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Summary The quality factor is a powerful tool for hydrocarbon detection and reservoir characterization in seismic data processing and interpretation. There are various methods for Q estimation, such as centroid frequency shift method (CFS), frequency weighted exponential method (FWE) and peak frequency shift (PFS). However each method has its own limitations. Compared with the CFS method which is under the assumption of particular source wavelet types, the FWE method is applicable for various wavelet types. In this paper, we proposed a novel method to calculate the two parameters of FWE function by the mean frequency and its deviation of power spectrum. Meanwhile we developed a new relationship between FWE function and the Q factor of the media. Synthetic data prove that the proposed method is more robust to random noise compared with traditional FWE function. Meanwhile field data test using this method also demonstrates its potential in reservoir characterization.

In this paper, the radiation physics of edge-coupled connector is investigated with sub-structure characteristic modes and the current on the signal traces of different wafers is identified as the trouble maker for the final electromagnetic interference.

Electron ptychography can in principle convert a conventional scanning electron microscope\ud (SEM) into a good quality transmission electron microscope (TEM). An improvement in\ud resolution of about a factor of 5 over the lens-defined resolution of an SEM was first\ud demonstrated in 2012 by Humphry et.al. However, the results from that work showed some\ud delocalization in the atomic fringes of the gold particles used as a test specimen for the\ud technique. Here we explore factors that result in the delocalization effect when a defocused\ud probe is used for the ptychographic data collection: source incoherence, the effects of\ud detector faults, data truncation and a poorly calibrated illumination step size (or camera\ud length). Various mitigation strategies are tested, including modal decomposition of the\ud incoherence in the beam. We reprocess the data from the original SEM experiment to show\ud that these refinements significantly improve the reconstruction.

In this paper, the MS method is applied to solve an immunity problem of harness-body co-simulation. In this immunity problem, the structure under study consists of two parts: the cable harness part (harness) and the metal surface part (body). The harness is solved using the generalized multiconductor transmission-line (GMTL) solver and the body is solved using the mixed-potential integral equation (MPIE) solver. The interactions between the harness and the body are achieved through a series of iterations called MS. The calculation results show good correlation with the reference results, which validates the accuracy of the MS method.

Unintential radiation caused by EMI (electromag-netic interference) trouble-makers has always been a vital issue to deal with. Among them, the radiation from heatsinks is a tough problem. In this paper, a characteristic mode (CM) method is proposed to identify the radiation hot spots for heatsink, and to explain the radiation phtsics. With the proposed method, by applying integral-equation (IE) based method and characteristic mode analysis, the radiation modal from each part of the structure can be quantified using the current. Therefore, the radiation hot spot can be identified. This method facilitates the CM method in real applications.

Our work addresses the problem of extracting trees from mobile laser scanning data. The work is a two step-wise strategy, including terrain point removal and tree segmentation. First, a voxel-based upward growing filtering is proposed to remove terrain points from the mobile laser scanning data. Then, a tree segmentation is presented to extract individual trees via a Euclidean distance clustering approach and Voxel-based Normalized Cut (VNCut) segmentation approach. A road section data acquired by a RIEGL VMX-450 system are selected for evaluating the proposed tree segmentation method. Qualitative analysis shows that our algorithm achieves a good performance.

What Is Known and Objective. To reevaluate the benefits and risks of corticosteroid treatment in adult patients with septic shock. Methods. This study was performed based on PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of corticosteroids versus placebo were retrieved from PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Central RCTs, and ClinicalTrials.gov from January 1980 to April 2018. We also conducted a trial sequential analysis to indicate the possibility of type I or II errors and calculate the information size. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach (GRADE) was applying to assess the certainty of evidence at the primary outcome level. Results. Twenty-one RCTs were identified and analyzed. Patients treated with corticosteroid had a 7% reduction in relative risk in 28-day all-cause mortality compared to controls (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.99). However, there were no significant differences for the intensive care unit (ICU) mortality (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.09) or in-hospital mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.11). Corticosteroids shortened the length of ICU stay by 1.04 days (RR -1.04, 95% CI -1.72 to -0.36) and the length of hospital stay by 2.49 days (RR -2.49, 95% CI -4.96 to -0.02). Corticosteroids increased the risk of hyperglycemia (RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.16) but not gastroduodenal bleeding (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.37) or superinfection (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.15). However, some date on secondary outcomes were unavailable because they were not measured or not reported in the included studies which may cause a lack of power or selective outcome reporting. The information size was calculated at 10044 patients. Trial sequential analysis showed that the meta-analysis was conclusive and the risk of type 2 error was minimal. What Is New and Conclusion. Corticosteroids are likely to be effective in reducing 28-day mortality and attenuating septic shock without increasing the rate of life-threatening complications. TSA showed that the risk of type II error in this meta-analysis was minimal and the result was conclusive.

Bacterial canker of tomato is an economically important seedborne disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm). Copper-based bactericides and seed treatment with hydrochloric acid are commonly used for bacterial canker management. Recent studies have shown that some bacteria can enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, and fail to form colonies on microbiological agar media. Bacteria in the VBNC state can recover their culturability when returned to favourable conditions. This study reports the induction of the VBNC state in Cmm by CuSO4 and low pH, and resuscitation of VBNC cells on tomato seedlings. Flow cytometry using the nucleic acid dyes SYTO 9 and propidium iodide, combined with agar plating, was used to assess VBNC cell counts. It was demonstrated that CuSO4 and low pH induced the VBNC state in Cmm and the rate of induction increased with copper ion concentration and acidity. Pathogenicity tests showed that some of the VBNC cells induced by CuSO4 retained their ability to colonize tomato seedlings but failed to produce typical bacterial canker symptoms by 2 months post-inoculation. This was probably due to low levels of resuscitation of VBNC Cmm cells resulting in low levels of initial inoculum. This study has improved understanding of the VBNC state of Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacteria. Most importantly, because copper-based chemicals and low pH conditions are used for disease management, induction of the VBNC state and subsequent resuscitation of Cmm cells on tomato seedlings may limit pathogen detection by culture-based assays yet present a risk for disease development in the field.

Power radiation and radiated coupling among different structures represent an important area for research study. The partial element equivalent circuit method (PEEC) is a powerful technique which bridges the gap between the electromagnetic and circuit theories. In this paper, we develop a new approach for PEEC to calculate the distributive power radiation and couplings. With this approach, formulations for both the radiated power and the transferred power can be evaluated. Further, the physical meanings of the power results are interpreted according to the conservation of energy law. We use electric dipoles, magnetic dipoles and patch antennas as well as coupled microstrip lines to benchmark the method. The approach can also be applied to EMC/EMI and other power dissipation computations.

The challenging potential problems associated with using airborne radar in detection of high Speed Maneuvering Dim Target (HSMDT) are the highly noise, jamming and clutter effects. The problem is not only how to remove clutter and jamming as well as the range migration and Doppler ambiguity estimation problems due to high relative speed between the targets and airborne radar. Some of the recently published works ignored the range migration problems, while the others ignored the Doppler ambiguity estimation. In this paper a new hybrid technique using Optimum Space Time Adaptive Processing (OSTAP), Second Order Keystone Transform (SOKT), and the Improved Fractional Radon Transform (IFrRT) was proposed. The OSTAP was applied as anti-jamming and clutter rejection method, the SOKT corrects the range curvature and part of the range walk, then the IFrRT estimates the target’ radial acceleration and corrects the residual range walk. The simulation demonstrates the validity and effectiveness of the proposed technique, and its advantages over the previous researches by comparing its probability of detection with the traditional methods. The new approach increases the probability of detection, and also overcomes the limitation of Doppler frequency ambiguity.

Wild watermelon is ideal rootstock for cultivated watermelon grafting because of its graft compatibility, tolerance to environmental stresses, and less effect on the fruit quality of the scion. However, it is hard to acquire the excellent wild watermelon genotype with multiple resistances through traditional breeding programs. Genetic transformation is an efficient approach for genetic improvement. In the study, we analyzed the effect of plant growth regulators on the cotyledon regeneration efficiency with the aim of establishing genetic transformation system for wild watermelon. Wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) seeds were germinated under aseptic conditions. Cotyledons were cut from five day seedlings and cultured on MS medium supplemented with different plant growth regulators. The results showed that explants cultured in MS + BA (1.0 mg/L) achieved the highest regeneration rate, and 6.3 shoots were regenerated from each explant on an average. Adventitious shoots were able to elongate on MS medium with KT concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L. On an average 62% adventitious shoots were successfully rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/L NAA. Rooted seedlings were successfully acclimatized and gradually hardened-off to green-house conditions and subsequently cultivated in soil with a mean survival rate of 80%. The cotyledon regeneration system for wild watermelon was successfully established in the study, which is needed for genetic transformation of wild watermelon in the future.

The mechanical characteristics of biaxial constitutive relationship of plain woven and fibre-reinforced-laminated composite envelopes directly determine the application security and reliability of a stratospheric airship. Based on a typical constitutive Peirce model and Serrated model of plain woven fabric, the structural components and biaxial-loading characteristics were studied for the composite envelope, and the slipping friction energy of warp and weft yarn bundles was also considered in the developed model. With the strain energy method and Castigliano's principle, the biaxial constitutive relationship of plain woven-laminated composite was proposed to combine with the micromechanics theory of laminated composites. Compared to the uniaxial/biaxial tensile tests and the scanning electron microscopy observation, the results showed a good agreement between the proposed model and the experimental data, thus verifying the accuracy of the constitutive relationship model.

Determination of the impact of a drug on human brain development relies instead on surrogate animal studies. Here we have exploited the human stem cell line, TERA2.cl.SP12 to differentiate into neurons and addressed their value as an in vitro model to evaluate the risk of developmental neurotoxicity with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The effects of four AEDs were investigated on cell viability, cell cycle and neural differentiation. Exposure to either phenobarbital (10–1000 μM), valproic acid (10–1000 μM), lamotrigine (1–100 μM) or carbamazepine (1–100 μM) for 3 days reduced viability in non-differentiating cells only at the highest concentrations tested. Viability was also reduced with lower concentrations of all AEDs in cells undergoing neural differentiation. Valproic acid and carbamazepine increased DNA fragmentation and reduced cell cycle progression. 3 days exposure at the start of neural differentiation to phenobarbital, valproic acid or lamotrigine also significantly reduced the proportion of stem cells that subsequently differentiated into neurons at 15 days in vitro. The two control agents tested, ciprofloxacin and perfluorooctanoic acid had no impact on neurogenesis in vitro. These new data show that modelling neurogenesis in vitro using a human stem cell line may be a powerful method to predict risks of developmental neurotoxicity in vivo with psychotropic drugs.

Alkali stress is an important agricultural problem that affects plant metabolism, specifically root physiology. In this study, using two rice cultivars differing in alkali resistance, we investigated the physiological and molecular responses of rice plants to alkali stress. Compared to the alkali-sensitive cultivar (SC), the alkali-tolerant cultivar (TC) maintained higher photosynthesis and root system activity under alkali stress. Correspondingly, the Na+ content in its shoots was much lower, and the contents of mineral ions (e.g., K+, NO3 −, and H2PO4 −) in its roots was higher than those of the SC. These data showed that the metabolic regulation of roots might play a central role in rice alkali tolerance. Gene expression differences between the cultivars were much greater in roots than in shoots. In roots, 46.5% (20 of 43) of selected genes indicated over fivefold expression differences between cultivars under alkali stress. The TC had higher root system activity that might protect shoots from Na+ injury and maintain normal metabolic processes. During adaptation of TC to alkali stress, OsSOS1 (salt overly sensitive protein 1) may mediate Na+ exclusion from shoots or roots. Under alkali stress, SC could accumulate Na+ up to toxic concentrations due to relatively low expression of OsSOS1 in shoots. It possibly harmed chloroplasts and influenced photorespiration processes, thus reducing NH4 + production from photorespiration. Under alkali stress, TC was able to maintain normal nitrogen metabolism, which might be important for resisting alkali stress.

Stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating disease of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in Anhui Province of China. The fungicide carbendazim (methyl benzimidazole-2-yl carbamate; MBC) has been used to control this fungal disease since the 1980s. In the present study, 74 isolates of S. sclerotiorum from 13 regions of Anhui were collected, and the sensitivities of these isolates to MBC were examined to monitor fungicide resistance. We found that 22 of the 74 isolates showed resistance to MBC, indicating that S. sclerotiorum has developed resistance in parts of Anhui Province. PCR assays and DNA sequence analysis showed that isolates with high MBC resistance had a point mutation at position 198 in the β-tubulin gene that caused a glutamic acid-to-alanine change in the protein. The β-tubulin gene in low-resistance isolates did not have the mutation. These results indicate that the mutation in β-tubulin gene may be associated with high MBC resistance in S. sclerotiorum. The present study also found no correlation between MBC resistance and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum isolates, suggesting that the pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum isolates on oilseed rape did not vary with MBC resistance status.

Controlled release formulations of pesticides is highly desirable for maximising the utilization of the pesticide, as well as remarkably reducing environmental pollution. A stimuli-responsive controlled release formulation can intelligently respond to the stimuli produced by pests and trigger the release of the active ingredients to control pests effectively. In this work, a novel enzyme-responsive emamectin benzoate microcapsule was prepared using silica cross-linked with carboxymethylcellulose using epichlorohydrin. The results showed that the obtained microcapsules had a remarkable loading ability for emamectin benzoate (about 35% w/w) and could protect emamectin benzoate against photo- and thermal degradation effectively. The silica–epichlorohydrin–carboxymethylcellulose microcapsules displayed excellent cellulase stimuli-responsive properties and a sustained insecticidal efficacy against Myzus persicae. Allium cepa chromosome aberration assays demonstrated that the microcapsules had less genotoxicity than the technical grade emamectin benzoate (referred to throughout the manuscript as the technical). Given these advantages, the enzyme-responsive emamectin benzoate microcapsules are worth extending as a novel safe strategy for sustainable crop protection.

To determine whether the combination of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and EP2, the subtype receptor of PGE2, could trans-activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).In this experiment, we selected epithelial cells from normal esophageal mucosa as the negative control group, and the ESCC EC109 and TE-1 cell strain as the observation group. Real-time PCR and Western-blotting were used to detect the expression of EP2, EGFR and phosphorylated EGFR (p-EGFR). The pre-treatment of ESCC cell strains was carried out using Butaprost (special agonist of PGE2 and EP2) and RNAi of EP2, and we observed the expression of EP2, EGFR, and p-EGFR. WST-8 (CCK-8) was applied for the detection of the cell proliferation rate. The transwell invasion experiment was conducted for the detection of the invasion capability of cells. The expression of MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α) in the cell supernatant were detected using ELISA.The high mRNA and protein expression of EP2, EGFR, and p-EGFR were found in the EC109 and TE-1 cell strains in the observation group, which were higher than those in the control group (p0.05). After the intervention of PGE2, EP2 expression was decreased and the p-EGFR expression was increased (p0.05). There was no variation found in the expression of EGFR (p0.05). After cells were intervened using Butaprost, the expressions of EP2 and p-EGFR were increased (p0.05), and there were no changes identified in the expression of EGFR (p0.05). After the intervention of RNAi, the expression of EP2 and p-EGFR was decreased (p.05), and no changes were identified in the expression of EGFR (p0.05). After the intervention of PGE2 and Butaprost, great increases were seen in the cell proliferation rate, invasion capability, and the expression of MMP-9, VEGF, IL-6, and TNF-α in EC109 and TE-1 cell strains (p0.05), however, the intervention of RNAi could reduce above indexes (p0.05).Through cell experiments, we verified that the combination of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and EP2, the subtype receptor of PGE2, could trans-activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to regulate the proliferation and invasion capability of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells, and secrete and express multiple cytokines, thus discovering the pathological mechanism of inflammation to carcinoma transition in the occurrence of ESCC, and providing the experimental evidence for the search of new target in the treatment of ESCC. ESCC cells can highly express the receptor subtype EP2 of PGE2 that can transactivate the EGFR, through which PGE2 is involved in the transition mechanism from inflammation to cancer.

Dog-bone structure has been widely used in package PDN, yet it has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, the associated inductance for the dog-bone structure is studied with the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method and CST. PEEC method is based on the electrical field integral equation (EFIE) and it serves as a bridge between electromagnetic problems and circuit ones. In this paper, the detailed geometry of the dog-bone structure in packages is discussed, the geometrical features of the inductance associated with the dog-bone structure are described. Besides, this paper also compares the inductance of the dog-bone structure with and without ground planes, which illustrates the effectiveness of the plane size to the total inductance of the dog-bone structure.

The key purpose of power distribution networks is to maintain a low impedance power source for integrated circuit(s) for the stable supply voltage. In this paper, using the equivalent series capacitor inductance leads to inaccurate estimates of power bus impedance. A simple modeling approach is presented to estimate the inductance associated with the decoupling capacitors which accounts for the capacitor geometry, for connections to the capacitor, and for the capacitor height above the return plane.

Characteristic mode analysis has been proposed for lossless case for decades. However, for real electromagnetic interference (EMI) structures, such as printed circuit board (PCB) midplane connector and heat sink, lossy material (such as copper) and terminations (resistive loads) are unavoidable which tradidiotnal CM method cannot handle. In this paper, a generalized CM analysis for lossy material and/or with resistive loads is developed for practical structures. With the proposed method, by applying integral-equation (IE) based method and characteristic mode (CM) analysis, the current is split into radiating and non-radiating ones. The radiated power from each part of the structure can be quantified using the radiating current. Therefore, the radiation hot spot can be identified. This method facilitates the CM method in real applications.

In this paper, the radiation mechanism of the high-speed connectors are investigated by the distributive power radiation formulation and characteristic modes theory. It is shown that hotpot can be identified by the distributive formulation method and the un-symmetry of geometry will cause unbalanced mode current.

Electromagnetic radiation for a printed circuit board (PCB) midplane connector is studied in this paper. By applying integral-equation (IE) based method and characteristic mode (CM) analysis, the current is split into radiating and non-radiating ones. The radiated power from each part of the structure can be quantified using the radiating current. Therefore, the radiation hot spot can be identified for both edge-side coupled and broad-side coupled connectors. Furthermore, the radiation characteristics for these connectors are compared.

We have searched for proton decays into a charged antilepton (e+, μ+) plus a meson (η, ρ0, ω) and for neutron decays into a charged antilepton (e+, μ+) plus a meson (π−, ρ−) using Super-Kamiokande I-IV data, corresponding to 0.316 megaton⋅years of exposure. This measurement updates the previous published result by using 2.26 times more data and improved analysis methods. No significant evidence for nucleon decay is observed and lower limits on the partial lifetime of the nucleon are obtained. The limits range from 3×1031 to 1×1034 years at 90% confidence level, depending on the decay mode.

Summary A broadband Wide-Azimuth Towed-Streamer (WATS) survey was acquired in a shallow water region of offshore China for resolving strike direction narrow-azimuth acquisition shortcomings. This WATS acquisition is much sparser than WATS surveys in deep water environments due to the one-side WATS configuration. The combination of sparse acquisition, shallow water, and deep targets, require optimal utilization of the side-gun data as the key to final imaging improvements. A comprehensive flow for resolving the challenges of de-ghosting and de-multiple for sparse and shallow wide-azimuth data is presented in the paper. Side gun data clearly enhances the final target reservoir imaging and better ties the well by including dip direction information. Contribution analysis of side guns in this survey shows that better azimuth distribution shall play a more significant role than far offsets in the final imaging, which provides valuable guidance for future acquisition designs in similar geographical and geological conditions.

The Zhongguai paleo-upwarping is located at the north-west margin of Junggar basin in China. Main lithology of the Carboniferous is igneous rock. Favorable reservoirs are mainly distributed within the weathering crust, the top 170m of Zhongguai paleo-upwarping. The hydrocarbon exploration is hard given a variety of lithology combination and the complex fault development. We propose a new path for potential zone prediction of igneous rock, including reservoirs prediction, seismic attributes analysis and hydrocarbon accumulation analysis using stacked seismic data. The multiple application of geological and geophysical methods is a good petroleum exploration reference in Zhongguai paleo-upwaring.

Conventional deconvolution is based on the stationary convolution model and theoretically requires a stationary input. However, the field data is nonstationary due to effects of anelastic attenuation and dispersion, which makes it necessary to compensate for the attenuation through inverse Q-filtering methods. Nevertheless, the attenuation compensation algorithm for inverse Q-filtering is inherently unstable. In order to deal with this issue, some researchers use nonstationary reflectivity inversion to recover the reflectivity, Which is significantly affected by random noise. Therefore, we try to add the EADTV regularization constraint to the inversion in order to stably recover the reflectivity from nonstationary data as well as to reduce noise and simultaneously preserve edges and discontinuities. Both synthetic data and field data prove the efficiency of the proposed method and its superiority over the result by conventional inversion method using l1-norm regularization.

Sartans and related analogues with 5-oxo-l, 2, 4-oxadiazole ring and tetrazole ring are investigated in detail using collision-induced dissociation (CID) method in positive ion mode by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS

We have searched for proton decay via p→e+π0 and p→μ+π0 using Super-Kamiokande data from April 1996 to March 2015, 0.306 megaton·years exposure in total. The atmospheric neutrino background rate in Super-Kamiokande IV is reduced to almost half that of phase I-III by tagging neutrons associated with neutrino interactions. The reach of the proton lifetime is further enhanced by introducing new signal criteria that select the decay of a proton in a hydrogen atom. No candidates were seen in the p→e+π0 search. Two candidates that passed all of the selection criteria for p→μ+π0 have been observed, but these are consistent with the expected number of background events of 0.87. Lower limits on the proton lifetime are set at τ/B(p→e+π0)>1.6×1034 years and τ/B(p→μ+π0)>7.7×1033 years at 90% confidence level.

Using 5326 days of atmospheric neutrino data, a search for atmospheric tau neutrino appearance has been performed in the Super-Kamiokande experiment. Super-Kamiokande measures the tau normalization to be 1.47±0.32 under the assumption of normal neutrino hierarchy, relative to the expectation of unity with neutrino oscillation. The result excludes the hypothesis of no-tau appearance with a significance level of 4.6σ. The inclusive charged-current tau neutrino cross section averaged by the tau neutrino flux at Super-Kamiokande is measured to be (0.94±0.20)×10−38 cm2. The measurement is consistent with the Standard Model prediction, agreeing to within 1.5σ.

SUMMARYThis study describes the first large-scale serosurvey on West Nile virus (WNV) conducted in the equine population in Pakistan. Sera were collected from 449 equids from two provinces of Pakistan during 2012–2013. Equine serum samples were screened using a commercial ELISA kit detecting antibodies against WNV and related flaviviruses. ELISA-positive samples were further investigated using virus-specific microneutralization tests (MNTs) to identify infections with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), WNV and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Anti-WNV antibodies were detected in 292 samples by ELISA (seroprevalence 65·0%) and WNV infections were confirmed in 249 animals by MNT. However, there was no animal found infected by JEV or TBEV. The detection of WNV-seropositive equines in Pakistan strongly suggests a widespread circulation of WNV in Pakistan.

The structural characteristics and optical property of TiO2 powders with different phases are studied by various techniques in this paper. Butyl titanate and oxalic acid were used as Ti source and catalyst, respectively, for sol–gel synthesis of TiO2 powders. The synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and photoluminescence techniques. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm TiO2 phase transformation from amorphous to anatase and rutile with the increase in calcination temperatures from 200 °C to 700 °C. Two exothermic peaks at 275 °C and 485 °C on the differential scanning calorimetry curve are responsible for the decomposition of the oxalate groups, which can enhance TiO2 phase transformation from amorphous to anatase and rutile. The crystalline sizes of the synthesized TiO2 powders are in the range of 20–65 nm. The coherent phase boundary between (200) crystal plane of anatase and (11−2) crystal plane of rutile is determined first time, based on the Fourier transform analysis. The near band edge emission peaks of anatase at 396 nm and rutile at 419 nm, and four peaks of the different defects in TiO2 crystals can be identified on the photoluminescence spectra of the synthesized TiO2 powders. The activation energies for the grain growths of anatase and rutile were calculated, indicating that the surface chemistry may be a critical parameter to control grain growth. Based on the experimental results, the mechanism for the formation of anatase and rutile TiO2 is discussed.

We show that the dynamics of an interacting atomic gas with light-induced gauge potential can be effectively described by a one-dimensional nonlinear spinor Dirac-type equation. Then, it is possible to observe atomic Zitterbewegung (ZB) with interatomic interaction. Here, the effect of two different kinds of nonlinear interaction, repulsive and attractive, on the ZB, is investigated numerically. Therefore, our proposal provides a more realistic situation in simulating the atomic ZB.