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Rezime: U cilju ispitivanja uticaja različitih stimulatora rasta u ishrani prasadi na proizvodne rezultate i zdravstveno stanje organizovan je ogled po grupnokontrolnom sistemu na farmi registrovanog gazdinstva u Malim Radincima. Ogled je trajao 40 dana, a podeljen je u dve faze od po 20 dana. Za ogled je korišćeno 48 prasadi, melezi švedskog landrasa i pietrena, odbijenih od krmače u starosti od 35 dana. Ispitivanja su izvedena na prasadima oba pola, prosečne telesne mase 8,61±1,59 kg koja su odmah nakon odbijanja raspoređena u jedan od četiri hranidbena tretmana. Kontrolna grupa prasadi hranjena je smešom bez stimulatora rasta, dok su ogledne grupe, po redosledu, dobijale hranu sa dodatkom preparata probiotika, prebiotika ili fitobiotika u količinama preporučenim od strane proizvođača. Tokom ogleda praćeno je zdravstveno stanje i proizvodni rezultati prasadi. Na početku i kraju svake faze ogleda izvršeno je merenje telesne mase životinja, utrošak hrane kao i uzimanje uzoraka potpunih smeša za analizu a iz dobijenih podataka vršeno je izračunavanje ostalih proizvodnih rezultata. Na kraju druge faze ogleda izvršeno je planirano žrtvovanje po 6 jedinki iz svake grupe, a prilikom žrtvovanja uzeti su uzorci creva i crevnog sadržaja za fizičko-hemijska, mikrobiološka i histološka ispitivanja. Tokom ogleda nije došlo do poremećaja zdravstvenog stanja i/ili ispoljavanja kliničkih znakova oboljenja. Kontrolna grupa prasadi hranjena smešama bez dodatog stimulatora rasta postgla je uobičajenu telesnu masu, dnevni prirast, konzumaciju i konverziju hrane za datu rasu, starost i uslove držanja. Korišćenjem stimulatora rasta postignuti su bolji proizvodni rezultati u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu, s tim da je upotreba probiotika rezultirala najboljim proizvodnim rezultatima zasnovanim na najvećoj postignutoj telesnoj masi (27,98±4,76 kg), najvećem ostvarenom prosečnom dnevnom prirastu (0,49±0,09 kg) i najboljoj konverziji hrane (1,959). Upotrebom stimulatora rasta smanjen je ukupan, Summary: In order to investigate the influence of different growth promoters in pigs nutrition on the performance and health status trial was organized by a groupcontrol system on the registered farm in Mali Radinci. The experiment lasted 40 days and was divided into two phases, 20 days of each. For the experiment 48 piglets were used, Swedish Landrace and Pietrain, weaned at the age of 35 days. Examinations were carried out on pigs, with an average body weight of 8.61±1.59 kg, which were arranged immediately after weaning into the one of the four feeding treatments. The control group was fed a mixture without growth promoters, while the experimental groups, in order, had a diet containing product of probiotics, prebiotics or phytobiotics in the amounts recommended by the manufacturer. During the experiment, health status and prerformances of pigs have been observed. At the beginning and at the end of each phase of the experiment, animal body weight and feed consumption were evaluated, as well as sampling of complete mixtures for analysis and with obtained data was performed calculating of other production items. At the end of the second phase of the experiment planned sacrifice was carried out on the 6 animals in each group, and samples of intestine and intestinal content were taken for the physico-chemical, microbiological and histological examination. During the experiment, there was no disturbance of health and manifestation of clinical signs of disease were not recorded. The control group of pigs fed a diet without added growth stimulators achieved normal body weight, daily gain, feed consumption and feed conversion for a given race, age and housing conditions. Using the growth stimulators led to the better performances compared to the control group, with the probiotics resulted in the best production results based on the maximum achieved body weight (27.98±4.76 kg), the largest average daily gain (0.49±0.09 kg) and the best feed conversion (1.959)...

Da bi se postiglo pove(anje proizvodnje i poboljšanje kvaliteta namirnica animalnog porekla, pored osnovnih hraniva u smeše se dodaje veliki broj aditiva koji imaju razli'ite namene. Poslednju deceniju karakteriše ispitivanje mogućnosti stimulacije rasta korišćenjem fizioloških potencijala i mehanizama životinja. Prebiotici predstavljaju nesvarljive sastojke hrane koji povoljno deluju na domaćina selektivno stimulišući rast i/ili aktivnost jedne ili ograničenog broja vrsta bakterija u digestivnom traktu, čime poboljšavaju zdravstveno stanje domaćina. Prebiotici direktno stižu u kolon domaćina, poseduju sposobnost da se selektivno fermentišu i pomažu održavanju eubioze, prvenstveno korišćenjem od strane poželjne mikroflore i povećanjem ekskrecije nepoželjne mikroflore fecesom. Pored lokalnog, prebiotici mogu ispoljiti i sistemski, imunomodulatorni efekat. Povećanje imunološkog odgovora je uglavnom rezultat dejstva prebiotika na makrofage i monocite i ogleda se u stimulisanju fagocitoze, oslobađanju arahidonske kiseline, leukotriena, interleukina, interferona i tumor nekrozis faktora. Na opisane načine prebiotici doprinose povećanoj vitalnosti životinja, smanjenju gubitaka i poboljšanju iskorišćavanja hrane, Čime se postižu optimalni proizvodni rezultati i povoljan ekonomski efekat pa već duže vreme u svetu predstavljaju integralni deo mnogih industrijski proizvedenih smeša za ishranu životinja., In order to achieve increase in production and improving the quality of foodstuffs of animal origin, beside of the basic nutrients a large number of additives, which have a variety of purpose, is added in to a feed mixtures. The last decade is characterized by the examination of possibilities for stimulating the use of physiological potential and mechanisms of animals. Prebiotics are indigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of species of bacteria in the digestive tract, which enhance the health of the host. Prebiotics are delivered directly to the colon of the host and have the ability to be selectively fermented and thereby they help in maintaining of eubiosis, primarily being used by desirable microflora and increasing excretion of undesirable microflora throughout feces. Beside the local, prebiotics may exhibit systemic immunomodulatory effect. Increase of the immune response is mainly due to the prebiotic effects on macrophages and monocytes, and is reflected by stimulation of phagocytosis, the release of arachidonic acid, leukotriene, interleukins, interferons and tumor necrosis factors. On the basis of described mode of action, prebiotics contribute to the increased vitality of the animals, reduce losses and improve feed efficiency, thus achieving optimal production results and a favorable economic effect and because of that, for a long time, in the world, they represent an integral part of many industrially produced feed mixtures.

The aim of this study was to determine how dietary supplementation of inorganic and organic selenium affects the selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood and sperm of sexually mature stud boars. Twenty-four boars of the Large White, Landrace, Pietrain and Duroc breeds of optimal breeding age (on average 2.5 years old) were used. The study lasted 90 days. The boars were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatment groups: T1 = control; no added selenium (n = 8 boars), T2 = added 0.3 ppm inorganic selenium (sodium selenite, Microgran (R) Se 1% BMP) (n = 8 boars), and T3 = added 0.3 ppm organic selenium (Se-yeast, Sel-Plex 2000 (R)) (n = 8 boars). The concentration of selenium was determined in whole blood and semen, while the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was measured in blood plasma and semen. In order to measure GPx activity in semen, reactivation of the enzymatic GPx activity was performed. The determined selenium concentration in blood was lowest in the non-supplemented group of boars. Blood plasma GPx activity was higher in boars fed organic selenium than in boars fed a diet without supplemented selenium. While the supplementation of sodium selenite significantly increased GPx activity in boar semen. The highest-concentration of selenium in semen at the end of the trial was determined in the group of boars supplemented with organic selenium, somewhat lower in boars fed supplemented inorganic selenium, and the lowest in the non-supplemented group of boars. The only significant difference between the selenite and Se-yeast diet supplementation was observed in the Se concentration of the semen. The supplementation of selenium affected semen quality, and organic selenium improved the progressive motility of the spermatozoa and increased their resistance in hypo-osmotic and thermal tests. The storage ability of short term preserved semen was improved by organic selenium supplementation, as well as also increasing the fertili

This paper examined the effects of adding increased amounts of an organic selenium product to the diet on carcass quality parameters of broilers. The experiment was carried out on 275 individuals and lasted 42 days. It was divided into two phases. In the first phase (up to 21 days) chickens were divided into control group (K; without added Se), O-I group (0.300 mg Se/kg), O-II group (0.900 mg Se/kg). In the second phase of the experiment (from 21 to 42 days) the experiment comprised five treatment groups: K, O-II group (0.900 mg Se/kg); the O-I group was subdivided into O-Ia group (0.300 mg Se/kg), O-Ib group (0.600 mg Se/kg) and O-Ic group (0.900 mg Se/kg). Performance data were recorded. At the end of the experiment (42nd day) the broilers were transported to the slaughterhouse. After slaughtering, primary processing and cooling slaughter yield was determined and carcasses have been dissected into basic parts. Carcass weight and weights of carcass parts were higher in treatments where selenium has been added to diets. Breast meat yield was higher in treatments with supplements of Se, whereas, no differences have been observed for yields of thighs and drumsticks.

Summary: In order to investigate the influence of different growth promoters in pigs nutrition on the performance and health status trial was organized by a groupcontrol system on the registered farm in Mali Radinci. The experiment lasted 40 days and was divided into two phases, 20 days of each. For the experiment 48 piglets were used, Swedish Landrace and Pietrain, weaned at the age of 35 days. Examinations were carried out on pigs, with an average body weight of 8.61±1.59 kg, which were arranged immediately after weaning into the one of the four feeding treatments. The control group was fed a mixture without growth promoters, while the experimental groups, in order, had a diet containing product of probiotics, prebiotics or phytobiotics in the amounts recommended by the manufacturer. During the experiment, health status and prerformances of pigs have been observed. At the beginning and at the end of each phase of the experiment, animal body weight and feed consumption were evaluated, as well as sampling of complete mixtures for analysis and with obtained data was performed calculating of other production items. At the end of the second phase of the experiment planned sacrifice was carried out on the 6 animals in each group, and samples of intestine and intestinal content were taken for the physico-chemical, microbiological and histological examination. During the experiment, there was no disturbance of health and manifestation of clinical signs of disease were not recorded. The control group of pigs fed a diet without added growth stimulators achieved normal body weight, daily gain, feed consumption and feed conversion for a given race, age and housing conditions. Using the growth stimulators led to the better performances compared to the control group, with the probiotics resulted in the best production results based on the maximum achieved body weight (27.98±4.76 kg), the largest average daily gain (0.49±0.09 kg) and the best feed conversion (1.959)..., Rezime: U cilju ispitivanja uticaja različitih stimulatora rasta u ishrani prasadi na proizvodne rezultate i zdravstveno stanje organizovan je ogled po grupnokontrolnom sistemu na farmi registrovanog gazdinstva u Malim Radincima. Ogled je trajao 40 dana, a podeljen je u dve faze od po 20 dana. Za ogled je korišćeno 48 prasadi, melezi švedskog landrasa i pietrena, odbijenih od krmače u starosti od 35 dana. Ispitivanja su izvedena na prasadima oba pola, prosečne telesne mase 8,61±1,59 kg koja su odmah nakon odbijanja raspoređena u jedan od četiri hranidbena tretmana. Kontrolna grupa prasadi hranjena je smešom bez stimulatora rasta, dok su ogledne grupe, po redosledu, dobijale hranu sa dodatkom preparata probiotika, prebiotika ili fitobiotika u količinama preporučenim od strane proizvođača. Tokom ogleda praćeno je zdravstveno stanje i proizvodni rezultati prasadi. Na početku i kraju svake faze ogleda izvršeno je merenje telesne mase životinja, utrošak hrane kao i uzimanje uzoraka potpunih smeša za analizu a iz dobijenih podataka vršeno je izračunavanje ostalih proizvodnih rezultata. Na kraju druge faze ogleda izvršeno je planirano žrtvovanje po 6 jedinki iz svake grupe, a prilikom žrtvovanja uzeti su uzorci creva i crevnog sadržaja za fizičko-hemijska, mikrobiološka i histološka ispitivanja. Tokom ogleda nije došlo do poremećaja zdravstvenog stanja i/ili ispoljavanja kliničkih znakova oboljenja. Kontrolna grupa prasadi hranjena smešama bez dodatog stimulatora rasta postgla je uobičajenu telesnu masu, dnevni prirast, konzumaciju i konverziju hrane za datu rasu, starost i uslove držanja. Korišćenjem stimulatora rasta postignuti su bolji proizvodni rezultati u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu, s tim da je upotreba probiotika rezultirala najboljim proizvodnim rezultatima zasnovanim na najvećoj postignutoj telesnoj masi (27,98±4,76 kg), najvećem ostvarenom prosečnom dnevnom prirastu (0,49±0,09 kg) i najboljoj konverziji hrane (1,959). Upotrebom stimulatora rasta smanjen je ukupan

Mikotoksini su toksični sekundarni metaboliti većeg broja saprofitskih plesni koji u organizam životinja i ljudi najčešće dospevaju putem kontaminirane hrane infestirane sporama, konidijama i/ili fragmentima micelijuma. Alimentarnim unošenjem toksina gljivica u organizam životinja i ljudi nastaju intoksikacije, tzv. mikotoksikoze koje, s obzirom na to da su vezane za hranu, mogu da poprime široke razmere. Štete u stočarstru koje nastaju usled mikotoksikoza mogu da budu velike. Ispoljavaju se u vidu direktnih gubitaka zbog uginjavanja životinja ili, još češće, nastaju indirektno usled pada proizvodnih i reproduktivnih sposobnosti životinja. Zbog iskorišćavanja hranljivih sastojaka substrata, rast gljivica značajno smanjuje sadržaj suve materije hrane, a smatra se da redukcija masti i ugljenih hidrata, nastala kao posledica prisustva i razvoja plesni u hrani, izaziva smanjenje količine metaboličke energije. Poseban problem predstavlja mogućnost da se u organizmu životinja koje su konzumirale hranu kontaminiranu mikotoksinima mogu da nađu rezidue mikotoksina u različitim količinama, pa može da dođe do ispoljavanja štetnih efekata i kod ljudi.

U radu su ispitivani efekti dodavanja povećanih količina organskog oblika selena obroku brojlera, na proizvodne karakteristike, kvalitet mesa i sadržaj selena u fecesu. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 275 jedinki i trajao je 42 dana. Podeljen je u dve faze. U prvoj fazi (do 21. dana) su pilad podeljena na kontrolnu, K (bez dodatka Se), oglednu O-I grupu (do 21. dana brojleri su dobijali u hrani 0,3 mg/kg organskog oblika Se) i oglednu O-II grupu (brojleri su kroz hranu dobijali od 1. dana 0,9 mg/kg organskog oblika Se do kraja ogleda). U drugoj fazi ogleda, od 21. do 42. dana, ogled je imao pet grupa: K, O-II ogledna grupa (koja je nastavila i posle 21. dana da dobija 0,9 mg/kg Se) a od grupe O-I formirane su O-Ia (dobijala je hranom 0,3 mg/kg Se), O-Ib (0,6 mg/kg Se) i O-Ic grupa (0,9 mg/kg Se). Za vreme trajanja ogleda su praćeni proizvodni parametri (telesna masa, prirast, konverzija hrane) i zdravstveno stanje. Brojleri su hranjeni potpunim smešama za ishranu piladi u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava. Kontrolna merenja telesne mase i konzumirane hrane vršena su na kraju svake faze ogleda. Prvog dana ogleda kod brojlera uzet je zbirni uzorak krvi radi utvrđivanja aktivnosti glutation peroksidaze (GPx) i sadržaja selena u plazmi. Na kraju prve faze ogleda (21. dana) kao i na kraju ogleda (42. dana), uzeti su uzorci krvi za određivanje aktivnosti GPx i sadržaja selena u plazmi. Uzorci fecesa su uzeti na polovini ogleda (21. dana) kao i na kraju ogleda (42. dana) iz svih oglednih grupa za određivanje sadržaja selena u fecesu. Na kraju ogleda, 42. dana, brojleri su transportovani u klanicu i posle pojedinačnog merenja obavljeno je klanje, primarna obrada, hlađenje, merenje ohlađenih trupova, utvrđivanje randmana, rasecanje na osnovne delove i uzimanje uzoraka grudi i bataka sa karabatakom za ispitivanje kvaliteta mesa. Sa povećanjem sadržaja selena u hrani povećava se i aktivnost GPx u krvnoj plazmi brojlera kao i sadržaj selena u krvnoj plazmi i fecesu i, This paper examined the effects of broilers diet supplementation with higher quantities of organic selenium on performances, meat quality and content of selenium in the feces. The trial was conducted on a total of 275 broilers and lasted 42 days. It was divided into two phases. In the first phase (up to 21 days) broilers were divided into control, K (without added selenium), O-I experimental group (up to 21st day chickens were fed with 0.3 mg/kg of organic Se) and experimental group II-O (broilers were fed from the first day with 0.9 mg/kg of organic form to the end of the experiment). In the second phase of the trial, from 21st to 42nd days, the trial had five groups: K, O-II treatment group (who continued after 21st days to receive 0.9 mg/kg Se) and from O-I group were formed O-Ia (supplemented 0.3 mg/Se kg in the diet), O-lb (0.6 mg/kg Se) and O-Ic group (0.9 mg/kg Se). During the trial were monitored health status and performances (body weight, daily gain, feed intake, feed gain ratio). Broilers were fed a complete feed for broilers: these feed were of standard ingredients and chemical content. Control measurements of body weight and feed intake were carried out at the end of each phase of the trial. On the first day of the trial in broiler composite sample of blood was taken to determine the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and selenium content in blood plasma. At the end of the first phase of the trial (21st day) and at the end of the experiment (42nd day), blood samples were taken for determination of GPx activity and selenium content in blood plasma. Faecal samples were taken in the middle (21st day) and at the end of the trial (42nd day) from all experimental groups to determine the selenium content in feces. At the end of the trial (42nd day), broilers are transported to the slaughterhouse after a single measurement was performed slaughtering and primary processing, refrigeration, measurement of cooled carcass yield determination, cutting the main pa

Valjevac pasture of Zasavica reservation with its area of 300 ha presents a significant area for grazing cattle. In order to evaluate its potential for livestock production, the botanical and chemical composition of hay in three different time periods was observed (spring, summer and autumn). The determined plants species confirmed the richness of Zasavica grasslands, as well as the presence of dry, moist and forest habitat plants. The analyzed plants mostly belong to the Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Plantaginaceae families. Chemical analysis determined that the protein content decreased (P lt 0.01) from April (17.22±0.40 %) to October (10.30±0.16 %), and cellulose content increased (P lt 0.01) (from 19.07±0.38 % in April to 21.65±0.41 % in October). The calculated energy density of hay samples ranged from 0.425 Starch Units (SU) in October, 0.443 SU in April to 0.448 SU in June. The Valjevac pasture with its numerous plant species is of great importance in upkeeping biodiversity and also presents a solid base for livestock production. The determined levels of manganese and copper point out to the need of copper supplementation especially during the late summer and autumn periods., Pašnjak Valjevac - prirodnog rezervata Zasavica koji se prostire na 300 ha predstavlja značajnu bazu za ispašu goveda. U cilju procene njegovog potencijala za stočarsku proizvodnju, izvršeno je određivanje botaničkog i hemijskog sastava sena tokom tri perioda godine (proleće, leto i jesen). Florističkom analizom potvrđeno je bogatstvo vrsta na pašnjaku rezervata Zasavica i tom prilikom je identifikovano prisustvo biljaka suvih, vlažnih i šumskih zajednica. Najveći broj biljaka pripadao je familijama Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae i Plantaginaceae. Hemijskom analizom je utvrđeno da je procenat proteina opadao (P lt 0,01) od aprila (17,22±0,40%) do oktobra (10,30±0,16%) meseca, dok je pri tom procenat celuloze rastao (P lt 0,01) (od 19,07±0,38% utvrđenih u aprilu do 21,65±0,41% u oktobru mesecu). Izračunato je da je energetska vrednost sena iznosila od 0,425 (skrobnih jedinica) SJ u oktobru, 0,443 SJ u aprilu i 0,448 SJ u junu mesecu. Pašnjak Valjevac u okviru prirodnog rezervata Zasavica poseduje veliki biodiverzitet vrsta kao i značajnu bazu za stočarsku proizvodnju. Utvrđeni nivo mangana i bakra ukazuje na potrebu dodavanja bakra, naročito tokom kasnog leta i jeseni.

The most common producers of mycotoxins are fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Toxins are of extreme importance because it can be transmitted from animals to humans through milk and animal products, some of which are carcinogenic and teratogenic. Mycotoxins cause a health disturbance of all animals, but the effects are more noticeable in highly productive animals in the farm way of keeping considering the much greater consumption of concentrate feeds, although forages also can be contaminated with mycotoxins in a significant manner. Mycotoxicoses are the most com­mon seasonal illnesses, and are an important diagnostic problem in veterinary practice, because its characteristics often resemble diseases caused by pathogens or nutritional deficiency or imbalance. The degree of health disturbances depends on the amount of toxins in feed and the length of intaking as on types and categories of animals. The presence of mycotoxins in animal feed is inevitable and therefore testing of raw materials and products is necessary so that feed for humans and animals can be safe for use. Damages arising as consequences of mycotoxicosis in poultry and swine production, due to the direct loss because of animals lossor, more commonly, indirectly due to the fall productive and reproductive performances of animals, imposed the need for continuous monitoring of the hygienic quality of feed mixtures for feeding these animals. During a five year period (2007-2012) were analyzed a total of 104 samples from the territory of Republic of Serbia intended for nutrition of all categories of poultry and mixtures for the initial and final fattening broilers (50 samples) and laying hens (54). The analysis included 57 samples of feed mixtures intended for all categories of swine - feed mixture for young (20 samples) and the old categories (37 samples) and 196 of the samples, which are commonly used in formulating rations for listed species (maize, soybean and sunflower meal). F, Mikotoksine najčešće proizvode gljivice iz rodova Aspergillus, Fusarium i Penicillium. Toksini su od izrazite važnosti jer se mogu preneti sa životinja na ljude putem mleka i životinjskih proizvoda, a neki od njih su kancerogeni i teratogeni. Mikotoksini dovode do poremećaja zdravstvenog stanja svih životinja, ali su efekti uočljiviji kod visoko proizvodnih životinja u farmskom načinu držanja s obzirom na znatno veću konzumaciju koncentrovanih hraniva iako i kabasta hraniva mogu da budu kontaminirana mikotoksinima u značajnijem stepenu. Mikotoksikoze su najčešće oboljenja sezonskog karaktera, a predstavljaju značajan dijagnostički problem za veterinarsku praksu, jer po karakteristikama često liče na oboljenja izazvana patogenim mikroorganizmima ili nutritivnim deficitom ili disbalansom. Stepen zdravstvenih poremećaja zavisi od količine toksina u hrani i dužine njegovog unošenja u organizam kao i od vrste i kategorije životinja Prisutnost mikotoksina u hrani za životinje je neizbežna pa je neophodno testiranje sirovina i proizvoda da bi hrana za ljude i životinje bila sigurna za upotrebu. Štete u živinarstvu i svinjarstvu koje nastaju usled mikotoksikoza, usled direktnih gubitaka zbog uginjavanja životinja ili, još češće, indirektne zbog pada proizvodnih i reproduktivnih sposobnosti životinja, nametnule su potrebu za kontinuiranim monitoringom higijenske ispravnosti krmnih smeša za ishranu ovih životinjskih vrsta. Tokom petogodišnjeg perioda (2007-2012) analizirana su ukupno 104 uzorka sa teritorije Republike Srbije namenjena ishrani svih kategorija živine i to smeše za početni i završni tov brojlera (50 uzoraka) i za kokoši nosilje (54). Analizom je obuhvaćeno i 57 uzoraka krmnih smeša namenjenih ishrani svih kategorija svinja i to smeše za ishranu mladih (20 uzoraka) i starih kategorija (37 uzoraka) kao i 196 uzoraka hraniva koja se najčešće koriste prilikom formulisanja obroka za navedene životinjske vrste (kukuruz, sojina i suncokretova sačma). Za analizu uzoraka

Comparative dietary response of different isolated strains (Direct fed microbial- DFM) of lactobacilli, streptococci and yeast isolated from leopard feces (Panthera leo) was studied as probiotic in poultry broiler birds reared as per varied mineral densities viz. calcium and phosphorus. Various treatments consisted of T0 (Control, culture medium), T1 (Lactobacillus casei + Streptococcus fecalis + Saccharomyces cerevisiae) offered standard formulated diet D1, T2 - Control (Culture medium) offered ten percent lower calcium and phosphorus diet D2, T3 (Lactobacillus casei + Streptococcus fecalis + Saccharomyces cerevisiae) offered ten percent lower calcium and phosphorus diet D2. Growth results obtained during the starter phase (1st to 3rd week) exhibited higher gain in live body weight and lower feed conversion ratio, both by DFM supplemented treatment T1 offered standard formulated diet D1 and treatment T3 offered experimentally formulated mineral (Ca and P) deficient (10%) diet D2 compared to respective control T0 and T2. The obtained results revealed a significantly higher growth performance in treatment T1 compared to its control T0 where a higher growth in treatment T3 offered experimentally formulated mineral (Ca and P) deficient (10%) diet D2 supplemented with isolated DFM compared to its control T2 was exhibited. Treatment groups T1 and T3 supplemented with isolated DFM exhibited a better intestinal micro flora balance, effective colonization and higher count in the intestinal tract with higher calcium and phosphorus retention in the digestibility studies. Thus, it was found that supplementation of isolated DFM has the potential to improve biological growth performance of poultry broiler birds offered both standard formulated diet D1, as well as mineral deficient diet D2., Ispitivan je uporedni odgovor na različite izolovane sojeve (Direktna ishrana mikrobima-DFM) laktobacila, streptokoka i kvasaca izolovanih iz izmeta leoparda (Panthera leo) upotrebljenih kao probiotik u ishrani živine sa različitom količinom mineralnih materija, kalcijuma i fosfora. Različite tretmane su činili T0 (Kontrola, medijum) i T1 (Lactobacillus casei + Streptococcus fecalis + Saccharomices cerevisiae) koji su dobijali standardno formulisan obrok D1, T2-Kontrola (medijum) sa 10% manje kalcijuma i fosfora - obrok D2, T3 (Lactobacillus casei + Streptococcus fecalis + Saccharomices cerevisiae) sa deset odsto manje kalcijuma i fosfora - obrok D2. Proizvodni rezultati, dobijeni tokom starter faze (od 1. do 3. nedelje), pokazuju veći prirast u živoj telesnoj masi i nižu konverziju hrane kod oba tretmana sa dodatim DFM, T1 sa standardno formulisanim obrokom D1 i tretmana T3 sa eksperimentalno formulisanim sastavom minerala (Ca i P) umanjenim za 10% - obrok D2 u odnosu na odgovarajuće kontrole T0 i T2. Ukupno dobijeni rezultati pokazuju značajno veći prirast kod T1 tretmana u odnosu na njegovu kontrolu T0 kao i numerički veći prirast u tretmanu T3 sa eksperimentalno formulisanim sastavom minerala (Ca i P) umanjenim za 10% - obrok D2 sa dodatkom izolovanih DFM u poređenju sa njegovom kontrolom T2. Ogledne grupe T1 i T3 sa dodatkom izolovanih DFM su pokazale bolju ravnotežu u pogledu crevne mikroflore, efikasnu kolonizaciju i veći broj u crevima sa numerički većom retencijom kalcijuma i fosfora prilikom ispitivanja svarljivosti. Dakle, utvrđeno je da dodatak izolovane DFM ima potencijal da poboljša proizvodne rezultate živine pri upotrebi standardno formulisanog obroka D1 kao i obroka D2 sa deficitom minerala.

Mikotoksine najčešće proizvode gljivice iz rodova Aspergillus, Fusarium i Penicillium. Toksini su od izrazite važnosti jer se mogu preneti sa životinja na ljude putem mleka i životinjskih proizvoda, a neki od njih su kancerogeni i teratogeni. Mikotoksini dovode do poremećaja zdravstvenog stanja svih životinja, ali su efekti uočljiviji kod visoko proizvodnih životinja u farmskom načinu držanja s obzirom na znatno veću konzumaciju koncentrovanih hraniva iako i kabasta hraniva mogu da budu kontaminirana mikotoksinima u značajnijem stepenu. Mikotoksikoze su najčešće oboljenja sezonskog karaktera, a predstavljaju značajan dijagnostički problem za veterinarsku praksu, jer po karakteristikama često liče na oboljenja izazvana patogenim mikroorganizmima ili nutritivnim deficitom ili disbalansom. Stepen zdravstvenih poremećaja zavisi od količine toksina u hrani i dužine njegovog unošenja u organizam kao i od vrste i kategorije životinja Prisutnost mikotoksina u hrani za životinje je neizbežna pa je neophodno testiranje sirovina i proizvoda da bi hrana za ljude i životinje bila sigurna za upotrebu. Štete u živinarstvu i svinjarstvu koje nastaju usled mikotoksikoza, usled direktnih gubitaka zbog uginjavanja životinja ili, još češće, indirektne zbog pada proizvodnih i reproduktivnih sposobnosti životinja, nametnule su potrebu za kontinuiranim monitoringom higijenske ispravnosti krmnih smeša za ishranu ovih životinjskih vrsta. Tokom petogodišnjeg perioda (2007-2012) analizirana su ukupno 104 uzorka sa teritorije Republike Srbije namenjena ishrani svih kategorija živine i to smeše za početni i završni tov brojlera (50 uzoraka) i za kokoši nosilje (54). Analizom je obuhvaćeno i 57 uzoraka krmnih smeša namenjenih ishrani svih kategorija svinja i to smeše za ishranu mladih (20 uzoraka) i starih kategorija (37 uzoraka) kao i 196 uzoraka hraniva koja se najčešće koriste prilikom formulisanja obroka za navedene životinjske vrste (kukuruz, sojina i suncokretova sačma). Za analizu uzoraka, The most common producers of mycotoxins are fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Toxins are of extreme importance because it can be transmitted from animals to humans through milk and animal products, some of which are carcinogenic and teratogenic. Mycotoxins cause a health disturbance of all animals, but the effects are more noticeable in highly productive animals in the farm way of keeping considering the much greater consumption of concentrate feeds, although forages also can be contaminated with mycotoxins in a significant manner. Mycotoxicoses are the most com­mon seasonal illnesses, and are an important diagnostic problem in veterinary practice, because its characteristics often resemble diseases caused by pathogens or nutritional deficiency or imbalance. The degree of health disturbances depends on the amount of toxins in feed and the length of intaking as on types and categories of animals. The presence of mycotoxins in animal feed is inevitable and therefore testing of raw materials and products is necessary so that feed for humans and animals can be safe for use. Damages arising as consequences of mycotoxicosis in poultry and swine production, due to the direct loss because of animals lossor, more commonly, indirectly due to the fall productive and reproductive performances of animals, imposed the need for continuous monitoring of the hygienic quality of feed mixtures for feeding these animals. During a five year period (2007-2012) were analyzed a total of 104 samples from the territory of Republic of Serbia intended for nutrition of all categories of poultry and mixtures for the initial and final fattening broilers (50 samples) and laying hens (54). The analysis included 57 samples of feed mixtures intended for all categories of swine - feed mixture for young (20 samples) and the old categories (37 samples) and 196 of the samples, which are commonly used in formulating rations for listed species (maize, soybean and sunflower meal). F

"Biotechnology" is a term that includes the complementary use of biology and technology in livestock production. In order to managed to maintain, feed industry, because of the more significant changes in habitual and edible habits of the people, as well as new regulatory requirements, should respect the opinion of the consumer and try to offer a safe animal products whose production does not pollute the environment. As a basic tool of biotechnology during the past decade has imposed the introduction of alternative solutions that are intended to improve feed efficiency and consequently improve production results of farmed animals. In order to stimulate growth in broilers, commonly have been used enzymes, chelating forms of trace elements and in recent years more attention is paid to the use of probiotics. The aim of the adding the enzyme is addition to activity of endogenous enzymes of animals, elimination of anti nutritional factors, increasing energy and nutritional value of feed and decreasing the excretion of less usable nutrients in the environment. Today of practical importance are enzymes of NSP and cellulolytic complex, protease, amylase and phytase. Our trials have shown that the use of amylase allows the use of meals with lower energy content (5%) with no negative impact on performance and also lowers the value of consumed feed per kilogram of gain. Use of phytase in the quantity of 1000FU/kg can replace about 30% of the total, or 50% of available phosphorus in diets for broilers without significant changes of production results. Probiotics are ecological way of control pathogenic bacteria and the ability to stimulate the growth by using physiological potentials and mechanisms of animals. The results of our research with the use of different bacterial cultures have shown the positive effects on weight gain with less consumption of feed and consequently better feed conversion. Beside the inorganic forms of minerals today are increasingly used socalled "chela

Due to the fact that the majority of preweaned dairy calf mortality can be attributed to diarrhea, or scours and to the fact that calf loss can be controlled by either treatment or prevention of the illness, research focus on prevention has increased. Lactoferrin (LF), a naturally occurring protein from milk, has proven antibacterial properties. It has been shown to not only improve calf health, but calf growth as well. LF‘s ability to maintain calf health may establish it as a preventative agent against calf gastrointestinal illness, including diarrhea in calves. Milk and colostrum contain the highest amounts of LF of any bodily secretion. Lactoferrin concentration in bovine colostrum is approximately ten to one hundred times higher than in mature bovine milk (2 mg/mL vs. 20 to 200 µg/mL). In comparison, human colostrum and mature milk contain 7 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL respectfully. The primary function of LF is supposed to be the inhibition of microbial growth. Lactoferrin reduces the proliferation of bacteria by damaging the bacterial cell wall. While LF is most active against gram-negative bacteria, it also displays some activity against grampositive bacteria. Since the bovine milk has a low LF concentration, calves may benefit from supplemental LF. Studies have been conducted with calves fed supplemental doses of LF in order to evaluate its beneficial effects of supplementation to calf milk replacers (MR) or to whole milk fed calves. LF has proven to promote calf health and performances in milk replacer fed calves. Therefore, its addition to feed in the calf rearing process might have health and economical reasons. However, additional research needs to be conducted in order to clarify LF‘s role in different types of calf raising programs (esspecialy in calves feed whole milk), or during periods of pathogen challenge.

Among various natural contaminants, mycotoxins attract the most attention with respect to the implications they have on human and animal health and in particular the economic consequences related to the international exchange of food. Given the frequency of occurring in the feed, in conjunction with conditions in our geoclimatic area, Aspergillus and Fusarium species can be classified as the most important fungi that contaminate feed in the fields and warehouses. The group classified as aspergilotoxins contains numerous mycotoxins (sterigmatocystin, citrulline, patulin), but ohratoksins and aflatoxins are certainly the most important representatives of this group. Climatic factors play an important role in the contamination of feed so that the level of contamination varies among individual years. Using feeds that are low in aflatoxin B1 over a long period exhibit similar effects as short term use of feed with higher levels of mycotoxins. In terms of toxicity, with implications for human health, certainly the most important is metabolite aflatoxin M1, while aflatoxins M2 and M4 are of minor importance. In all parts of the world is permanently conducting screening and monitoring of the presence of aflatoxin B1 in feed grain, by-products derived from the processing and industrially produced feed. Monitoring results are of equal interest to producers of raw materials, as well as for manufacturers and users of finished products. Milk contaminated with aflatoxin M1 is potentially carcinogenic to human population. The maximum level of AFM1 in milk intended for human consumption (regardless of animal that is derived from) must not contain more than 0.05 µg / kg and 0025 µg / kg, if the milk is intended for infants and children (EFSA, 2004). These restrictive measures were introduced in order to reduce human exposure in relation to aflatoxin. The European Commission is seeking to toughen these measures to the extent where the presence of aflatoxin M1 will not be allowed in m

Dietary concentrations of phytate are crucial for its anti-nutritive properties and its negative impact on P availability. The increase of dietary phytate level is shown to increase endogenous losses of amino acids and minerals in pigs. The partial availability of the P component of phytate to simple-stomached species attains importance as the world's rock phosphate reserves are not renewable, which could lead to a P supply crisis in the future. Supplementing phytase is becoming increasingly common as a method to improve the availability of P in plant ingredients containing high levels of phytate P. Fourty-eight pigs (Swedish Landrace boars × Dutch landrace sows) weaned at day 35 with an initial BW of 8.72±0.28 kg were used for a 40-day weaner performance study. The study was structured as a complete randomized design to evaluate the response of weaner pigs to four concentrations of microbial phytase produced by Aspergillus niger: (T1) basal diet; (T2) basal diet + 1000 FTU/kg; (T3) diet with decreased dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) diet with no dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg. Control group of piglets (T1) has achieved standard body mass while addition of phytase in meal increased body mass by 6.59% in T2 and 7.52% in T3. Phytase supplementation prevented decreased body weight gain diets where available phosphorous level was reduced by 50. The amount of consumed feed per day was not significantly different. Feed efficiency of T2 and T3 groups was by 3.23% better and of T4 for 11.29% lower compared to the control group of piglets (T1). Lower production results achieved by the use of low phosphorous diets can be avoided to a certain level by the use of microbial phytase. The use of phytase in pig diet significantly improved phosphorous availability, as well as of other mineral substances from the phytate complex., Zbog izraženih antinutritivnih svojstava fitata i negativnog uticaja na iskorišćavanje fosfora, njihova koncentracija u hrani je od velikog značaja. Poznato je da visoka koncentracija fitata u hrani povećava endogene gubitke amino kiselina i minerala kod svinja. Delimična dostupnost fosfora iz fitata kod monogastičnih životinja još više dobija na značaju usled činjenice da svetske rezerve mineralnog fosfora iz stena nisu obnovljive i da to može dovesti do krize u snabdevanju fosforom u budućnosti. Dodavanje fitaze postaje sve popularnije kao metod za povećanje dostupnosti fosfora u biljnim sirovinama koje sadrže visoku koncentraciju fosfora. Četrdeset osam prasadi (Švedski Landras nerast × Danski Landras krmača) zalučenih u starosti od 35 dana prosečne telesne mase 8,72±0,28 kg je uključeno u 40-to dnevni ogled ispitivanja proizvodnih rezultata. Ogled je dizajniran sa ciljem da se ispita uticaj dodatka tri koncentracije fitaze poreklom od Aspergillus niger i to: (T1) bazalni obrok; (T2) bazalni obrok+1000 FTU/kg; (T3) obrok sa smanjenom koncentracijom dikalcijum fosfata + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) obrok bez dodatog dikalcijum fosfata + 1000 FTU/kg. Kontrolna grupa prasadi (T1) je postigla uobičajenu telesnu masu, dok je dodatak fitaze u obrok povećavao telesnu masu za 6,59% u T2 i 7,52% u T3. Dodavanje fitaze je preveniralo smanjenje prirasta kod smeša gde je koncentracija fosfora bila niža za 50% od potreba. Količina konzumirane hrane se nije značajnije razlikovala među oglednim grupama. Konverzija hrane u grupama T2 i T3 je bila bolja za 3,23%, dok je u grupi T4 bila za 11,29% lošija u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom (T1). Lošiji proizvodni rezultati pri korišćenju obroka sa niskim sadržajem fosfora se mogu izbeći upotrebom fitaze mikrobijalnog porekla. Korišćenje fiteze u hrani za svinje u tovu značajno poboljšava iskoristljivost fosfora i drugih mineralnih materija poreklom iz fitatnog kompleksa.

The aim of this paper was to determine how forage triticale in diets for fattening broilers influence the body weight and weight gain of broiler chickens for fattening. The survey was conducted on 400 chickens for fattening provenance Ross 308 for a period of 42 days. On this occasion, four groups of chickens were formed, with 100 chickens being treated in each group, as follows: K (classic mixture for fattening broilers) and O-I (mixtures with triticale variety Kg 20), O-II (mixtures with triticale Favorit) and O-III group (mixtures with triticale Trijumf). The highest average body mass in the groups of chickens (male, female and chicks of both sexes), was scored by broiler chickens of O-II-group. The minimum food consumption for 42-day-old chicks was achieved by group O-I (4.275 kg), and the most by O-II group (4.359 kg). Chickens of O-II- and III-O-group had the best feed conversion, while the chickens of O-I-group had a slightly poorer feed conversion. The mortality of the groups of chickens for the entire period of the study was the lowest in O-II-group, at 2.0%, and the highest mortality was found in O-III-group (6.0%). The production index was the highest in O-II-group (202.726) and the lowest in O-I-group. The results achieved in this research indicate that the use of tested triticale cultivars significantly affected the weight gain and body mass of chicks and have nutritional and economic justification., Cilj ovog rada je bio da se utvrdi kako tritikale u smešama za tov brojlera utiče na telesnu masu i prirast brojlerskih pilića u tovu. Istraživanje je obavljeno na 400 pilića za tov provenijencije Ross 308 za 42 dana. Tom prilikom formirane su četiri grupe pilića, sa po 100 pilića u svakoj grupi hranjene različitim smešama: K (standardna smeša za tov brojlera) i O-I (smeša sa sortom tritikalea Kg 20), O-II (smeša sa sortom tritikalea Favorit) i O-III grupa (smeša sa sortom tritikalea Trijumf). Najveću prosečnu telesnu masu kod ispitivanih grupa pilića (muških, ženskih i pilića oba pola), postigli su brojlerski pilići O-II grupe. Najmanji utrošak hrane 42. dana starosti ostvarili su pilići O-I (4,275 kg), a najveći O-II grupe (4,359 kg). Kod pilića O-II- i O-III grupe konverzija hrane bila je najpovoljnija, dok je kod pilića O-I grupe bila nešto lošija konverzija hrane. Mortalitet ispitivanih grupa pilića za ceo period ispitivanja bio je najmanji kod O-II grupe i iznosio je 2,0%, a najveće uginuće ustanovljeno je kod O-III grupe (6,0%). Proizvodni indeks bio je najveći kod O-II grupe (202,726), a najmanji kod O-I grupe (180,044). Rezultati dobijeni u ovom istraživanju, ukazuju na to da upotreba ispitivanih sorti tritikalea značajno utiče na prirast i telesnu masu pilića i ima nutritivno i ekonomsko opravdanje.

The objective of the present study was to compare estradiol/progesterone ratios of different age categories of red deer hinds and use it as a predictor of estrus synchronization success and consequently conception rate. To accomplish this we used 38 red deer hinds to establish serum progesterone and estradiol levels in young (21 animals), mature (10 animals) and old (7 animals) hinds during the estrus synchronization procedure (transvaginal/cervical AI). The following estrus synchronization was used: at the start of the experiment each hind received a controlled intravaginal drug-releasing device (CIDR, Pharmacia&Upjohn, New Zealand) containing 0.3 g of progesterone. The device was removed on day 11, simultaneously with an application of 250 IU of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG, Folligon® Intervet International, Boxmeer, Holland). Transvaginal/ cervical AI (artificial insemination) was performed 48 hours after CIDR withdrawal (day 13). Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein using a Venoject® vacutainer without an anticoagulant for hormonal tests on the same experimental day (0, 11th and 13th day). A statistically (p lt 0.01) higher progesterone level was found in young hinds on the 11th day after controlled intravaginal drug-releasing device insertion. A significantly higher (p lt 0.01) estrogen level was observed in the young in regard to mature and old hinds on the expected day of estrus (13th day). Estradiol/progesterone ratios showed a statistically significant difference (p lt 0.01) on insemination day (13th day) between old and young hinds (98.67 : 46.59) and between old and mature hinds (98.67 : 51.79). Out of a total of 38 hinds only 9 had their offspring, 6 of the young and 3 of the mature hinds., Farmski držani jeleni podvrgavaju se različitim tehnikama asistirane reprodukcije, kako bi se dobile genetski vredne životinje. Između ostalog ove tehnike uključuju i sinhronizovanje estrusa i veštačko osemenjavanje. Malo se zna o odnosu između estradiola i progesterona kod košuta. Cilj ovoga rada je bio da se uporede odnosi estradiola i progesterona različitih starosnih kategorija košuta crvenog jelena i da se koristite za predviđanje uspeha sinhronizovanja estrusa i koncepcije. Da bi smo ovo postigli proveli smo postupak sinhronizacije estrusa (0. dan aplikacija intravaginalnih uložaka progesterona (CIDR, Pharmacia&Upjohn, New Zealand), 11. dan uklanjanje intravaginalnih uložaka i aplikacija 250 IU seruma ždrebnih kobila (PMSG, Folligon® Intervet International, Boxmeer, Holand). Košute su umjetno osjemenjene 48 sati nakon aplikacije (13. dan) duboko smrznutim sjemenom uvezenim iz Novog Zelanda. Uzorci krvi za analizu hormona uzeti su iz jugularne vene pomoću Venoject® vacutainera bez antikoagulansa u iste dane tretmana (0., 11. and 13. dan) i pri tome smo određivali nivo progesterona i estradiola u serumu mladih, zrelih i starih košuta. Koncentracija hormona odeređena je imunoenzimskom kemiluminiscencijom 'ECLIA' (Roche Elecsys 2010, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Statistički (p lt 0.01) veći nivo progesterona primećen je kod mladih košuta 11 dana posle aplikacije progesteronskog intravaginalnog implantata. Statistički vrlo značajno viši (p lt 0.01) nivo estrogena primećen je kod mladih košuta u odnosu na druge. Trinaestog dana eksperimenta, odnosno na dan estrusa, odnos estrogen/progesteron se vrlo značajno razlikovao (p lt 0.01) između starih (98,67) i mladih (46,59) košuta, kao i između starih i zrelih košuta (98,67:51,79). Od ukupno 38 obrađenih košuta, 9 je imalo potomstvo, od čega je 6 iz kategorije mladih košuta i 3 iz kategorije zrelih.

Biological treatment of feeds includes its exposure to the influence of exogenous enzymes in digestive tract of animals, i.e. exposure to the process of fermentation under the influence of microorganisms (pre-digestion) in fementors. Basic reason for adding endogenous enzymes into animal diets is the activity of already existing unused nutrients into outer space. The technology of pre digestion of food includes exposure of food to the process of action of added enzymes in fementors which enable undisturbed and successful fermentation. Microorganisms isolated from rumen of ruminants dissolve cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and other difficultly digestible polysaccharides using their own enzymes, and the products of dissolution (simple sugars) are used for the synthesis of microbial protein of high biological value. They use nitrate and nitrite nitrogen from food and from the air. They synthesize vitamins of B complex, D, E, and K vitamins and they also dissolve mycotoxines, making the food contaminated with mycotoxines less harmful. Through the process of fermentation of feeds, under the influence of microorganisms of rumen ("Biofermix" preparation) examined in Russian scientific research institutes, in cases of certain animal feeds (e.g. wheat bran), the increase in the protein content was determined from 13 to 25%, as well as reduced content of cellulose from 8 to 2%, which contributes to the greater utilization of such feed, to the better production reproductive and health performances of animals and to the protection of the environment as well. In order to gain new experience and to obtain additional arguments on efficacy of utilization of microorganisms in the process of biological treatment of animal feed it is necessary to perform research work with raw materials which is used under our conditions.

In this paper we studied the effect of apple aroma as a food additive in a concentration of 0.04% on performance and reduction of fur chewing and basic production parameters. During the experimental period (30 days), the experimental group of chinchillas that was fed with the pellet mixture with the addition of the aroma showed a statistically significant decrease in fur chewing (p lt 0.01) in comparison with the control group. Also, only 5% of the animals in the experimental group chewed fur out of the total number in that group (20 chinchillas), whereas the percentage of fur chewing with the control group with the same number of animals was 30%. The positive effects of aroma addition were noted for other examined factors as well, since the experimental group of chinchillas showed a bigger increase in body mass (1.36%), better growth (21.18%), increased food consumption (0.48%) and better conversion (17.13%) in comparison with the control group that was not fed with the aromatic additive., U radu je ispitivano delovanje ekstrakta jabuke kao aditiva hrani za činčile u koncentraciji od 0,04% na smanjenje griže krzna i osnovne proizvodne parametre. Tokom perioda od 30 dana ogledna grupa činčila hranjena peletiranom smešom sa dodatkom ekstrakta ostvarila je statistički signifikantno smanjenje griže krzna (p lt 0,01) u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Takođe, u oglednoj grupi zabeleženo je svega 5% griže krzna od ukupnog broja jedinki u toj grupi (20 činčila), a kod kontrolne grupe sa istim brojem životinja procenat griže je bio znatno veći i iznosio je 30%. Pozitivni efekti dodatka ekstrakta su registrovani i za druge ispitivane faktore, jer je ogledna grupa činčila na kraju ogleda imala veću telesnu masu (1,36%), bolji prirast (21,18%), povećanu konzumaciju hrane (0,48%) i bolju konverziju (17,13%) u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom, koja kroz hranu nije unosila aromatični dodatak.

Intensive pig breeding implies, among other things, the use of complete mixes in their diet in correspondence with the animals’ age and purpose. In the course of a threeyear period (2007-2009) the accredited laboratory of the Department for Nutrition and Botanics of the Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, Univerisity of Belgrade, analysed 65 fodder mix samples from the territory of Serbia intended for the diet of all categories of pigs, namely: 6 samples of complete mixes for the diet of pregnant sows and gilts, 9 samples of complete mixes for the diet of nursing sows and boar, 4 samples of complete mixes for enhanced diet of piglets, 13 samples of complete mixes for piglets in programme I up to 15 kg, 12 samples of complete mixes for piglets in programme II from 15-25 kg, 10 samples of complete mixes for growing pigs in fattening programme I from 25-60 kg, and 11 samples of complete mixes for pigs in fattening programme II from 60-100 kg. The analyses covered the contents of the elementary nutritive matter and the obtained results were compared with the quality conditions prescribed under the Regulations on the quality of animal feed (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 41/09). It was established that there were certain deviations with regard to the values presented in the Regulations on the quality of animal feed (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 41/09) in the average protein content in complete mixes for piglet diet II, 15-25 kg (17.89±1.19%) and in the mixes for growing pig diet II, 60-100 kg (13.95±0.53%). The established average fat content was lower in the mixes for enhanced piglet diet (5.99± 0.72%) and in mixes for piglet diet I, up to 15 kg (4.95±1.41%). A higher average cellulose content (4.08±0.73%) was established in mixes for enhanced piglet diet. Furthermore, significant differences from the values prescribed under the Regulations were established in certain samples. The established differences in the chemical composition of cert, Intenzivan uzgoj svinja između ostalog podrazumeva i upotrebu potpunih smeša u njihovoj ishrani, prilagođenu starosnoj dobi i nameni. Tokom trogodišnjeg perioda (2007 - 2009. god.) u akreditovanoj laboratoriji Katedre za ishranu i botaniku, Fakulteta veterinarske medicine, Univerziteta u Beogradu analizirano je 65 uzoraka smeša sa teritorije Srbije, namenjenih za ishranu svih kategorija svinja i to: 6 uzoraka potpunih smeša za ishranu suprasnih krmača i nazimica, 9 uzoraka potpunih smeša za ishranu krmača dojara i nerasta, 4 uzorka potpune smeše za prihranjivanje prasadi, 13 uzoraka potpunih smeša za prasad do 15 kg, 12 uzoraka potpunih smeša za prasad od 15 do 25 kg, 10 uzoraka potpunih smeša za svinje u porastu i tovu od 25 do 60 kg i 11 uzoraka potpunih smeša za svinje u porastu i tovu od 60 do 100 kg. Analiziran je sadržaj osnovnih hranljivih materija, a dobijeni rezultati upoređeni su sa uslovima kvaliteta propisanim Pravilnikom o kvalitetu hrane za životinje (Službeni glasnik RS br. 4/2010). Utvrđena su odstupanja od vrednosti propisanih Pravilnikom o kvalitetu hrane za životinje (Službeni glasnik RS br. 4/2010), u prosečnom sadržaju proteina u potpunim smešama za ishranu prasadi od 15 do 25 kg (17,89±1,19%) i smeši za ishranu svinja u porastu i tovu od 60 do 100 kg (13,95±0,53%). Utvrđeni prosečni sadržaj masti bio je niži u smešama za prihranjivanje prasadi (5,99±0,72%) i smešama za ishranu prasadi do 15 kg (4,95±1,41%). Veći prosečan sadržaj celuloze (4,08±0,73%) utvrđen je u smešama za prihranjivanje prasadi. Sa druge strane, utvrđena su značajna odstupanja pojedinačnih uzoraka u odnosu na vrednosti koje su propisane Pravilnikom. Utvrđena odstupanja u hemijskom sastavu pojedinačnih uzoraka ispitivanih smeša nesumnjivo ukazuju na potrebu stalnog i višestepenog monitoringa sirovina i gotovih proizvoda, a u cilju očuvanja zdravlja i što optimalnijeg iskorišćenja proizvodnog potencijala životinja.

Kreatin je amino kiselinski derivat koji se normalno proizvodi u jetri, bubrezima i pankreasu od glicina, arginina i metionina. Kreatin monohidrat (CMH) je postao popularan dodatak u ishrani sportista koji ga koriste radi povećanja mišićnih performansi (Greenhaff i sar., 1993), kao i za smanjenje zamora usled vežbanja visokog intenziteta. Navedeno povećanje performansi uključuje i povećanje mišićne mase (Balsom i sar, 1995.), tako da je dokazano da sportisti konzumiranjem 20 g CMH dnevno tokom šest dana povećavaju telesnu masu za 1,1 kg. Dodavanje kreatina utiče na porast ćelijske hidratacije (Juhn, 1999), što je anabolički proliferativni signal za sintezu proteina (Haussinger i sar., 1996). Istraživanja na ljudima (Greenhaff, 1996) su pokazala da dodavanje kreatin monohidrata u količini od 20 g dnevno tokom pet dana povećava količinu intramuskularnog kreatina 20%. Harris i sar. (1992) su prvi izvestili da je oralno unošenje CMH rezultovalo povećanjem koncentracije intramuskularnog kreatina i kreatin fosfata. Autori su otkrili da je svakodnevno konzumiranje 5 g CMH četiri do šest puta na dan tokom dva ili više dana dovelo do značajnog povećanja ukupne koncentracije kreatina u skeletnim mišićima ljudi. Istraživanja su pokazala dva moguća mehanizma kojim kreatin povećava rast mišića i sintezu proteina. Mišić punjen kreatinom ima kapacitet za povećanje rada ili snage usled povećanja količine energije skladištene kao fosfokreatin (odgovoran za refosforilaciju adenozin-difosfata) i odlaganje početka mišićnog zamaranja (Casey i sar., 1996). Povećana koncentracija kreatin-fosfata u mišićima privlači vodu u mišićne ćelije i na taj način povećava zapreminu ćelije (Hultman i sar., 1996). Prevost i sar. (1997) su izvestili da intramuskularno punjenje kreatinom može da puferuje akumuliranje mlečne kiseline i ubrza vreme oporavka od kratkotrajnog vežbanja maksimalinog intenziteta. Kreatin nije prisutan u hranivima biljnog porekla što nalaže upotrebu hraniva animalnog porekla kao, Creatine monohydrate (CMH) has become a popular dietary supplement used by athletes to increase muscle performance. Creatine acts in muscles in the form of creatine phosphate, which provides muscle with ATP. The increased concentration of intramuscular kreatinfosfat draws water into muscle cells, thus increasing cell volume. It has been reported a significant increase in total body mass and lean body mass in CMH intake in humans, suggesting that pigs with the addition of CMH could showe a linear increase in growth during the period of complementary feeding. Creatine is not present in the feed of plant origin that requires the use of feed of animal origin as its source in diets for animals or the use of synthetic products. Among the feed of animal origin that is commonly used in formulating meal for pigs, the greatest amount of creatine is found in meat and bone meal (207.7 mg/kg), fish meal (1110.5 mg/kg) and poultry by product meal (201 mg/kg), with variations depending on the quality of raw materials and production process for obtaining. Currently there are three different synthetic forms of creatine at the market: monohydrate, phosphate and citrate. The amount and length of adding CMH may be the reason for the variation in the quality of meat in the different groups of pigs. It was found that water loss, and firmness of M. longissimus are improved due to CMHC addition into the meal for fattening pigs in the amount of 3 g daily for 30 days, or 25 grams daily for five days before slaughter. Adding creatine in small amounts over a longer period of time can be just effective as addition of large quantities of creatine in a shorter period of time.

The aim of this trial was to get more detailed insight into health status and performance and investigate the possibilities of prevention of detrimental effects of mycotoxins in feed by the use of plant-mineral preparation for detoxifi cation of animals Detoxin-V®. The study was performed on 100 one day old Cobb provenience broilers of both sexes with average body mass of 40 g. The study lasted 42 days and was divided into 3 phases that lasted 14, 21 and 7 days, respectfully. The broilers were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. First group of broilers was given complete feed mixture which was composed of mouldy corn grain with no Detoxin-V® supplemented; second group of broilers was given same complete feed mixture with Detoxin-V® supplemented. Body mass, daily gain, amount of consumed feed and feed effi ciency of broilers were monitored. At the end of the study control group of broilers have achieved lower average daily gain (49.95 g), (p>0.05) than the gain achieved in the experimental group of broilers (56.02 g). The group of broilers which feed was supplemented with 0.5% of Detoxin-V® had consumed higher amount of feed (100.65g) compared to the control group (94.92g). Also feed effi ciency of experimental groups of broilers was better than the feed effi ciency of control group of broilers during all phases of the study. The use of Detoxin-V® preparation has doubtlessly lead to the increase in immune defence and resistance of the animals exposed to the permanent negative effect of feed mycotoxins, which lead to increased production results of experimental group of broilers. Based on these results we can conclude that the use of Detoxin-V® preparation in broiler nutrition has its nutritive, medical and economic rationale.

Recent mycological and mycotoxicological analysis of many feed samples have shown that this problem is still present. It is approved that mouldy feed can contain various mycotoxins, but in our conditions among the most investigated and usually present are some trichotecenes. Based on laboratory feed inspection of samples sent to be analysed in the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia in Belgrade it was concluded that fungi and mycotoxins contamination are common. Although detected levels usually do not exceed limits layed by actual legislation, having on mind cumulative effects and possible chronical exposure of animals to their harmful influence, appropriate and competent approach is necessary. In fact, even when direct loses, as consequence of high mortality are not present, indirect loses due to drop of performances and production and higher incidence of other deseases must not be neglected., Fusarium plesni preovlađuju u našem regionu. Među mikotoksinima koje proizvode Fusarium plesni, živina je naročito osetljiva na T-2 toksin i DAS koji pripadaju grupi trihotecena. Mlada živina, uzgojna živina, patke i golubovi često su osetljiviji na efekte mikotoksina. Kombinacija više različitih vrsta mikotoksina može da dovede do težih efekata čineći problematičnijim definisanje sigurnih nivoa u hrani. U cilju prevencije problema u vezi sa prisustvom mikotoksina u hrani neophodno je pravilno skladištenje i rukovanje žitaricama i gotovom hranom kako bi se smanjio razvoj plesni i produkcija mikotoksina. Takođe, neophodno je vršiti i redovne analize za detekciju mikotoksina. Dodaci hrani za životinje mogu da se koriste za ublažavanje štetnih efekata nekih mikotoksina, ali treba da budu istraženi kako bi njihova aktivnost bila usmerena na mikotoksin od interesa.

In order to investigate the effects of omega (n) 3 fatty acids on egg quality a group-control trial was organized. Trial lasted 40 days and was performed in production conditions. Total number of 1264 laying hens of Lohman Brown classic provenience were used and randomly allotted into one of four groups by 316 hens each (C-control, I experimental, II experimental and III experimental). All groups of hens were fed diets of standard ingredients and chemical composition, while feed of I, II and III experimental group of hens was supplemented with micro algae Schizochytrium spp. (DHA Gold®, Martek, USA) as a source of n- 3 fatty acids in amount of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 % respectively. In order to investigate the influence of micro algae Schizochytrium spp. feed supplementation on egg quality, from the aspect of content and ratio of fatty acids, random egg samples (n=10) were taken at the 10th, 20th and 40th day of the trial from each group. Egg yolk fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography on Varian 1400 with flame ionization detector (FID detector) (on a packed column 20% LAC-3R-728 Chromosorb WAW 80-100 mesh). Significant differences in egg yolk fatty acid content as well as their ratio were determined between treatment groups. Positive influence of supplemented micro algae preparation was observed. Highest content of n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA n-3) was determined in egg yolks of III experimental group while lowest content was determined in egg yolks of control group of hens. Micro algae feed supplementation, at the end of the trial period, positively affected egg yolk PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio, since determined ratio of 4.24 in III experimental group was more desirable than 12.27 determined in a control group. Marine algae (Schizochytrium spp.) feed supplementation in laying hens in amounts above 0.5% significantly affected egg yolk fatty acid composition as well as ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA. These findings support its use from nutritive, medical and, Da bi se ispitao uticaj omega -3 masnih kiselina na kvalitet jaja postavljen je ogled sa tri eksperimentalne i jednom kontrolnom grupom. Ogled je trajao 40 dana i sproveden je u proizvodnim uslovima. Ukupan broj od 1264 kokoši nosilja Lohmann Brown classic provenijence je slučajno raspoređen u četiri grupe po 316 nosilja u svakoj (C-kontrola, I eksperimentalna, II eksperimentalna i III eksperimentalna). Sve grupe su hranjene smešama standardnog sastava, dok su eksperimentalne grupe I, II, III hranjene smešom obogaćenom mikroalgama Schizochytrium spp. (DHA Gold®, Martek, USA) kao izvorom n-3 masnih kiselina u količini od 0,5; 0,7; 1,0. U cilju ispitivanja hrane obogaćene mikroalgom Schizochytrium spp. na kvalitet jaja sa aspekta sadržaja i odnosa masnih kiselina, uzet je slučajan uzorak jaja (n=10) 10., 20., i 40. dana iz svake grupe. Sadržaj masnih kiselina u žumancetu je određen gasnim hromatografom Varian 1400 sa plamen jonizujućim detektorom (FID detector) (na koloni 20% LAC-3R-728 Chromosorb WAW 80-100 mreža). Značajne razlike u sadržaju masnih kiselina u žumancetu kao i njihov odnos su određeni između tretmana. Najveći sadržaj n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (PUFA n-3) određen je u žumancetu jaja treće eksperimentalne grupe, dok je najmanji sadržaj određen u kontrolnoj grupi. Dodavanje mikro algi smešama na kraju oglednog perioda, pozitivno je uticao na odnos PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 u žumancetu, pošto je određen odnos od 4,24 u III eksperimentalnoj grupi što je poželjnije od 12,27 koliko je određeno u kontrolnoj grupi. Dodavanje morskih algi (Schizochytrium spp.) u smeše za kokoši nosilje u koncentraciji oko 0,5%, značajno je uticalo na sastav masnih kiselina u žumancetu jajeta kao i na odnos n-6/n-3 PUFA. Ovi rezultati opravdavaju upotrebu algi u ishrani kokoši nosilja sa nutritivne, medicinske i ekonomske tačke gledišta.

In this paper are presented the growth performances (live weight, average daily weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio) of broilers Hybro G+ provenience. Feeding, zoohygienic and zootechnical measures met technological normative for this provenience. Broilers were fed with the complete feed mixtures (producer 'Dren', Novi Sad) with added anticoccidial salinomycine in the amount of 66 mg/kg up to 35. day of fattening. In last week of the fattening period, salinomycine was not added (drug waiting period is 5 days). Live weight of broilers at the end of trial was 1959.74 g to 2750.48 g (average 2340.62 g). During the fattening period, average daily weight gain was 54.70 ± 5.03 g; it was in the range 45.71-64.39 g. Average daily feed consumption was 87.97 g for all fattening period and feed conversion ratio was 87.97 g., U radu su prikazani proizvodni rezultati (masa brojlera tokom tova, prosečan dnevni prirast i utrošak hrane, konverzija hrane) brojlera Hybro G+ provenijencije. Ishrana, smeštaj, zoohigijenske i zootehničke mere odgovarale su tehnološkim normativima za ovu provenijenciju. Brojleri su hranjeni potpunim krmnim smešama (proizvođač 'Dren', Novi Sad) kojima je dodat antikokcidijal salinomicin u količini od 66 mg/kg, do 35. dana tova. U smeše korišćene za poslednju nedelju tova, salinomicin nije dodat da bi se ispoštovala karenca leka koja za pileće meso iznosi 5 dana. Prosečna masa brojlera na kraju tova bila je od 1959,74 g do 2750,48 g (prosečno 2340,62 g). Za ceo period tova, prosečan dnevni prirast brojlera bio je 54,70 ± 5,03 g, odnosno bio je u opsegu od 45,71 do 64,39 g. Prosečan dnevni utrošak hrane bio je 87,97 g za ceo period tova, a konverzija hrane 1,76.

Fusarium plesni preovlađuju u našem regionu. Među mikotoksinima koje proizvode Fusarium plesni, živina je naročito osetljiva na T-2 toksin i DAS koji pripadaju grupi trihotecena. Mlada živina, uzgojna živina, patke i golubovi često su osetljiviji na efekte mikotoksina. Kombinacija više različitih vrsta mikotoksina može da dovede do težih efekata čineći problematičnijim definisanje sigurnih nivoa u hrani. U cilju prevencije problema u vezi sa prisustvom mikotoksina u hrani neophodno je pravilno skladištenje i rukovanje žitaricama i gotovom hranom kako bi se smanjio razvoj plesni i produkcija mikotoksina. Takođe, neophodno je vršiti i redovne analize za detekciju mikotoksina. Dodaci hrani za životinje mogu da se koriste za ublažavanje štetnih efekata nekih mikotoksina, ali treba da budu istraženi kako bi njihova aktivnost bila usmerena na mikotoksin od interesa., Recent mycological and mycotoxicological analysis of many feed samples have shown that this problem is still present. It is approved that mouldy feed can contain various mycotoxins, but in our conditions among the most investigated and usually present are some trichotecenes. Based on laboratory feed inspection of samples sent to be analysed in the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia in Belgrade it was concluded that fungi and mycotoxins contamination are common. Although detected levels usually do not exceed limits layed by actual legislation, having on mind cumulative effects and possible chronical exposure of animals to their harmful influence, appropriate and competent approach is necessary. In fact, even when direct loses, as consequence of high mortality are not present, indirect loses due to drop of performances and production and higher incidence of other deseases must not be neglected.

Da bi se ispitao uticaj omega -3 masnih kiselina na kvalitet jaja postavljen je ogled sa tri eksperimentalne i jednom kontrolnom grupom. Ogled je trajao 40 dana i sproveden je u proizvodnim uslovima. Ukupan broj od 1264 kokoši nosilja Lohmann Brown classic provenijence je slučajno raspoređen u četiri grupe po 316 nosilja u svakoj (C-kontrola, I eksperimentalna, II eksperimentalna i III eksperimentalna). Sve grupe su hranjene smešama standardnog sastava, dok su eksperimentalne grupe I, II, III hranjene smešom obogaćenom mikroalgama Schizochytrium spp. (DHA Gold®, Martek, USA) kao izvorom n-3 masnih kiselina u količini od 0,5; 0,7; 1,0. U cilju ispitivanja hrane obogaćene mikroalgom Schizochytrium spp. na kvalitet jaja sa aspekta sadržaja i odnosa masnih kiselina, uzet je slučajan uzorak jaja (n=10) 10., 20., i 40. dana iz svake grupe. Sadržaj masnih kiselina u žumancetu je određen gasnim hromatografom Varian 1400 sa plamen jonizujućim detektorom (FID detector) (na koloni 20% LAC-3R-728 Chromosorb WAW 80-100 mreža). Značajne razlike u sadržaju masnih kiselina u žumancetu kao i njihov odnos su određeni između tretmana. Najveći sadržaj n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (PUFA n-3) određen je u žumancetu jaja treće eksperimentalne grupe, dok je najmanji sadržaj određen u kontrolnoj grupi. Dodavanje mikro algi smešama na kraju oglednog perioda, pozitivno je uticao na odnos PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 u žumancetu, pošto je određen odnos od 4,24 u III eksperimentalnoj grupi što je poželjnije od 12,27 koliko je određeno u kontrolnoj grupi. Dodavanje morskih algi (Schizochytrium spp.) u smeše za kokoši nosilje u koncentraciji oko 0,5%, značajno je uticalo na sastav masnih kiselina u žumancetu jajeta kao i na odnos n-6/n-3 PUFA. Ovi rezultati opravdavaju upotrebu algi u ishrani kokoši nosilja sa nutritivne, medicinske i ekonomske tačke gledišta., In order to investigate the effects of omega (n) 3 fatty acids on egg quality a group-control trial was organized. Trial lasted 40 days and was performed in production conditions. Total number of 1264 laying hens of Lohman Brown classic provenience were used and randomly allotted into one of four groups by 316 hens each (C-control, I experimental, II experimental and III experimental). All groups of hens were fed diets of standard ingredients and chemical composition, while feed of I, II and III experimental group of hens was supplemented with micro algae Schizochytrium spp. (DHA Gold®, Martek, USA) as a source of n- 3 fatty acids in amount of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 % respectively. In order to investigate the influence of micro algae Schizochytrium spp. feed supplementation on egg quality, from the aspect of content and ratio of fatty acids, random egg samples (n=10) were taken at the 10th, 20th and 40th day of the trial from each group. Egg yolk fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography on Varian 1400 with flame ionization detector (FID detector) (on a packed column 20% LAC-3R-728 Chromosorb WAW 80-100 mesh). Significant differences in egg yolk fatty acid content as well as their ratio were determined between treatment groups. Positive influence of supplemented micro algae preparation was observed. Highest content of n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA n-3) was determined in egg yolks of III experimental group while lowest content was determined in egg yolks of control group of hens. Micro algae feed supplementation, at the end of the trial period, positively affected egg yolk PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio, since determined ratio of 4.24 in III experimental group was more desirable than 12.27 determined in a control group. Marine algae (Schizochytrium spp.) feed supplementation in laying hens in amounts above 0.5% significantly affected egg yolk fatty acid composition as well as ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA. These findings support its use from nutritive, medical and

The use of plant extracts with the objective of improving production results and the quality of food articles of animal origin is an area which is acquiring increasing scientific importance. Numerous investigations carried out so far on ruminants and other species of domestic animals have been aimed at examining specific bioactive matter of plants. The results of these investigations have demonstrated a positive influence on the production results. A large number of data indicate that plant extracts added to animal feed contribute to increasing overall productivity. Furthermore, plant extracts as additives in animal feed have a positive effect also on the health condition of the animals. A large number of plants have characteristics which potentially improve consumption, digestibility and conversion of food, and also growth. Examinations have been performed of the effects of different plant extracts on food consumption, wool growth, growth and composition of the trunk, milk production, reproductive parameters, agents for wool shearing, preventing bloat, methane production, as well as the influence of plants on curbing nematode infestations of ruminants. This work presents a review of scientific investigations of different plant species and their effects on the production characteristics of ruminants. ., Upotreba biljnih ekstrakata u cilju poboljšanja proizvodnih rezultata i kvaliteta namirnica animalnog porekla je oblast sa sve većom naučnom značajnošću. Mnoga ispitivanja sprovedena na preživarima, ali i drugim vrstama domaćih životinja, imala su za cilj da se ispitaju specifične bioaktivne materije biljaka. Rezultati tih istraživanja pokazuju pozitivan uticaj na proizvodne rezultate. Veliki broj podataka ukazuje na to da biljni ekstrakti dodati hrani za životinje doprinose povećanju ukupne produktivnosti. Takođe, biljni ekstrakti kao aditivi u hrani za životinje imaju pozitivan uticaj i na zdravstveno stanje životinja. Veliki broj biljaka poseduje karakteristike koje mogu poboljšati konzumaciju, svarljivost i konverziju hrane i prirast. Ispitivan je uticaj ekstrakata različitih vrsta biljaka na konzumaciju hrane, rast vune, prirast i sastav trupa, proizvodnju mleka, reproduktivne parametre, agense za strižu vune, sprečavanje naduna, proizvodnju metana kao i uticaj biljaka na smanjenje infestacije preživara nemetodama. Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled naučnih ispitivanja različitih biljnih vrsta i njihovog uticaja na proizvodne karakteristike preživara.

Over a period of five years (2005-2009), the laboratory of the Department for Nutrition and Botanic analyzed 22 samples of mixes from the territory of Serbia, intended for the diet of two categories of cattle (fattening calves I and dairy cows with over 20 liters of milk). The analysis was performed using standard methods, and the obtained results were compared with the quality conditions prescribed under the Regulations on quality and other requirements for animal feed (SRY Official Gazette numbers 20/00 and 38/01). Intensive breeding of cattle implies the use of concentrated mixes for all categories which are adapted to the age and purpose of maintenance of the animals. The mixes are products of the animal food industry, and they are obtained through an established technological procedure using the required raw materials. The inadequate quality of raw materials causes problems involving the quality of the finished products, so that strict adherence to the established recipes does not necessary result in a satisfactory quality of the mixes. All of the above imposes the need for the constant monitoring of the nutritive value of the mixes, and consequently also of their quality. On the grounds of the analysis of the presence of the elementary nutritive matter, no significant differences were established with regard to the prescribed quantity of nutritive matter, so that the use of the examined mixes in the diets of the respective categories of cattle can be expected to yield satisfactory production results. ., Tokom petogodišnjeg perioda (2005 - 2009) u Laboratoriji Katedre za ishranu i botaniku analizirano je 22 uzorka smeša sa teritorije Srbije, namenjenih za ishranu dve kategorije goveda (junadi u tovu I i krava muzara sa preko 20 litara mleka). Analiza je izvršena standardnim metodama, a dobijeni rezultati poređeni su sa uslovima kvaliteta smeša propisanih Pravilnikom o kvalitetu i drugim zahtevima za hranu za životinje (Sl. list SRJ br. 20/00 i 38/01). Intenzivni uzgoj goveda podrazumeva upotrebu koncentrovanih smeša za sve kategorije koje su prilagođene, njihovoj starosnoj dobi i nameni. Smeše su proizvodi industrije hrane za životinje, dobijeni utvrđenim tehnološkim postupkom upotrebom odgovarajućih sirovina. Neodgovarajući kvalitet sirovina uzrokuje probleme u pogledu kvaliteta finalnih proizvoda, tako da se striktnim pridržavanjem utvrđenih receptura ne postiže uvek i zadovoljavajući kvalitet smeša. Sve ovo nameće potrebu konstantnog praćenja hranljive vrednosti smeša, a time i kvaliteta. Na osnovu analize prisustva osnovnih hranljivih materija nisu ustanovljena značajnija odstupanja u odnosu na propisanu količinu hranljivih materija, tako da se upotrebom ispitivanih smeša u ishrani odgovarajučih kategorija goveda mogu očekivati zadovoljavajući proizvodni rezultati. .

Mycotoxins present a significant problem in the diet of pigs. Secondary metabolites of fungi are toxic matter that have a negative effect on health and the performance of animals, as well as on the quality of their products. The creating of mycotosins is a complex process and it is difficult to predict which toxin will be produced and in which concentration. Food is most often contaminated by low concentrations of different mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisinsi and zearalenone) which cause a series of undesired effects, depending on the amount that the animal has ingested into the organism. Mycotoxin interactions in the organism are complex, and they can have antagonistic, synergistic or a joint effect, depending on the combination and quantity in which they appear. The pig is a domestic animal which is most sensitive to the effects of mycotoxins. Long-term consumption of feed contaminated with mycotoxins results in a decline in production, a deterioration of the general health and reproductive disorders. One of the most important negative effects in pigs which receive low doses of mycotoxins in the longterm, is immunosuppression. Mycotoxins present very stable links that remain in raw materials and animal products for a long time and thus pose a major health risk for humans. ., Mikotoksini predstavljaju značajan problem u ishrani svinja. Sekundarni metaboliti plesni su toksične materije koje negativno utiču na zdravlje i proizvodne rezultate životinja, kao i na kvalitet njihovih proizvoda. Stvaranje mikotoksina je složen proces i teško je predvideti koji će toksin biti proizveden i u kojoj koncentraciji. Hranu najčešće kontaminiraju niske koncentracije različitih mikotoksina (aflatoksini, ohratoksini, trihoteceni, fumonizini i zearalenon) koji uzrokuju niz nepoželjnih uticaja, u zavisnosti od količine koju životinja unese u organizam. Interakcije mikotoksina u organizmu su kompleksne, a mogu imati antagonistički, sinergistički ili zbirni učinak, u zavisnosti od kombinacije i količine u kojoj se pojave. Svinja je jedna od najosetljivijih domaćih životinja na delovanje mikotoksina. Pri dugotrajnom konzumiranju hrane kontaminirane mikotoksinima dolazi do pada proizvodnje, pogoršanja opšteg zdravstvenog stanja i reproduktivnih poremećaja. Jedan od važnijih negativnih delovanja kod svinja koje dugo unose niske doze mikotoksina je imunosupresija. Mikotoksini predstavljaju vrlo stabilna jedinjenja koji dugo ostaju u sirovinama i životinjskim proizvodima i tako predstavljaju veliki rizik i za zdravlje ljudi. .

Količina selena u namirnicama životinjskog porekla najviše zavisi od količine selena koju domaće životinje unose hranom. Selen se može dodati hrani za životinje u neorganskom (selenit) ili organskom obliku (selenizirani kvasac). Upotrebu selena u organskom obliku kao dodatka hrani za živinu i svinje dovodi do povećanja ukupne količine selena u mesu. U radu je predstavljena prednost korišćenja organskog, u odnosu na neorganski oblik selena, u ishrani životinja i mogućnost dobijanja kvalitetnijih namirnica životinjskog porekla. Takođe su prikazani rezultati kod korišćenja povećanih količina organskog oblika selena u cilju dobijanja namirnice obogaćene ovim elementom (meso grudi, bataka sa karabatakom, jetre živine, kao i jetre i mišićnog tkiva svinja) gde je sadržaj selena u meso preko 0.5 mg/kg. Selenom obogaćeno meso moglo bi dobiti posebno mesto u kategoriji "funkcionalne hrane" i bitno uticati na unos selena u ljudski organizam što je od vitalnog značaja za sve kategorije stanovništva, a naročito onih najosetljivijih čije je zdravlje ugroženo.

Application of zeolite in the diet of pigs showed multiple effects, and its application as a specific adsorbent resulted in increased growth and food conversion. In order to study effects of tufozel as representative of the zeolite on the meatiness and thickness of fat tissue, research was conducted on three groups of pigs: cross bread gilts, boars and castrates. Each category of pigs was divided into two groups, control and experimental. The experimental group was fed with feed containing 0.5% of tufozel. After fattening, pigs were slaughtered at the slaughter line and the meatiness of warm carcasses was examined by measuring the thickness of fat on animals' back and weight of warm carcasses. Average weight of carcasses from the experimental group was higher compared to the control, the difference being highest in the category of young boars. The thickness of fat tissue value was statistically lower (p lt 0.001) in experimental groups of gilts and castrates, compared to the group of young boars. Tufozel impact on the average weight and meat percentage in carcasses of castrates and gilts was statistically highly significant (p lt 0.001). Statistically significant difference in yield (p lt 0.05) was also observed within the category of young boars, between control and experimental group, the latter showing higher yield values. The results indicate a positive effect of tufozel on parameters of meatiness of investigated pig categories., Primena zeolita u ishrani svinja pokazala je pozitivno dejstvo na proizvodne parametre svinja u tovu, te njihova primena kao specifičnih adsorbenata ima svoje nutritivno, medicinsko i ekonomsko opravdanje. Radi ispitivanja dejstva tufozela, kao predstavnika zeolita, na mesnatost trupova i debljinu masnog tkiva, istraživanje je sprovedeno na tri kategorije svinja ukrštenih rasa: mlade nerastove, nazimice i kastrate. Svaka kategorija svinja podeljena je u dve grupe, kontrolnu i oglednu. U obroke oglednih grupa umešano je po 0,5% tufozela. Posle završenog tova, svinje su zaklane, a na liniji klanja ispitivana je mesnatost trupova i to merenjem debljine masnog tkiva na leđima i merenjem mase toplih polutki. Kod svinja ispitanih kategorija, prosečna masa trupa oglednih grupa bila je veća nego kod kontrolnih, s tim da je kod nerastova ta razlika bila najveća. Razlike u debljini masnog tkiva kod oglednih grupa kastrata i nazimica pokazale su se statistički visoko značajne (p lt 0,001), dok između prosečne debljine masnog tkiva ogledne i kontrolne grupe mladih nerastova nije utvrdena statistički značajna razlika. Uticaj tufozela na prosečnu masu mesa i procenat mesa u trupu kod kastrata i nazimica oglednih grupa pokazao se kao statistički visoko značajan (p lt 0,001). Između prinosa mesa kontrolne i ogledne grupe mladih nerastova izraženog u kg, odnosno u %, utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika (p lt 0,05). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na pozitivan uticaj tufozela na parametre mesnatosti i mesnatost ispitivanih kategorija svinja.

U radu su ispitivani efekti suplementacije obroka brojlera organskim i neorganskim oblicima selena i različitim količinama vitamina E na kvalitet mesa i prinos mesa brojlera. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 240 jedinki podeljenih u četiri grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća sedam dana. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu pilića u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov pilića korišćena je od 1. do 21. dana, a potpuna smeša za završni tov od 21. do 35, odnosno od 35. do 42. dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama sa dodatim neorganskim selenom (natrijum selenitom) u količini od 0.3 ppm + 20 IJ vitamina E, a ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale su hranu sa dodatkom organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a) +20 IJ vitamina E, neorganskog selena (natrijum selenita) +100 IJ vitamina E ili organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a)+100 IJ vitamina E. Na kraju ogleda brojleri su zaklani i uzeti su uzorci mesa (meso grudi i jetre) za utvrđivanje sadržaja selena i masnokiselinski sastav masti bataka sa karabatakom. Na kraju tova, 42. dana, sadržaj selena u mesu grudi brojlera kretao se od 0.34 mg/kg do 0.43 mg/kg. Koncentracija selena je kod O-III grupe bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na grupu koja je dobijala neorganski oblik selena, odnosno kontrolu. Koncentracija selena u jetri brojlera iznosila je na kraju ogleda (42. dan) od 0.50 do 0.63 mg/kg i bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Dodavanje organskog oblika selena i povećane količine vitamina E u smešama brojlera pruža mogućnosti postizanja boljeg kvaliteta mesa kao i povoljnijeg odnosa nezasićene (NZ) / zasićene (Z) masne kiseline., In this paper effects of broiler meal supplementation with organic and inorganic forms of selenium and different amounts of vitamin E on broiler meat quality and meat yield were monitored. Trial was performed on total number of 240 animals divided into 4 groups, lasted 42 days and was divided into 3 phases. First phase lasted 21, second 14 and 3rd seven days. Broilers were fed with three types of complete feed mixtures of standards raw and chemical composition for broiler feeding that met or exceeded the nutrient recommendations for growing broilers (NRC, 1998). Complete starter feed mixture was used from 1st to 21st day, mixture for growth from 21st till 35th day and mixture for final growth from 35th till 42nd day respectfully. During trial control group of broilers (C) was given fed with supplemented inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-I) was feed meal supplemented with organic selenium (Sel-Plex) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-II) was feed meal supplemented with 0,3 ppm inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) plus 100 IU vitamin E. At the end of the trial, broilers were slaughtered and at that time samples of breast meat and liver were collected for determination of selenium content and content of faty acid in meat of drumstick. At the end of experiment (42nd day), content of selenium in breast meat was from 0.34 mg/kg to 0.43 mg/kg. Concentration of selenium in E-III group was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared to group which was fed inorganic selenium (control group) Concentration of selenium in broiler liver ranged on day 42 of the trial from 0.50 to 0.63 mg/kg which was significant compared to control group (p<0.01). Addition of organic selenium and high amounts of vitamin E in broiler feed mixtures gives possibility for achievement of better quality meat and better ratio unsaturated (US) and saturated (S) fatty acids.

A total of 240 Hybro broilers was divided into 4 groups. These groups were fed a complete corn/soybean based diet with and without addition of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP, Flavomycin® 15 ppm, Intervet), direct feed microbials (DFM, All-Lac® 1kg/T, Alltech Inc. USA) and mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) (Bio-MOS® 2kg/T, Alltech Inc. USA). Chickens were introduced into the experiment after hatching. At day 42 of trial, all broilers were conventionaly sacrificed in a slaughter plant and slaughter performances were measured. Samples of intestines with its content from 6 average broilers (randomly selected) from each group (n=24) were taken for examination. At the end of the trial, body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) of broilers fed the diet containing Bio-MOS® (1915.23 and 44.58 g), AGP (1869.40 and 43.50 g) and DFM (1855.50 and 43.17g) were significantly higher than in birds of the control group (1815.67 and 41.96 g). When compared with the control group (91.19 g), ADFI (average daily feed intake) was also significantly reduced when Bio-MOS® (81.84 g), DFM (83.50g) or AGP (86.16 g) were supplemented which lead to a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR), 2.17 vs. 1.83, 1.93 and 1.98 kg, respectively. A significantly lower pH of the intestinal content of intestines (duodenum, ileum, caecum) was observed in groups fed DFM (6.16, 6.46 and 6.72) and Bio-MOS® (6.25, 6.50 and 6.78), compared with the control (6.55, 6.81 and 7.21) and AGP (6.61, 6.87 and 7.14) group. The use of DFM and Bio-MOS® increased length and width of intestinal villa and decreased depth of crypts, while the number of goblet cells did not significantly differ among experimental groups. In conclusion, Bio-MOS® and DFM exhibited nutritional, pharmacological and economic advantages over antibiotic growth promoters.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of broiler meal supplementation with different forms of selenium (as Na-selenite or selenized yeast) and different amounts of vitamin E on selenium and vitamin E status in broiler tissues. A total number of 240 broilers (Cobb 500) were divided in four experimental groups supplemented with Se and vitamin E for a period of 42 days: group SS+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite and 20 IU of vitamin E; group SY+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg selenized yeast and 20 IU of vitamin E; group SS+E100 - 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite and 100 IU of vitamin E; group SY+E100 - 0.3 mg/kg selenized yeast and 100 IU of vitamin E. Blood plasma Se and MDA concentrations and Se dependent GSH-Px were determined on days 1, 21 and 42, where's content of Se and vitamin E in breast muscle and liver were measured on days 21 and 42 of the experiment. Highest blood plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were detected in groups SS+E20 and SS+E100. Supplementation with selenium enriched yeast did not result in a significant increase in plasma GSH-Px activity. Selenium and vitamin E concentrations in breast meat and liver were significantly higher in groups supplemented selenized yeast compared to those receiving Na-selenite. Selenium and vitamin E supplementation did not alter plasma MDA concentrations, but in tissues, selenized yeast provided a consistent, although not significant, reduction in MDA content. The increased dose of vitamin E supplemented in broiler meal was not justifiable on the basis of vitamin E tissue content and antioxidative effect., Cilj ovog eksperimenta je bio da se utvrde efekti dodatka različitih formi selena u obrok (natrijum selenit ili selenizirani kvasac) i različitih količina vitamina E na status selena i vitamina E u tkivima brojlera. Ukupan broj od 240 brojlera (Cobb 500) je bio podeljen na četiri eksperimentalne grupe kojima je dodavan selen i vitamin E u obrok u periodu od 42 dana: grupa SS+E20 - 0,3 mg/kg Na-selenita i 20 IJ vitamina E; grupa SY+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg seleniziranog kvasca i 20 IJ vitamina E; grupa SS+E100 - 0,3 mg/kg Na-selenita i 100 IJ vitamina E; grupa SY+E100- 0,3 mg/kg seleniziranog kvasca i 100 IJ vitamina E. Koncentracija selena u krvnoj plazmi i MDA kao i selen zavisne GSH-PX je određivana 1., 21. i 42., dok su sadržaj selena i vitamina E u grudnoj muskulaturi i jetri određivani 21. i 42. dana eksperimenta. Najviše vrednosti aktivnosti glutation peroksidaze u krvnoj plazmi su utvrđene u grupama SS+E20 i SS+E100. Dodatak seleniziranog kvasca nije rezultirao značajnim povećanjem aktivnosti GSH-Px u krvnoj plazmi. Koncentracija selena i vitamina E u grudnoj muskulaturi i jetri je bila značajno viša u grupama kojima je dodat selenizirani kvasac u poređenju sa grupama koje su dobijale Na-selenit. Dodatak selena i vitamina E nije uticao na koncentraciju MDA u krvnoj plazmi, ali je u tkivima, selenizirani kvasac doveo do uočljivog ali ne značajnog smanjenja sadržaja MDA. Povećana doza vitamina E u obroku brojlera od 100 IJ vitamina E nije bila opravdana na osnovu sadržaja vitamina E i antioksidativnog dejstva.

U prirodne stimulatore rasta (NGP's – natural growth promoters) spadaju fitobiotici, probiotici, prebiotici, zakišeljivači i enzimi koji utiču na poboljšanje zdravlja kroz stimulaciju eubioze digestivnog trakta. Fitobiotici su funkcionalni sastojci hrane koji se dobijaju iz aromatičnih biljaka, začina i etarskih ulja (Jovanović i sar, 2004). Etarska ulja predstavljaju najkoncentrovaniji oblik fitogenih aditiva i pojačavaju ukus, podržavaju varenje i modifikuju mikrofloru. To su mešavine lipofilnih, tečnih, isparljivih i aromatskih supstanci. Da bi se pospešilo korišćenje ekstrakata biljaka i etarskih ulja kao AGP (antibiotic growth promoter) alternativa, sprovedeno je istraživanje koje je obuhvatilo 94 proizvodjača hrane iz 13 zemalja, 7 iz EU i 6 van EU. Cilj velikog broja istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi efikasnost biljnih estrakata u ishrani životinja. Pregledom najčešće zajedno korišćenih ekstrakata i organskih kiselina potvrđen je veći prirast, bolja konverzija hrane i niži morbiditet kod prasadi u kombinaciji u poređenju sa upotrebom organskih kiselina. Pri upotrebi ekstrakata u hrani za krmače uočeno je poboljšanje od 100 g na dan kod prasadi i 300 g po zalučenom prasetu (Raper, 2008). Kod živine, sličan napredak u vezi sa ekstraktima uočen je u prirastu i konverziji kako na obrocima baziranim na pšenici tako i na obrocima baziranim na kukuruzu. Iz sprovedenih istraživanja može se zaključiti da se ekstrakti često ubacuju u hranu za životinje (čak iako način delovanja i efikasnost nisu potpuno razjašnjeni kod svih ekstrakata). Zato je urađen pregled naučnih istraživanja sa aktivnim supstancama za hranu za svinje i živinu, uključujući karvakol koji se nalazi u origanu, cimet aldehid koji se prirodno javlja u cimetu i oleorezina paprike (ekstrakt ljute paprike). Iz dobijenih rezultata tri ogleda sa dobijeno je prosečno poboljšanje u dnevnom prirastu prasadi i konverzijom hrane od 14.1% i 6.5%, In natural growth promoters (NGP's) phytobiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, acidifying matters and enzymes are classified. They all affect health throughout stimulation of eubisoses in gut. Phytobiotics are functional ingredients of feed which are derived from aromatic plants, spices and ether oils (Jovanović et al., 2004). Essential oils represent most concentrated form of phytogenic additives; they increase palatability, improve digestion, and modify micro organisms in guts. They are mixtures of lipophylic, liquid, volatile and aromatic substances. In order to increase use of plant extracts like alternative to use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), trial which includes 94 producers from 13 different countries (7 EU and 6 non EU countries) was undertaken. Main aim of numerous trials was to evaluate efficiency of plant extracts in animal nutrition. By review of combined use of extracts with organic acids higher daily gain better feed conversion and lower morbidity were determined in comparison with use of only organic acids. When extracts were used in sow feed increase of 100 grams a day per piglet and 300 grams per weaner were determined (Raper, 2008). In poultry, similar improvements with use of extracts were determined and especially in daily gain and conversion as well as on diets based on wheat and on corn based diets. From these trials it can be concluded that extracts are often used in feed (even in cases when mode of action and efficiency are not fully understood yet). Because of all that review of scientific trials with active substances in swine and poultry feed was done. From results achieved it can be seen that daily gain was higher for 14.1% and conversion was lower for 6.5% when extract of chilly pepper, oregano and cinnamon were used.

All mineral matter, essential or non-essential, can have a significant influence on production results and the health of animals, if large quantities of them are present in a feed ration. A maximally tolerant content depends on the animal specie and category. Many factors, such as physiological status (growth, lactation, etc.), nutritive status, content and ratio of nutritive matter in the ration, duration of exposure, and the biological level of utilization of elements, also affect the maximally tolerant content of mineral matter in feed. The content of certain mineral matter in plant feed significantly depends on the soil factor, as well as the content and level of utilization of mineral matter from the soil. Mn, Se and Mo can be present in plant feed in such quantities as to induce toxicosis. Industrial contaminants, Cd, Pb or F, can contaminate plants, in particular their leaves, in quantities which lead to the appearance of clinical signs of conventional toxicosis. Moreover, natural water can contain large quantities of S, F, Na, Mg, or Fe, and certain mineral matter can get into water through industrial waste. In addition to the above, it is possible to cause unwanted effects through the frequent, but primarily unprofessional use of mineral additives, since it is extremely important, besides meeting the mineral requirements of each individual element, to secure a ratio among the mineral matter themselves as well as with other nutritive matter. Mineral matter present in food are in mutual interference, and these relations can be synergistic or antagonistic. The sufficiency of a large number of mineral matter has a negative effect on the utilization of other matter (conditional and/or border deficiency), while certain elements cause the clinical appearance of toxic effects. The accidental intake of large quantities of certain mineral matter is revealed as clinical signs of acute toxicosis, which is very different from chronic effects caused by the intake of incr, Sve mineralne materije, esencijalne ili neesencijalne, mogu značajno da utiču na proizvodne rezultate i zdravstevno stanje životinja ukoliko su u obroku prisutne u velikim količinama. Maksimalno tolerantan sadržaj zavisi se od vrste i kategorije životinja, a mnogi faktori, kao što su fiziološki status (rast, laktacija, itd), nuthtivni status, sadržaj i odnos hranljivih materija u obroku, trajanje ekspozicije i bioiskoristivost elementa, utiču na maksimalno tolerantan sadržaj mineralnih materija u hrani. Sadržaj pojedinih mineralnih materija u biljnim hranivima značajno zavisi od faktora tla, kao i sadržaja i iskoristivosti mineralnih materija iz tla. Mn, Se i Mo mogu da budu prisutni u hranivima biljnog porekla u takvim količinama da izazovu trovanja. Industrijski kontaminenti, Cd, Pb Hi F, mogu da kontaminiraju biljke, posebno lišće, u količinama koje dovode do ispoljavanja kliničkih znaka klasičnog trovanja. Osim toga, prirodno voda može da sadrži velike količine S, F, Na, Mg ili Fe, a pojedine mineralne materije mogu da dospeju u vodu preko industrijskog otpada. Pored navedenog, čestom, a pre svega nestručnom, upotrebom mineralnih dodataka postoji mogućnost izazivanja neželjenih efekata s obzirom na to daje, pored zadovoljenja minimalnih potreba svakog pojedinačnog elementa, neobično važan i odnos mineralnih materija međusobno, kao i sa drugim hranljivim materijama. Mineralne materije prisutne u hrani interferiraju međusobno, a odnosi mogu da budu sinergistički ili antagonistički. Suficit većeg broja mineralnih materija negativno utiče na iskorišćavanje drugih (uslovni i/ili granični deficiti), dok određeni elementi izazivaju kliničko ispoljavanje toksičnih efekata. Akcidentalno unošenje velikih količina pojedinih mineralnih materija ispoljavaju se kliničkim znacima akutne toksikoze, što se veoma razlikuje od hroničnih efekata izazvanih unošenjem povećanih količina mineralnih materija tokom dužeg perioda.

During ten-year period (1995-2004), a total of 756 analyses of pig and poultry feed was performed. Standard methods were used for microbiological determination. Qualitative and quantitative analyze of mycotoxins was performed by TLC technique. Feed for young categories contained from 100 to 3,400,000 CFU/g of feed. In 35.71% of all samples the detected amount was above acceptable levels. Feed for adult categories contained from 800 to 8,000,000 CFU/g of feed. In only 7.54% of samples this amount was over the tolerable level. Species determination revealed great heterogeneity, with the most common findings of Penicillium spp. (28.38%), Aspregillus spp. (26.37%) Mucor spp. (24.67%), Fusarium spp. (11.33%) and Rhizopus spp. (9.22%). The amount and type of mycotoxin varied depending on the feed category as well as on year of detection, implicating a strong influence of climatic factors and average humidity of the specified year. In a total of 320 analyzed feeds for pigs and poultry the characteristic finding was a combined contamination with two or three mycotoxins. In 161 samples of feed for young animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 36, 161 and 161 samples respectively, while in 33, 83 and 71 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels. In 159 samples of feed for adult animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 32, 159 and 159 samples, respectively while in 31, 65 and 99 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels., Tokom desetogodišnjeg perioda (1995-2004) izvršeno je ukupno 756 analiza uzoraka stočne hrane namenjenih za ishranu živine i svinja. Za mikrobiološku analizu uzoraka korišćene su standardne metode, a kvalitativno i kvantitativno ispitivanje navedenih mikotoksina izvršeno je TLC metodom. Smeše za mlade životinje sadržale su od 100 do 3.400.000 plesni/gr, pri čemu je čak 35.71% ispitivanih uzoraka sadržalo nedozvoljen broj plesni. Smeše za odrasle životinje sadržale su od 800 do 8.000.000 plesni/gr, pri čemu je svega 7.54% ispitivanih uzoraka sadržalo nedozvoljen broj plesni. Vrste izolovanih rodova plesni pokazuju veliku heterogenost, a najčešće su detektovane Penicilium spp. (28.38%), Aspergillus spp. (26.37%), Mucor spp. (24.67%), Fusarium spp. (11.33%) i Rhisopus spp. (9.22%). Količina i vrsta mikotoksina varira u odnosu na vrstu smeše, kao i u odnosu na pojedine godine, što može da se dovede u direktnu vezu sa klimatskim faktorima, odnosno sa godišnjom vlažnošću. Ispitano je ukupno 320 smeša za ishranu svinja i živine, a karakteristično je da je velik broj smeša bio kontaminiran sa dva, odnosno tri mikotoksina. Od ukupno 161 uzorka hrane za mlade životinje prisustvo AFB1 F-2 i OTA utvrđeno je u 36, 161 i 161 uzorku, od čega je, istim redom, 33, 83 i 71 uzorak sadržao navedene mikotoksine iznad dozvoljene granice. Od ukupno 159 uzoraka hrane za odrasle životinje prisustvo AFB1, F-2 i OTA utvrđeno je u 32, 159 i 159 uzoraka, od čega je, istim redom, 31, 65 i 99 uzoraka sadržalo navedene mikotoksine iznad dozvoljene granice.