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CRUE-CSIC (Acuerdos Transformativos 2021) © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. We thank 'CAI Difraccion de rayosX' of UCM for Xray diffractometry measurements, and ICTS Centro Nacional de Microscopia of UCM for SEM characterization. We also acknowledge beamtime at BM-25A at the European Synchrotron (ESRF) , and at BL22-CLAESS at ALBA synchrotron. This work has been financially supported through the projects MAT2015-66888-C3-3-R (MINECO/FEDER) and RTI2018-097895-B-C43 of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. A. P. would like to acknowledge the postdoctoral fellowship granted by Consejea de Educacion, Juventud y Deporte of Comunidad de Madrid and the European Social Fund (grant PEJD-2016/IND-2233 of the YEI program), In this work we present an exhaustive investigation about the possibility of using the electrodeposition technique to grow Ga-Fe-O thin films. The morphological and structural characterization has been performed by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and X-ray absorption near edge structure measurements. These results have been complemented with chronoamperometric measurements recorded during growth. We have explored different electrolytes, growth potentials, and pH being observed that it is possible to tune the Fe/ Ga ratio by means of the potential whereas the surface morphology is closely related to the Na_3-citrate content in the electrolyte. The surface roughness is reduced as the Fe content in the layer is increased upon the raise of citrate in the electrolyte composition. X-ray diffractometry indicates that Ga can become partially oxidized, whereas Fe seems to keep its metallic state in its vast majority since we have not obtained clear evidences of oxidation. Thus, this investigation highlights the inherent difficulties to synthetize Ga-Fe-O compounds by means of the electrodeposition technique., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)/FEDER, Ministerio de Innovación y Ciencia (MICINN)/FEDER, Comunidad de Madrid /FSE, Depto. de Física de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

©2021 The Author(s) CAI Difraccion Rayos-X from UCM is acknowledged for XRD measurements. This work has been financially supported through the projects RTI2018-097895-B-C43 of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities, MAT2017-87072-C4-3-P of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, and 'Plan Propio de la Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha' (FEDER, EU) for the 'Grupo de Materiales Magneticos (GMM)'. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request., Here it is investigated the effect of the antiferromagnet Cr_2O_3 on the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic Fe_72Ga_28 thin films. Sputtered Fe_72Ga_28 layers have their magnetization in the sample plane with a magnetic fluctuation that gives rise to magnetic ripple. In order to turn its magnetization into the out of plane (OOP) direction, it has been magnetically coupled with Cr_2O_3 that has magnetic moments along the c-axis, that is the perpendicular direction when properly aligned. Cr2O3 has been obtained from Cr oxidation, whereas Fe_72Ga_28 has been deposited on top of it by sputtering in the ballistic regime. Although a uniaxial in-plane magnetic anisotropy is expected for Fe_72Ga_28 thickness above 100 nm, the interfacial coupling with Cr2O3 prevents this anisotropy. The formation of stripe domains in Fe_72Ga_28 above a critical thickness reveals the enhancement of the out of plane component of the Fe_72Ga_28 magnetization with respect to uncoupled layers. Due to the interface coupling, the Fe72Ga28 magnetization turns into the out-of-plane direction as its thickness is gradually reduced, and a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of 3.10^6 erg.cm^(-3) is inferred from experimental results. Eventually, the coupling between Cr_2O_3 and Fe_72Ga_28 promotes an exchange-bias effect that has been well fitted by means of the random field model., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Depto. de Física de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2021 by the authors.Licensee MDPI. This work has been financially supported through the project RTI2018-097895-B-C43 of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FEDER) and project MAT2017-87072-C4-3-P of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness., The potential use of electrodeposition to synthesize a hybrid magnetostrictive/magnetoelectric layered system is shown in this paper. By appropriately adjusting pH, growth potential, and electrolyte composition, it is possible to achieve thin films in which magnetoelectric oxide GaFeO_3 (GFO) is formed in close contact with magnetostrictive metallic FeGa alloy. X-ray diffractometry shows the formation of FeGa as well as GFO and Fe oxides. Electron microscopy observations reveal that GFO mainly segregates in grain boundaries. Samples are ferromagnetic with an isotropic magnetic behavior in the sample plane. Magnetic stripes are observed by magnetic force microscopy and are correlated to Fe_3O_4. When its segregation is minimal, the absence of stripes can be used to monitor Fe oxide segregation., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) /FEDER, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Depto. de Física de Materiales, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal infectious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar. Outbreaks of ASF have grown considerably in the last decade causing important economic consequences for the swine industry. Its control is hampered by the lack of an effective treatment or vaccine. In Europe, the wild boar is a key wild reservoir for ASF. The results of the oral vaccination trial of wild boar with Lv17/WB/Rie1 are hope for this problem. However, this vaccine candidate has certain safety concerns, since it is a naturally attenuated vaccine. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the safety of this vaccine candidate in terms of overdose (high dose) and repeated doses (revaccination) in wild boar. Low-dose orally vaccinated animals developed only a slight transient fever after vaccination and revaccination. This was also the case for most of the high-dose vaccinated wild boar, except for one of them which succumbed after revaccination. Although this fatality was related to hierarchical fights between animals, we consider that further studies are required for clarification. Considering these new results and the current epidemiological situation of ASF in wild boar, this vaccine prototype is a promising tool for the control of the disease in these wild populations, although further studies are needed., European Commission, Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (España), Depto. de Sanidad Animal, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

[EN] Faced with the mobility problems caused by the Covid-19 disease, the university institutions have had to adapt their teaching methodology to online or hybrid models in an unexpected way. This adaptation has been carried out with the means available at the time, which has given rise to certain difficulties that need to be analysed. The problems may derive from technical, psychological and/or training and regulatory aspects. In order to examine this issue in greater depth, a study was carried out by means of a questionnaire with university students in a subject in the area of Business Organisation that was adapted to mobility restrictions through hybrid teaching. The results show that students generally agree with the adaptation process and that they have learned to manage their own time more efficiently. There is significant room for improvement in generating a sense of community, participating more actively in virtual classes, or using new technological and legal tools in areas such as communication or evaluation., [ES] Frente a los problemas de movilidad ocasionados por la enfermedad Covid-19, las instituciones universitarias han tenido que adaptar de una manera inesperada la metodología docente prensencial hacia modelos on line o híbridos. Esta adaptación se ha realizado con los medios existentes en ese momento, por lo que ha originado determinadas dificultades que deben ser analizadas. Los problemas pueden derivarse de aspectos técnicos, psicológicos y/o formativos y normativos. Para profundizar en esta temática se ha realizado un estudio a través de un cuestionario a alumnos universitarios en una asignatura del área de Organziación de Empresas que se adaptó a las restricciones de movilidad a través de una docencia híbrida. Los resultados muestran que los alumnos en general manifiestan que están de acuerdo con el proceso de adaptación realizado y que han aprendido a autogestionarse el tiempo de manera más eficiente. Existe un importante campo de mejora en la generación de un sentimiento de comunidad, participando de forma más activa en las clases virtuales, o empleando nuevas herramientas tecnológicas y legales en áreas como la comunicación o la evaluación.

El estado de alarma causado por la COVID-19 invadió precipitadamente nuestras vidas con implicaciones no solo políticas, económicas o sanitarias, sino también educativas. La educación tuvo que adaptarse a un nuevo escenario en donde las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación asumieron el protagonismo absoluto. Profesorado y alumnado tuvieron que acomodarse, de forma improvisada, a una educación a distancia para la que no estaban preparados, con unas materias cuyos programas estaban diseñados para una educación presencial y no exclusivamente virtual. Esta investigación pretende conocer la adaptación de la universidad española a este nuevo escenario, prestando especial atención a la comunicación desarrollada entre el docente y el discente, como pieza clave de una educación efectiva (Aliste, 2007). Se propone una investigación exploratoria con un cuestionario estructurado como herramienta metodológica dirigido a la comunidad educativa universitaria española. Los resultados muestran dificultad por parte de profesores y estudiantes a la hora de enfrentarse a la enseñanza telemática y advierten de la necesidad de una educación en línea que esté soportada en planificados programas docentes que garanticen la efectividad del proceso de enseñanzaaprendizaje. Tanto profesorado como alumnado señalan el empobrecimiento de la comunicación didáctica y social en la educación en línea desarrollada durante el estado de alarma. Las herramientas más empleadas y mejor valoradas por parte de los agentes del proceso han sido la videoconferencia y el correo electrónico., The alarm state caused by COVID-19 hastily invaded our lives with not only political, economic or sanitary implications but with educational ones too. Education had to adapt itself to a new scenario where the ICTs assumed the leading role. Faculty and students had to adapt to distance education in an improvised way which neither of them were ready for, with subjects which were designed for a face-to-face education and not for an exclusively virtual education. This investigation intends to know the adaption of the Spanish universities to this new scenario, paying special attention to the communication between the faculty and students as the key for an effective education (Aliste 2007). An exploratory research with a structured survey is proposed as the methodological tool that is aimed to the Spanish educational campus community. Results show difficulties on the part of professors and students when facing the virtual learning and, at the same time, this results warn of the needs of the online education which are pre-sent in teaching plans to guarantee the effectiveness of the teaching-learning process. Faculty and learners point out the impoverishment of the didactic and social communication in online education developed during the state of alarm. The most used and best valued tools are the videoconference and the email.

Brain aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and AQP4 are involved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis and might participate in the origin of hydrocephalus. Studies have shown alterations of perivascular AQP4 expression in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Due to the overlapping of clinical signs between iNPH and certain neurological conditions, mainly AD, specific biomarkers might improve the diagnostic accuracy for iNPH. The goal of the present study was to analyze and quantify the presence of AQP1 and AQP4 in the CSF of patients with iNPH and AD to determine whether these proteins can be used as biomarkers of iNPH. We examined AQP1 and AQP4 protein levels in the CSF of 179 participants (88 women) classified into 5 groups: possible iNPH (81 participants), hydrocephalus associated with other neurological disorders (13 participants), AD (41 participants), non-AD dementia (32 participants) and healthy controls (12 participants). We recorded each participant’s demographic and clinical variables and indicated, when available in the clinical history, the record of cardiovascular and respiratory complications. An ELISA showed virtually no AQP content in the CSF. Information on the vascular risk factors (available for 61 patients) confirmed some type of vascular risk factor in 86% of the patients with possible iNPH and 58% of the patients with AD. In conclusion, the ELISA analysis showed insufficient sensitivity to detect the presence of AQP1 and AQP4 in CSF, ruling out the possible use of these proteins as biomarkers for diagnosing iNPH.

This project concerns a comparative literary study of Diatriba de amor contra un hombre sentado, García Márquez’s first theatrical production, and its relation to Medea by Euripides. We will study, firstly, the similarities and differences which characterize the heroines of both masterpieces, Graciela and Medea, the evolution which they present as characters and the strength they have as female characters. At the same time, we will study how the myth is reconstructing and adapted from Greece to Latin America. In Diatriba we can find Medea reincarnated as Graciela, a Caribbean woman who takes up her life, breaks with the male roles and drops out everything because of her freedom., El presente trabajo aborda un estudio literario de carácter comparativo de Diatriba de amor contra un hombre sentado, única pieza teatral de García Márquez, en su relación con Medea de Eurípides. Nos centraremos principalmente en estudiar las similitudes y diferencias que caracterizan a las heroínas de cada obra, Graciela y Medea, la evolución que presentan como personajes y la fuerza que poseen como figuras femeninas. Asimismo, estudiaremos la reelaboración y adaptación que hay del mito de Grecia a Hispanoamérica. En Diatriba encontraremos a una Medea reencarnada en Graciela, una mujer del Caribe que retoma las riendas de su vida, rompiendo con los roles masculinos, y abandona todo en pos de su libertad individual.

The neoliberal paradigm has been imposing itself in all productive sectors in Mexico, including education, within the framework of which the business criteria of competitiveness, efficiency and stratification have been institutionalized; likewise, the homogenization of models, regulations and processes subject to quantitative evaluation by private agencies has been promoted. Under this model, the concept of education has shifted from a right to a commodity, access to which is increasingly conditioned by the rules of supply and demand. These factors have led to the stratification of teachers' salaries, determined by their individual and, to a lesser extent, collective productivity, systematically evaluated in order to establish salary categories and, if necessary, the granting of monetary incentives, which encourage the logic of competition and rivalry, given the alleged scarcity of available resources. At the same time, these criteria have favored the precariousness of spaces in public educational centers, while in the current context of isolation in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the gap between those who have access to technology and those who lack it has become evident and has widened. In this context dominated by the aforementioned paradigm, the educational system in Mexico contributes to the reproduction of structural conditions that favor privileged groups, widening the gap that separates this elite from the bulk of the population, which together contribute to the historical social inequality. Based on this contextual background and from the theoretical perspective of social reproduction (Bourdieu and Passeron, 1979), the focus of this article is to provide theoretical elements and empirical evidence on some of the factors that, in the educational sector, are contributing to the reproduction of historical inequalities in Mexico. Methodologically, we have opted for a deductive approach with a descriptive scope, resorting to a qualitative review of these f, El paradigma neoliberal se ha ido imponiendo en todos los sectores productivos de México, incluyendo el educativo, en cuyo marco se han venido institucionalizando los criterios empresariales de la competitividad, la eficiencia y la estratificación; asimismo, se ha impulsado la homogeneización de modelos, normativas y procesos sujetos a evaluación cuantitativa por organismos privados. Bajo este modelo, la concepción de la educación ha transitado de un derecho a una mercancía, cuyo acceso está condicionado cada vez más por las reglas de la oferta y la demanda. Estos factores han propiciado la estratificación salarial del profesorado, determinada por su productividad individual y, en menor medida, colectiva, evaluada de manera sistemática a fin de establecer categorías salariales y, en su caso, el otorgamiento de estímulos monetarios, con los que se incentiva la lógica de la competencia y la rivalidad, ante la presunta escases de los recursos disponibles. En forma paralela, dichos criterios han propiciado la precarización de los espacios en los centros educativos públicos, mientras en el actual contexto de aislamiento ante la pandemia por el COVID-19, se ha evidenciado y ampliado la brecha entre quienes tienen acceso a la tecnología y los que carecen de ella. En este contexto dominado por el citado paradigma, el sistema educativo en México contribuye a la reproducción de las condiciones estructurales que favorecen a los grupos privilegiados, ampliando la brecha que separa a esta élite del grueso de la población; lo que en conjunto abona a la histórica desigualdad social. Con base en estos antecedentes contextuales y desde la perspectiva teórica de la reproducción social (Bourdieu y Passeron, 1979), el objetivo del presente artículo es aportar elementos teóricos y evidencias empíricas sobre algunos de los factores que, en el sector educativo están contribuyendo a la reproducción de las históricas desigualdades en México. Metodológicamente, se ha optado por un enfoque

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a training program on the level of working memory in a sample of university students. For this, a quasi-experimental study with an active control group was implemented in 29 students of basic teaching and computer systems, applying complex span tasks before and after the intervention. For training, multimídia routines were used for the experimental group and an academic essay elaboration workshop for the control group. The pre-test confirmed intergroup statistical equality for all the measurements used and the post-test, in favor of the experimental group, detected significant difference and large effect size in visuospatial memory and non-significant with medium size, for verbal memory. Additionally, the Raven’s Matrices test was applied to determine effects of training on intelligence, finding no significant difference. Therefore, it is concluded that training based on multimedia routines did not generate gains in intelligence or in working memory, in its verbal domain, although it did in its visual-spatial domain. However, the results must be taken with reservations, due to the limitation represented by the size of the sample, which, if corrected in future interventions, may enrich the findings on the means to improve working memory., Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación desempeñan un rol importante en la educación. Los sistemas coaching promueven un nuevo método de enseñanza, basados en la digitalización y automatización de las actividades. Este estudio presentó la construcción de un sistema coaching tutorial en el acompañamiento académico de los alumnos de la Licenciatura en Comercio Internacional del Centro Universitario Nezahualcóyotl, de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. La investigación se dividió en cuatro fases: 1) elaboración de los modelos instruccionales para el diseño y elección de los materiales didácticos, 2) diseño del sistema, 3) programación del sistema y 4) evaluaciones de funcionalidad del sistema coaching. El sistema desarrollado es una herramienta potencial, ya que permite la inclusión de los materiales mejor adecuados a las necesidades del alumno, al considerar las diferentes modalidades educativas, por lo que fue una herramienta innovadora, de fácil acceso e idónea en la era digital actual.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal infectious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar. Outbreaks of ASF have grown considerably in the last decade causing important economic consequences for the swine industry. Its control is hampered by the lack of an effective treatment or vaccine. In Europe, the wild boar is a key wild reservoir for ASF. The results of the oral vaccination trial of wild boar with Lv17/WB/Rie1 are hope for this problem. However, this vaccine candidate has certain safety concerns, since it is a naturally attenuated vaccine. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the safety of this vaccine candidate in terms of overdose (high dose) and repeated doses (revaccination) in wild boar. Low-dose orally vaccinated animals developed only a slight transient fever after vaccination and revaccination. This was also the case for most of the high-dose vaccinated wild boar, except for one of them which succumbed after revaccination. Although this fatality was related to hierarchical fights between animals, we consider that further studies are required for clarification. Considering these new results and the current epidemiological situation of ASF in wild boar, this vaccine prototype is a promising tool for the control of the disease in these wild populations, although further studies are needed.

Scientific production in Latin America and the Caribbean has experienced great growth in recent years(Álvarez-Muñoz y Pérez-Montoro, 2016; Santa y Herrero, 2010), due in part to the increase in publicinvestment in science in these countries and the indexing of their journals in global (Scopus or Wos) andregional (Latindex or Redalyc) databases of bibliographic references. However, in communication, the publication of academic articles is still embryonic. There are several academic studies (Flores-García y Becerril-García, 2020; López- Ornelas et al., 2017; Rogel-Salazar et al., 2017) that highlight the scarce of disclosure of scientific knowledge in this region, remarking the limited presence of communication journals published in Latin America and indexed in databases. In the specific area of public relations, the conceptualization and recognition of this discipline in the academic and professional field has been increasing since the mid-twentieth century. However, despite the progress experienced, the small number of existing studies on the subject in these journals, justify this investigation line. In this sense, this research, within the framework of bibliometric studies, proposes to determine the position occupied by public relations in the academic production about communication of the main journals of the Latin American Caribbean in the last ten years (2010-2020); as well as analyzing the main characteristics of these publications by examining the areas of knowledge of the published texts, the institutions from which they come or its authorship, among other aspects such as the object of study and the methodological procedure used in the research. The scientific journals that make up the sample (Comunicación y Sociedad, from Mexico, Palabra Clave and Signo y Pensamiento, both from Colombia) have been selected based on representativeness criteria such as the impact index in the Scopus bibliographic database and the geographical scope of the Latin American Carib, Las Relaciones Públicas constituyen un campo profesional que viene experimentando una gran expansión en América Latina (Arzuaga-Williams, 2019). Su análisis a nivel académico es, sin embargo, incipiente y se focaliza más hacia su carácter instrumental (Cuenca et al., 2019), que hacia el examen de la disciplina como ciencia. Los estudios bibliométricos son una eficiente herramienta para conocer el volumen y la calidad de la producción científica, pero estos son aún escasos en relación al análisis de las relaciones públicas en el ámbito académico en general (Ramos et. al, 2014), y en el latinoamericano en particular. Esta investigación propone determinar cuál es la situación de la producción científica sobre relaciones públicas que proyectan las revistas con mayor índice de impacto del Caribe latinoamericano. Desde una perspectiva bibliométrica, se emplea el análisis de contenido para examinar los artículos publicados por las revistas Comunicación y Sociedad (México), Palabra Clave y Signo y Pensamiento (Colombia), en el periodo de 2010 a 2020. Los resultados apuntan, en sintonía con investigaciones previas (Castillo-Esparcia et al., 2020; Navarro-Beltrán et al., 2020), a una insuficiente producción científica que logre posicionar a las relaciones públicas al mismo nivel que otras ramas de las Ciencias de la Comunicación. El uso particular de la terminología en la producción científica caribeña, que excluye la expresión “relaciones públicas” como referente, puede ser un factor determinante en la menor visibilidad internacional de este tipo de investigaciones. Al margen de la todavía irrelevante posición de la producción científica, los hallazgos permiten perfilar su caracterización, que se define por: la prevalencia de autoría colectiva sin especial distinción del sexo de los firmantes, la comunicación organizacional y política como principales focos de atención, y la preponderancia de estudios empíricos de carácter cualitativo.

Brain aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and AQP4 are involved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis and might participate in the origin of hydrocephalus. Studies have shown alterations of perivascular AQP4 expression in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Due to the overlapping of clinical signs between iNPH and certain neurological conditions, mainly AD, specific biomarkers might improve the diagnostic accuracy for iNPH. The goal of the present study was to analyze and quantify the presence of AQP1 and AQP4 in the CSF of patients with iNPH and AD to determine whether these proteins can be used as biomarkers of iNPH. We examined AQP1 and AQP4 protein levels in the CSF of 179 participants (88 women) classified into 5 groups: possible iNPH (81 participants), hydrocephalus associated with other neurological disorders (13 participants), AD (41 participants), non-AD dementia (32 participants) and healthy controls (12 participants). We recorded each participant’s demographic and clinical variables and indicated, when available in the clinical history, the record of cardiovascular and respiratory complications. An ELISA showed virtually no AQP content in the CSF. Information on the vascular risk factors (available for 61 patients) confirmed some type of vascular risk factor in 86% of the patients with possible iNPH and 58% of the patients with AD. In conclusion, the ELISA analysis showed insufficient sensitivity to detect the presence of AQP1 and AQP4 in CSF, ruling out the possible use of these proteins as biomarkers for diagnosing iNPH.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) play an important role in reverse cholesterol transport and present antioxidant properties, among others. In the central nervous system (CNS), there are HDLs, where these lipoproteins could influence brain health. Owing to the new evidence of HDL functionality remodeling in obese patients, and the fact that obesity-associated metabolic disturbances is pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant, the aim of this study was to investigate if HDL functions are depleted in obese patients and obesity-associated microenvironment. HDLs were isolated from normal-weight healthy (nwHDL) and obese men (obHDL). The oxHDL level was measured by malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynoneal peroxided products. BV2 microglial cells were exposed to different concentrations of nwHDL and obHDL in different obesity-associated pro-inflammatory microenvironments. Our results showed that hyperleptinemia increased oxHDL levels. In addition, nwHDLs reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines' release and M1 marker gene expression in BV2 microglial cells. Nevertheless, both nwHDL co-administered with LPS+leptin and obHDL promoted BV2 microglial activation and a higher pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thus confirming that obesity-associated metabolic disturbances reverse the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of HDLs in microglial cells.

Background Tocilizumab treatment is investigated, and effectiveness in ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients has been reported. Although controversy exists regarding the efficacy of tocilizumab treatment, it has been suggested that tocilizumab might show positive results depending on patient severity status. We examined an association between tocilizumab and distinct disease severity stages. Methods and Findings From March 3 to March 23 2020, 494 consecutively admitted COVID-19 patients received tocilizumab or standard treatment alone. Data were obtained retrospectively. Clinical respiratory severity (CRS) stages were defined by patient oxygenation status and were also associated to scores of WHO clinical progression scale. We categorized patients in three stages, mild/moderate CRS1 (FiSpO2<0.35; WHO score 5), moderate/severe CRS2 (FiO2=0.5/high flow mask; WHO score 6) and severe/critical CRS3 (FiO2<80%/high flow/prone position or mechanical ventilation; score>6). The primary outcome was the composite of death or ICU admission in patients of stages CRS1, CRS2, and CRS3, as well as in total patients. We also addressed mortality alone in total patients. Kaplan-Maier curves, Cox proportional regression and inverse probability weighting marginal structural models were used. We conducted the study from March 3 to April 7 2020 with broad-ranged severity patients; 167 tocilizumab-treated and 327 untreated. CRS1 patients showed no apparent benefit after treatment, while the risk of the primary outcome was greatly reduced in CRS2 treated participants ((HR=0.22; 95% CI (0.16-0.44)). Moreover, tocilizumab treatment was associated with significantly decreased CRS2 patient proportion that reached the outcome compared to non-treated controls (27.8.0% vs. 65.4%; p<0.001). Severe/critical CRS3 patients, also showed benefit after treatment (HR=0.38; 95% CI (0.16-90)), although not as robust as was that of CRS2 treated individuals. Tocilizumab was associated with reduced outcome risk in tot

STUDY QUESTION Does endometrium harbour functionally active microorganisms and whether the microbial composition differs between proliferative and mid-secretory phases? SUMMARY ANSWER Endometrium harbours functionally alive microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, archaea and fungi whose composition and metabolic functions change along the menstrual cycle. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Resident microbes in the endometrium have been detected, where microbial dysfunction has been associated with reproductive health and disease. Nevertheless, the core microorganismal composition in healthy endometrium is not determined and whether the identified bacterial DNA sequences refer to alive/functionally active microbes is not clear. Furthermore, whether there are cyclical changes in the microbial composition remains an open issue. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data from 14 endometrial paired samples from healthy women, 7 samples from the mid-secretory phase and 7 samples from the consecutive proliferative phase were analysed for the microbial RNA sequences. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The raw RNAseq data were converted into FASTQ format using SRA Toolkit. The unmapped reads to human sequences were aligned to the reference database Kraken2 and visualised with Krona software. Menstrual phase taxonomic differences were performed by R package metagenomeSeq. The functional analysis of endometrial microbiota was obtained with HUMANn2 and the comparison between menstrual phases was conducted by one-way ANOVA. Human RNAseq analysis was performed using miARma-Seq and the functional enrichment analysis was carried out using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA; HumanCyc). The integration of metabolic pathways between host and microbes was investigated. The developed method of active microbiota mapping was validated in independent sample set. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE With the novel metatranscriptomic approach, we mapped the entire alive microbiota