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Salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi cabai merah yaitu dengan menggunakan bakteri endofit. Salah satu bakteri endofit yang bersifat PGPR yang dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk hayati adalah Bacillus subtilis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dari Bacillus subtilis untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi cabai merah. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan 10 perlakuan dan 8 kali pengulangan. Parameter pengamatan yang digunakan untuk mengamati pertumbuhan tanaman yaitu, tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah cabang dan parameter pengamatan yang digunakan untuk mengamati produksi adalah jumlah buah pertama muncul. Data yang diperoleh diuji dengan ANOVA kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut Duncan dengan taraf kepercayaan 95 % menggunakan aplikasi SPSS 2.2. dari hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa Bacillus subtilis berpengaruh nyata dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman cabai. Dosis dan waktu pemberian yang paling berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman cabai merah adalah 1% dengan waktu pemberian 10 hari sekali yaitu pada perlakuan A2B2 dan dosis dan waktu pemberian yang paling berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan produksi tanaman cabai merah juga terdapat pada dosis 1% dengan waktu pemberian 10 hari sekali yaitu pada perlakuan A2B2.

Background In rural south-eastern Tanzania, Anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector, and has been implicated in nearly 90% of all infective bites. Unfortunately, little is known about the natural ecological requirements and survival strategies of this mosquito species. Methods Potential mosquito aquatic habitats were systematically searched along 1000 m transects from the centres of six villages in south-eastern Tanzania. All water bodies were geo-referenced, characterized and examined for presence of Anopheles larvae using standard 350 mLs dippers or 10 L buckets. Larvae were collected for rearing, and the emergent adults identified to confirm habitats containing An. funestus. Results One hundred and eleven habitats were identified and assessed from the first five villages (all An. funestus co-occurring with other mosquito species. Another 47 (42.3%) had other Anopheles species and/or culicines, but not An. funestus, and 28 (25.2%) had no mosquitoes. There were three main habitat types occupied by An. funestus, namely: (a) small spring-fed pools with well-defined perimeters (36.1%), (b) medium-sized natural ponds retaining water most of the year (16.7%), and (c) slow-moving waters along river tributaries (47.2%). The habitats generally had clear waters with emergent surface vegetation, depths > 0.5 m and distances 400 m), very high densities of An. funestus were found along rivers with slow-moving clear waters and emergent vegetation. Conclusion This study has documented the diversity and key characteristics of aquatic habitats of An. funestus across villages in south-eastern Tanzania, and will form an important basis for further studies to improve malaria control. The observations suggest that An. funestus habitats in the area can indeed be described as fixed, few and findable based on their unique characteristics. Future studies should investigate the potential of targeting these habitats with larviciding or larval source management to complement malaria control efforts in areas dominated by this vector species.

So far, the subject of knowing sea animals in early childhood education has only been taught by teachers using books, magazines and pictures, so that early childhood still does not show interest in learning. This study aims to provide an overview of the use of augmented reality-based flashcard media in the introduction of sea animals in early childhood, so that later it can provide real pictures of various kinds of sea animals. The research method used is a qualitative approach research method. The data collection method used is the literature study method. The desired data analysis technique is using qualitative descriptive. The research results obtained in this study are augmented reality based flashcard media which is a technology that combines virtual objects with the real world in real time which can provide a real picture of various kinds of sea animals, making it easier for early childhood to recognize various kinds of sea animals. In addition, flashcard media using augmented reality technology as a learning aid can attract children’s enthusiasm and focus. From the results of the research obtained, it can be concluded that augmented reality-based flashcard media can make it easier for teachers and parents to provide an understanding of sea animal.

. The Effect of multimedia usage on PG-PAUD student concept understanding in cognitive development and creativity course of early childhood has been done on PG-PAUD Student semester three in Palembang Sriwijaya University. The type of research used is experiment with One Shoot Case Study descriptions, with sampling technique that is purposive sampling. The sample in the pre-experiment class is 27 and the post-test class is 28. The data collection technique is written essay, interview and documentation. Result of data analysis obtained is 80,71, while result of hypothesis test based on t-test obtained t_count > t_table or got t_count = 6,76> t_table = 4,83, hence Ho refused and Ha accepted, thus there effect multimedia usage to understanding the concept of PG-PAUD students in courses of cognitive development and creativity of early childhood. With assessment indicators Redefining a concept, Classifying objects according to certain traits according to their concepts, Providing examples of concepts, Using, utilizing and selecting specific procedures. So the use of multimedia to understanding the concept of the students is very influential to improve understanding of the concept.. Keyword: Multimedia Usage, Conceptual Understanding, Early Childhood Education Abstrak: Pengaruh penggunaan multimedia pada pemahaman konsep siswa PG-PAUD dalam perkembangan kognitif dan kreativitas anak usia dini telah dilakukan pada mahasiswa PG-PAUD semester tiga di Universitas Sriwijaya Palembang. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen dengan deskripsi One Shoot Case Study, dengan teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu purposive sampling. Sampel dalam kelas pra-eksperimen adalah 27 dan kelas post-test adalah 28. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah esai tertulis, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil analisis data yang diperoleh adalah 80,71, sedangkan hasil uji hipotesis berdasarkan t-test diperoleh t_count> t_table atau mendapat t_count = 6,76> t_table = 4,83, maka Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima, sehingga ada pengaruh penggunaan multimedia. untuk memahami konsep siswa PG-PAUD dalam kursus pengembangan kognitif dan kreativitas anak usia dini. Dengan indikator penilaian Mendefinisikan kembali konsep, mengklasifikasikan objek sesuai dengan sifat-sifat tertentu sesuai dengan konsep mereka, Memberikan contoh konsep, Menggunakan, memanfaatkan dan memilih prosedur tertentu. Jadi penggunaan multimedia untuk memahami konsep siswa sangat berpengaruh untuk meningkatkan pemahaman konsep tersebut Kata Kunci: Pemanfaatan multimedia, Pemahaman konsep, PAUD.

The influence of multimedia usage on PG-PAUD student concept understanding in cognitive development and creativity course of early childhood has been done on PG-PAUD Student semester three in Palembang Sriwijaya University. The type of research used is experiment with One Shoot Case Study descriptions, with sampling technique that is purposive sampling. The sample in the pre-experiment class is 27 and the post-test class is 28. The data collection technique is written essay, interview and documentation. Result of data analysis obtained is 80,71, while result of hypothesis test based on t-test obtained t_hitung> t_table or got t_count = 6,76> t_table = 4,83, hence Ho refused and Ha accepted, thus there influence multimedia usage to understanding the concept of PG-Paud students in courses of cognitive development and creativity of early childhood. With assessment indicators Redefining a concept, Classifying objects according to certain traits according to their concepts, Providing examples of concepts, Using, utilizing and selecting specific procedures. So the use of multimedia to understanding the concept of the students is very influential to improve understanding of the concept.

Pandemi Covid-19 telah merubah hampir semua bidang kehidupan masyarakat tidak terkecuali bidang pendidikan. Namun layaknya bidang lainnya, pendidikan segera berbenah dan menata diri menuju sebuah ekosistem bernama ekosistem digital. Sebagai sebuah aplikasi, Edmodo bisa menjadi sebuah pilihan untuk membantu mewujudkan hal tersebut. Tujuan dari tulisan dan pengabdian ini adalah memberikan gambaran bagaimana Edmodo dapat membantu proses belajar mengajar ditengah kondisi pandemi ini. Kegiatan ini berupa penyuluhan yang dilakukan pada guru di SMK Negeri Batu Marta, Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU) menggunakan liflet, infokus dan spiker. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah pengetahuan dan aplikasi 15 guru (75%) tentang penggunaan aplikasi Edmodo menunjukkan baik. Pengetahuan yang baik. Pengetahuan aplikasi yang baik diharapkan dapat membantu para guru memberikan pengajaran yang optimal ditengah pandemi

Thisreserachaimsto gain a deep understanding of the moral values ​​contained in the novel Laskar Pelangi and Padang Bulan by Andrea Hirata with the study of genetic structuralism. This research uses qualitative approach with content analysis technique. The data in this researcth is words, sentences, in the form of phrases, description of characters and dialogue of figures and dialogues among the characters that indicate the existence of moral values ​​in the novel. Based on the result of the research indicate that novel Laskar Pelangi and Padang Bulan by Andrea Hirata have moral value in the form of: a) the relationship of human being with God, b) the relationship of human being with themselves, that is self awareness about obligation on themselves, c) the relationship of human beingwith human being in the social atmosphere, ie one's consciousness towards himself and the social sphere and d) the relationship of human being with the nature. Moral values ​​in terms of the author's world view in the novel include a) the relationship of human being with the God, b) the relationship of human being with themselves, c) the relationship of human beingwith human being in thesocialatmosphere, and d) therelationship of human beingwiththenature.

15-deoxy, Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2-ethanolamide, also known as 15-deoxy, Δ12,14-prostamide J2 (15d-PMJ2) is a novel product of the metabolism of arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) by COX-2. 15d-PMJ2 preferentially induced cell death and apoptosis in tumorigenic A431 keratinocytes and B16F10 melanoma cells compared with nontumorigenic HaCaT keratinocytes and Melan-A melanocytes. Activation of the ER stress execution proteins, PERK and CHOP10, was evaluated to determine whether this process was involved in 15d-PMJ2 cell death. 15d-PMJ2 increased the phosphorylation of PERK and expression of CHOP10 in tumorigenic but not nontumorigenic cells. The known ER stress inhibitors, salubrinal and 4-phenylbutaric acid, significantly inhibited 15d-PMJ2–mediated apoptosis, suggesting ER stress as a primary apoptotic mediator. Furthermore, the reactive double bond present within the cyclopentenone structure of 15d-PMJ2 was identified as a required moiety for the induction of ER stress apoptosis. The effect of 15d-PMJ2 on B16F10 melanoma growth was also evaluated by dosing C57BL/6 mice with 0.5 mg/kg 15d-PMJ2. Tumors of animals treated with 15d-PMJ2 exhibited significantly reduced growth and mean weights compared with vehicle and untreated animals. TUNEL and IHC analysis of tumor tissues showed significant cell death and ER stress in tumors of 15d-PMJ2–treated compared with control group animals. Taken together, these findings suggest that the novel prostamide, 15d-PMJ2, possesses potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 838–49. ©2017 AACR.

Background: \ud Push–pull strategies have been proposed as options to complement primary malaria prevention tools, indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs), by targeting particularly early-night biting and outdoor-biting mosquitoes. This study evaluated different configurations of a push–pull system consisting of spatial repellents [transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons (0.25 g/m2 ai)] and odour-baited traps (CO2-baited BG-Malaria traps), against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting malaria vectors inside large semi-field systems.\ud \ud Methods: \ud Two experimental huts were used to evaluate protective efficacy of the spatial repellents (push-only), traps (pull-only) or their combinations (push–pull), relative to controls. Adult volunteers sat outdoors (1830 h–2200 h) catching mosquitoes attempting to bite them (outdoor-biting risk), and then went indoors (2200 h–0630 h) to sleep under bed nets beside which CDC-light traps caught host-seeking mosquitoes (indoor-biting risk). Number of traps and their distance from huts were varied to optimize protection, and 500 laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis released nightly inside the semi-field chambers over 122 experimentation nights.\ud \ud Results: \ud Push-pull offered higher protection than traps alone against indoor-biting (83.4% vs. 35.0%) and outdoor-biting (79% vs. 31%), but its advantage over repellents alone was non-existent against indoor-biting (83.4% vs. 81%) and modest for outdoor-biting (79% vs. 63%). Using two traps (1 per hut) offered higher protection than either one trap (0.5 per hut) or four traps (2 per hut). Compared to original distance (5 m from huts), efficacy of push–pull against indoor-biting peaked when traps were 15 m away, while efficacy against outdoor-biting peaked when traps were 30 m away.\ud \ud Conclusion: \ud The best configuration of push–pull comprised transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons plus two traps, each at least 15 m from huts. Efficacy of push–pull was mainly due to the spatial repellent component. Adding odour-baited traps slightly improved personal protection indoors, but excessive trap densities increased exposure near users outdoors. Given the marginal efficacy gains over spatial repellents alone and complexity of push–pull, it may be prudent to promote just spatial repellents alongside existing interventions, e.g. LLINs or non-pyrethroid IRS. However, since both transfluthrin and traps also kill mosquitoes, and because transfluthrin can inhibit blood-feeding, field studies should be done to assess potential community-level benefits that push–pull or its components may offer to users and non-users.

Background: \ud Anopheles funestus mosquitoes currently contribute more than 85% of ongoing malaria transmission events in south-eastern Tanzania, even though they occur in lower densities than other vectors, such as Anopheles arabiensis. Unfortunately, the species ecology is minimally understood, partly because of difficulties in laboratory colonization. This study describes the first observations of An. funestus swarms in Tanzania, possibly heralding new opportunities for control.\ud \ud Method: \ud Using systematic searches by community-based volunteers and expert entomologists, An. funestus swarms were identified in two villages in Ulanga and Kilombero districts in south-eastern Tanzania, starting June 2018. Swarms were characterized by size, height, start- and end-times, presence of copulation and associated environmental features. Samples of male mosquitoes from the swarms were examined for sexual maturity by observing genitalia rotation, species identity using polymerase chain reaction and wing sizes.\ud \ud Results: \ud 581 An. funestus (98.1% males (n = 570) and 1.9% (n = 11) females) and 9 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) males were sampled using sweep nets from the 81 confirmed swarms in two villages (Ikwambi in Kilombero district and Tulizamoyo in Ulanga district). Six copulation events were observed in the swarms. Mean density (95% CL) of An. funestus caught/swarm/village/evening was 6.6 (5.9–7.2) in Tulizamoyo and 10.8 (5.8–15.8) in Ikwambi. 87.7% (n = 71) of the swarms were found in Tulizamoyo, while 12.3% (n = 10) were in Ikwambi. Mean height of swarms was 1.7 m (0.9–2.5 m), while mean duration was 12.9 (7.9–17.9) minutes. The PCR analysis confirmed that 100% of all An. funestus s.l. samples processed were An. funestus sensu stricto. Mean wing length of An. funestus males was 2.47 mm (2.0–2.8 mm), but there was no difference between swarming males and indoor-resting males. Most swarms (95.0%) occurred above bare ground, sometime on front lawns near human dwellings, and repeatedly in the same locations.\ud \ud Conclusion: \ud This study has demonstrated occurrence of An. funestus swarms for the first time in Tanzania. Further investigations could identify new opportunities for improved control of this dominant malaria vector, possibly by targeting the swarms.

Background Many subsistence farmers in rural southeastern Tanzania regularly relocate to distant farms in river valleys to tend to crops for several weeks or months each year. While there, they live in makeshift semi-open structures, usually far from organized health systems and where insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) do not provide adequate protection. This study evaluated the potential of a recently developed technology, eave ribbons treated with the spatial repellent transfluthrin, for protecting migratory rice farmers in rural southeastern Tanzania against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting mosquitoes. Methods In the first test, eave ribbons (0.1 m × 24 m each) treated with 1.5% transfluthrin solution were compared to untreated ribbons in 24 randomly selected huts in three migratory communities over 48 nights. Host-seeking mosquitoes indoors and outdoors were monitored nightly (18.00–07.00 h) using CDC light traps and CO2-baited BG malaria traps, respectively. The second test compared efficacies of eave ribbons treated with 1.5% or 2.5% transfluthrin in 12 huts over 21 nights. Finally, 286 farmers were interviewed to assess perceptions about eave ribbons, and their willingness to pay for them. Results In the two experiments, when treated eave ribbons were applied, the reduction in indoor densities ranged from 56 to 77% for Anopheles arabiensis, 36 to 60% for Anopheles funestus, 72 to 84% for Culex, and 80 to 98% for Mansonia compared to untreated ribbons. Reduction in outdoor densities was 38 to 77% against An. arabiensis, 36 to 64% against An. funestus, 63 to 88% against Culex, and 47 to 98% against Mansonia. There was no difference in protection between the two transfluthrin doses. In the survey, 58% of participants perceived the ribbons to be effective in reducing mosquito bites. Ninety per cent were willing to pay for the ribbons, the majority of whom were willing to pay but less than US$2.17 (5000 TZS), one-third of the current prototype cost. Conclusions Transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons can protect migratory rice farmers, living in semi-open makeshift houses in remote farms, against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting mosquitoes. The technology is acceptable to users and could potentially complement ITNs. Further studies should investigate durability and epidemiological impact of eave ribbons, and the opportunities for improving affordability to users.

The research is about basic skills of teaching of Islamic Elementary School Teacher Education (PGMI) Department of Samarinda. The research objective is to describe the ability of basic skills of teaching of PGMI students who have taught at elementary school and Islamic Elementary School of Samarinda in academic year 2017-2018. The skills include the skill of opening and closing the lesson, explaining, giving affirmation, having variation, asking and organizing the class. The research method is a descriptive method. The data collection technique is using the methods of observation, interview, and documentation. Then, the data is analyzed descriptively through percentage and the ideal average of each component of the basic skills of teaching. Based on the research result, it can be concluded that the ability of basic skills of teaching are on a good criteria, they are: the skill of opening and closing the lesson (the average score is 26,25 or 72,91%), affirmation skill (the average score is 19,52 or 69,91%), asking skill (the average score is 17,75 or 73,95%), and the skill of organizing the class (the average score is 26,50 or 73,61%), and there are two skills in the category of enough, they are explaining skill (the average score is 17,37 or 62,03%) and having variation skill (the average score is 17,00 or 60,70%). Next is needed a more comprehensive study related to the students’ skill at the department of PGMI, so that the information and the findings will be a consideration in the efforts of increasing the students competency of PGMI department of IAIN Samarinda.

The combined incidence of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is greater than the incidence of all other malignancies in the US. Previously, we demonstrated that the endocannabinoid, arachidonoyl-ethanolamide (AEA), was a potent inducer of apoptosis in NMSC. The metabolism of AEA to the prostaglandin, PGD

Ruwatan is a Javanese traditional ceremony. This paper discusses the basic reason of ruwatan, who should need ruwatan, what elements are present in ruwatan, and how ruwatan ceremonial ordinances. Descriptive analysis answers that ruwatan held as a means to escape from the disaster that purported to be carried in a ruwatan holder. The basis of holding ruwatan is a myth that gave birth Batara Kala who would prey on children of Sukerta.

Endocannabinoids are neuromodulatory lipids that regulate central and peripheral physiological functions. Endocannabinoids have emerged as effective antitumor drugs due to their ability to induce apoptosis in various cancer studies. The G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and the TRPV1 ion channel were reported to mediate the antiproliferative activity of endocannabinoids. However, receptor-independent effects also account for their activity. Our previous studies showed that the antiproliferative activity of anandamide (AEA) was regulated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We also determined that AEA induced oxidative stress. However, the role of oxidative stress, the cannabinoid receptors, and TRPV1 in AEA-induced ER stress-apoptosis was unclear. Therefore, the current study examines the role of oxidative stress in ER stress-apoptosis and investigates whether this effect is modulated by CB1, CB2, or TRPV1. In non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) cells, AEA reduced the total intracellular level of glutathione and induced oxidative stress. To evaluate the importance of oxidative stress in AEA-induced cell death, the antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Trolox, were utilized. Each antioxidant ameliorated the antiproliferative effect of AEA. Furthermore, Trolox inhibited AEA-induced CHOP10 expression and caspase 3 activity, indicating that oxidative stress was required for AEA-induced ER stress-apoptosis. On the other hand, selective blockade of CB1, CB2, and TRPV1 did not inhibit AEA-induced oxidative stress or ER stress-apoptosis. These findings suggest that AEA-induced ER stress-apoptosis in NMSC cells is mediated by oxidative stress through a receptor-independent mechanism. Hence, receptor-independent AEA signaling pathways may be targeted to eliminate NMSC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.