilar explosive clads with different interlayer. The maximum tensile strength is obtained for the experimental condition having stainless steel interlayer, loading ratio-1.0, initial angle-100 and standoff distance-10 mm. In addition, a mathematical model is formulated to estimate the tensile strength of different interlayered Al 5052-SS 316 explosive clads.

The Zn-Ni-Co alloy anode has been prepared using electrochemical deposition from ZnSO4, CoCl2 and NiCl2 plating bath at a current density of 0.070A/dm2. The current density optimization was carried out using hull cell test method. The efficiency of the plating bath is observed to be around 76.41% for Zn-Ni-Co alloy anode. The anodes like Zn-Ni-Co, Zn-Co, Zn-Ni and Zn-Ni-Cr were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the formation of alloys of a crystal structure monoclinic has been confirmed. The alloying of Zn-Ni-Co is analysed qualitatively by electrochemical method using cyclic voltammetry in 0.5 M of Li2SO4 Solution. The Zn-Ni-Co has shown respective oxidation and reduction peaks with respect to Ag/AgCl electrode. The electrochemical active surface areas of Co based electrodes are identified to be higher when correlated to Zn, Ni and Cr. The Zn-Ni-Co alloy is identified to possess higher Li-ion diffusion co-efficient when compared to all the electrodes. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the present times, a lot of research are being conducted in automobile sector for improving the performance of Internal Combustion Engines. In this paper, an attempt has been made to enhance the performance aspects and reduce emissions of High Velocity Oxy Fuel thermal spray coated piston incorporated Internal Combustion engine, by using Exhaust Gas Recirculation. By using Zirconium Dioxide and Aluminium Oxide, the piston was coated and used in the combustion evaluation experiments. The important internal combustion engine process parameters were optimized by using a central composite design model, which was evaluated using Analysis of variance. The combustion process parameters were optimized so as to enhance the Brake Thermal Efficiency to maximum extent and reduce emission of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) to minimum. At optimized combustion process parameters maximum Brake Thermal Efficiency of 29.1% and minimum NOx at 688 ppm, 21.8 ppm of unburnt hydro carbons and 11.08% smoke opacity was observed, which was validated to a very high level of predictability.

The development of sensors for rapid detection of chemical explosives with high sensitivity and selectivity is the focus of many research groups. In this work, we have developed a simple and straightforward synthesis of a block (co)polymer functionalized with pyrazoloanthrone (SP). The block (co)polymer was synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate using a PEG-functionalized RAFT-agent. Subsequently, the SP was coupled to the poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) block through DCC coupling. The structural and physicochemical properties of the (co)polymer were studied to explore its potential towards the detection of nitroaromatics as a model for explosives. A systematic comparison is made on the chemosensing behavior of the (co)polymer and three small molecule pyrazoloanthrone analogues with different functional groups (SP, SP–OH and SP–COOH). Fluorescence studies demonstrated a significant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the four fluorophores in the presence of different nitroaromatics and showed unprecedented selectivity for 2,4,6 trinitrophenol (TNP). The Stern–Volmer rate constants (Ksv) of the SP-functionalized copolymer (Ksv = 9.74 × 104 M−1) showed an ∼3.7 times higher quenching rate constant than its monomer analog (SP) for TNP with a limit of detection (LOD) of 19 ppm. A static quenching mechanism with photoinduced electron transfer process, intermolecular hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions induce turn off fluorescence behavior. The interference studies with other nitroaromatics in an aqueous medium and real-time analysis in the solid-state methods demonstrate the potential of the block (co)polymer towards practical applications.

In recent times, enormous efforts are being made by researchers for the enhancement of the overall efficiency of internal combustion engines. In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the fluctuations in performance and emission aspects of High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coated internal combustion engine. The internal headlining of the piston was coated with Zirconium Dioxide and Aluminium Oxide. Engine performance was evaluated at four different injection timing retardations such as 22°CA, 20°CA, 18°CA and 16°CA and compared with baseline 23°CA injection timing. Using diesel, the coated internal combustion engine was run and the fluctuations in performance, combustion and emission characteristics were investigated. Out of the four retarded injection timing retardations, the engine registered 29.6% brake thermal efficiency, 0.213 kg/kW of specific fuel consumption, 203 °C exhaust gas temperature, 42.4 bar peak cylinder pressure and reduced emissions such as oxides of nitrogen, unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, smoke opacity at 18°CA.

Anion recognition and sensing via artificial receptors have attracted a great deal of attention due to their significant role in chemical, biological, medical, and environmental applications. In the present investigation, we have demonstrated facile and straightforward synthesis of three low molecular weight fluorophore molecules designated as 2,7 - dihydrobenzo [1,2,3 - cd:4,5,6-c'd']bis(indazole) [DHBBI], 2-(benzo[1,2,3-cd:4,5,6-c'd']bis(indazole)-2(7H)-yl)ethanol [DHBBI-OH] and 2-(benzo[1,2,3-cd:4,5,6-c'd']bis(indazole)-2(7H)-yl)ethyl methacrylate [DHBBI-MA] for the fluorometric detection of fluoride and thiocyanate ions in solution phase. DHBBI was synthesized by a condensation reaction of 1,5-dichloroanthraquinone with hydrazine monohydrate. DHBBI-OH was synthesized by the reaction of DHBBI with 2-bromoethanol using K2CO3 as base whereas, DHBBI-MA was synthesized by the reaction of DHBBI-OH with methacrylic anhydride using dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP). Novel three molecules were characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, HR-MS and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The strong fluorescence nature of the compounds was further analyzed towards the detection of different ions. All the compounds DHBBI, DHBBI-OH, and DHBBI-MA showed turn on fluorescence behavior for fluoride (F-) ion and turn off fluorescence behavior for thiocyanate (SCN-) ion respectively.

The development of a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach is necessary due to climate changes. The green synthesis method is the best alternative to prepare silver (Ag) nanoparticles, paying great attention due to the physical and chemical properties. In this study, Ag nanoparticles were synthesized from the leaf extracts of azadirachta indica (neem) at room temperature. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. FTIR spectrum exhibits the reducing biomolecules within the plant leaf extract. The average crystalline size 57.04 nm was calculated using Debye’s Scherrer’s formula by the XRD pattern. SEM micrograph shows the spherical shape nanoparticles with less agglomerations.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared at room temperature by the sol–gel process using titanium butoxide (Ti(OBu)4) precursor. The synthesized nanoparticles were calcinated at 500 °C for 60 min. The optical and morphological properties were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle size analyzer (dynamic light scattering, DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), fluorescence (FL), and UV–Visible spectroscopy. UV–Visible absorption spectrum showed the absorbance peak in the ultraviolet region ~ 380 nm and FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of anatase-TiO2 from 400 to 1000 cm−1. SEM micrograph depicted the agglomeration of TiO2 nanoparticles is due to the adhesion of nanoparticles to each other and diffused boundaries. The nanoparticles size was found 131 nm by DLS particle size analyzer. Further, FL spectroscopy revealed the emission spectrum at 360 nm with that the high excitation peak appeared at 644 nm which is indicating the strong red-shift in the spectral region.

The trinity Zn–Ni-Co alloy anode is inclined by electrodepostion methodology. The electrodes prevail inspected adopting X-ray diffraction (XRD), Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) and cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical outcomes determine such effective Zn–Co–Ni alloy film conductor offers an efficiency of 0.070 A/dm2 comparing all the other compositions. The oxidation of both Zn2+ and Co2+ observed and apart from which, the oxidation of copper is also observed and which may be attributed to the porous nature of Zn/Co alloy coatings. The outcomes show such trinity Zn–Ni-Co alloy thin film conductor attained by means of electrodeposition displays a decent applicant anode element for lithium-ion batteries.

A comparative study is made between two different Compact Linear Fresnel reflector concentrating (CLFRC) systems with tubular absorber. The CLFRC systems with constant width reflectors and varying width reflectors are taken for study. The systems are analyzed with design parameters and Material study. By varying various design parameters like width of the reflector plates, shift between the plates, the height of the receiver tube from the reflector plane and diameter of the receiver tube, by using the geometrical equations calculations are done using MATLAB and the optimum values are taken for the design. The solar flux is considered to be a constant of 0.6 kW/m2. Concentrated ratio and concentrated flux are determined for each case to select the best system. Results show that the CLFRC system with constant width plates has better performance with concentration power, C.P = 3.15 kW and concentration ratio, C.R = 103.3 are better than those with varying width plates, while considering optimum design parameters of height from reflector plane, width of the plates and diameter of the receiver tube as 1.5 m, 0.03 m and 0.015 m respectively. The best system is selected through theoretical study and software analysis the system is modified with different reflectors (Glass mirror, Acrylic sheet, Chromium coated sheet, Polished Aluminum sheet) glass mirror is found to be the best reflector based on it reflectivity (ρ = 0.98) and the absorber is coated with different coating materials (Black Copper-Cu, Black Chrome- Ni-Cu/Steel, Black Nickel- Steel/Ni coated steel, Ni-Nox- Al) the best coating material is found to be Black Chrome- Ni-Cu/Steel absorber through theoretical and CFD analysis.

Vehicles of recent times have developed trends to reduce pollution, specific fuel consumption, vehicle weight, noise and to improve aerodynamic profiles and stability of vehicles. The vehicle engine performance and emission are projected to be dependent on physical parameters like the diameter of cylinder, stroke length, fuel supply, combustion methods and speed and compression ratio. This paper aims to examine and interpret the existing engine performance characteristics and to create a new model engine. In this research work, existing 120 single cylinder, 4-stroke petrol bike engine was investigated based on the following data like Stroke length (L), Bore (B), Compression ratio (Cr), Cubic centimeter (Cc), Brake horse power (BHP) and Torque (T). In this research, with respect to stroke length compare the design and performance parameters. Stroke length of the engine increase while increasing the engine bore. The engine stroke length is directly proportional to the maximum brake horse power and torque. Compression ratio slightly decrease while increasing the engine stoke length. The result indicates resemblance between the prevailing vehicles and give a new idea to design a new model single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine with high performance and low emission condition.

Organometallic Ru-arene complexes are promising as anticancer agents, but the lack of tumor uptake and poor solubility in the physiological medium impede their development. In order to deal with these challenges, we developed gold nanoparticles coated with Ru(arene)-functionalized PNVP-Py, where PNVP-Py is pyridine end-functionalized poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). It is demonstrated that these particles exhibit higher anti-proliferative activity than the individual organometallic ruthenium(ii) complex of the type [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(NN)Cl]PF6, where NN is bis(4-methoxyphenylimino)acenaphthene, against colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines. More specifically, a RuII(η6-p-cymene) complex containing a NN bidentate ligand has been prepared and characterized by spectral studies and X-ray crystallography. To tether the isolated complex onto the surface of the AuNPs, PNVP-Py, which contains a pyridine group at one end to coordinate to the Ru-complex and a suitable functional group at the other end to bind on the surface of the AuNPs, has been prepared and utilized to obtain the macromolecular complex [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(NN)(PNVP-Py)]Cl2. Next, stable Ru(p-cym)(NN)(PNVP-Py)@AuNPs were obtained via a ligand exchange reaction of citrate-stabilized AuNPs with a macromolecular complex by a direct 'grafting to' approach and characterized well. Despite the lower DNA cleavage activity, the nanoconjugate exhibits better cytotoxicity than the individual complex against HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells on account of its enhanced permeability across the cell membrane. The AO/EB staining assay revealed that the nanoconjugate is able to induce an apoptotic mode of cell death, which was further quantitatively evaluated by Annexin V-FITC/PI double assay. An immunofluorescence assay indicated the higher potency of the nanoconjugate to inhibit cyclin D1 gene expression that is required for cancer cell growth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the modification of an organometallic Ru(arene) complex into a Ru(arene)metallopolymer-gold nanoconjugate for the development of ruthenium-based nanomedicine for cancer treatment.

Forty two rice first filial crosses were generated during rabi 2018-19 period utilizing seven lines and six testers adopting line x tester crossing fashion to get a hold of yield superiority hybrids with blast tolerance. The heterotic components were investigated for yield and quality traits on test hybrids. The results signified the greater heterotic vigour for yield and its component traits while the quality traits particularly length breadth ratio, length elongation ratio breadth elongation ratio and amylase content adjudged to express lower level of heterosis. Thirty five crosses exhibited significantly positive value for relative heterosis while twenty four hybrids showed positive and significant heterobeltiosis. The cross involving White Ponni (128.73 to 157.16), IR 20 (102.85 to 133.32) and CO 50 (95.80 to 125.49) as female parent witnessed to perform extremely superior for yield among the lines deployed. Considering yield and its component traits, the crosses viz., White ponnix Thuyamalli, Whiteponnix Chandaikar, ADT 38 x ADT39, IR 20 xThuyamalli, IR 20 x ADT 39, ACK14072 xSivappumalli, CR 1009 sub 1 x ADT 39, ADT 38 xThuyamalli can be consistently exploited for evolution of great performing rice varieties.

Welding process is found to be a predominant procedure in most of the processing industries, especially in the automobile sector for maintenance operation and fabrication. Ultrasonic Polymer Welding (USW) is used for the joining process because of its flexibility and short needed welding time. In this article, two different polymer materials PC and ABS are blended in the ratio of 60:40 and molded into a sheet. Furthermore, molded PC/ABS sheets are joined using USW with different processing parameter settings. Three major influencing process parameters like pressure (P), amplitude (A) and weld time (Tw) are considered and other processing parameters are kept at constant. The experiment is carried out for 26 welded samples and from the obtained results it is noticed that the above-mentioned process parameters directly influence the tensile strength of welded joints. Additionally, the ultrasonically welded samples tensile strength is analyzed with the help of Artificial Neural Network technique (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System method (ANFIS). From the simulation results, an optimized ANFIS model provides the superior result as compared to ANN. Moreover, Scanning Electron Microscope analysis is carried out to visualize the weld interface between the joint. Also, Finite Element Modeling (ANSYS) is performed to understand the heat dissipation during the welding process.

This present study reports the influence of diverse heat input (laser power/welding speed) on the weld zone macrostructure, microstructure, micro-hardness and tensile strength of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS), butt welded by a pulsed 600 W Nd: YAG laser welding machine. The diverse heat input is implemented by altering the process parameters viz., welding speed (100–250 mm/min), laser power (500–550 W), focal position (−1 to +1 mm) and pulse frequency (10–20 Hz). Macrostructure exhibit complete penetration for a lower heat input, while formation of crater is observed, for the experimental conditions having higher heat input. Epitaxial grain growth is observed at the weld zone, and the ferrite concentration increases with the heat input. Higher micro-hardness is obtained at the weld interface, for all attempted conditions. The maximum tensile and yield strengths are obtained for the experimental condition having lower heat input. The increase in strength is attributed by the ductile mode of fracture.

Analysis of variance among lines, significant differences was observed for plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, single plant yield and 1000 grain weight while days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, panicle length, single plant yield, 1000 grain weight, milling per cent, head rice recovery, grain length, L/B ratio, kernel length after cooking, kernel breadth after cooking, breadth wise elongation ratio and amylose content exhibited significant differences among testers besides in L x T interaction, all characters along with yield. The magnitude of difference between genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation was less for the traits indicating slight influence of environment. A wide range of PCV (4.09 – 43.43 %) and GCV (6.58 – 43.39 %) was resulted for 19 traits. The presence of higher GCV and PCV observed in number of filled grains per panicle followed by single plant yield, Alkali spreading value, gel consistency and amylose content, which signifies the additive genetic control in inheritance of that trait. The presence of high scale of GCV and PCV for observed traits suggested having better possibility for the enhancement through simple selection procedure.

Aluminium composites are inevitable in the manufacture of aircraft structural elements owing to less weight, superior corrosion resistance and higher specific properties. These composites reduce the weight of the aircraft, improve the fuel efficiency and enhance the maintenance duration. This study proposes the development of dissimilar grade aluminium (aluminium 1100-aluminium 5052) composites with different reinforcement’s viz., stainless steel wire-mesh, silicon carbide (SiC) powders and SiC powder interspersed wire-mesh, by explosive cladding technique. Wire-mesh enhances the friction and restricts the movement of flyer plate to craft a defect free clad, while SiC particles form a band on the interface. Highest strength is obtained when SiC powder interspersed wire mesh is employed as reinforcement. The dissimilar aluminium explosive clad with SiC particle reinforcement results in lower strength, which is higher than that of the weaker parent alloy and that of the conventional dissimilar aluminium explosive clads without any reinforcement.

This paper deals with an integrated and interconnected stochastic queuing-inventory system with a fresh item, a returned item, and a refurbished item. This system provides a multi-type service facility to an arriving multi-class customer through a dedicated channel. It sells fresh and refurbished items, buys used items from customers, refurbishes the used items for resale, and provides a repair service for defective items. The assumption of purchasing a used item from the customer and allowing them to buy a fresh item is a new idea in stochastic queuing-inventory modeling. To do so, this system has four parallel queues to receive four classes of customers and five dedicated servers to provide a multi-type service facility. Customers are classified according to the type of service they require. Each class of arrival follows an independent Poisson process. The service time of each dedicated server is assumed to be exponentially distributed and independent. This system assumes an instantaneous ordering policy for the replenishment of a fresh item. In the long run of this considered system, the joint probability distribution of the seven-dimensional stochastic process, significant system performance measures, and the optimum total cost are to be derived using the Neuts matrix geometric technique. The main objective of the system was to increase the occurrence of all kinds of customers by providing a multi-type service facility in one place. Buying a used item is unavoidable in an emerging society because it helps form a green society. Furthermore, the numerical result shows that the assumption of a system that allows a customer to sell their used item and purchase a new item will increase the number of customers approaching the system.

Background: The principal cause of caprine enterotoxaemia is Clostridium perfringens type D which is normally resident in digestive tract and soil in fairly low numbers. Overeating of carbohydrate rich diet or sudden change in diet leads to proliferation of the bacteria and release of lethal toxins in intestine of the host. It causes sudden death in affected ruminants of different ages, though lambs of 3 to 10 weeks of age are highly susceptible. It causes sever enterocolitis with or without haemorrhagic diarrhoea and encephalitis resulting in acute nervous signs with a fatal outcome. Methods: Thirty goats of different breeds under 1-4 years age and both sex were presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli with the neurological signs and diarrhoea were the subject of study. Faecal samples were collected from all these cases and tested on spot by immunochromatographic test kit to identify the Clostridium perfringens Epsilon toxin (ETX). Blood and serum samples were collected and subjected haemato-biochemical analysis. Peripheral blood smears were also collected to rule out haemoprotozoan infections in all the cases. Result: Epsilon toxin was detected from faecal samples of 36.6 per cent of the goats. Diarrhoea was the most consistent finding which is due to enterocolitis in acute cases. A significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the neutrophils and leukocytes count and a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the levels of BUN, creatinine, glucose, ALP and chloride levels were observed. All the cases were treated with sulphadimidine at recommended dose with supportive therapy but no response was reported due to the fatal encephalitis.