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Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto,1 João Luiz Quaglioti Durigan,1,2 Gonçalo Carreiro de Farias Junior,2 Fabio Henrique Bogni,3 Amanda Lima Ruivo,1 Juliana Oliveira de Araújo,1 Keico Okino Nonaka,3 Heloísa Selistre-de-Araújo,3 Rita de Cássia Marqueti1,2 1Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; 2Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; 3Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, BrazilCorrespondence: Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto; Rita de Cássia MarquetiLaboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, BrazilEmail ivoneto04@hotmail.com; marqueti@gmail.comBackground: Aging decreases osteogenic ability, inducing harmful effects on the bone extracellular matrix (ECM), while exercise training has been indicated as a tool to counteract bone disorders related to advancing age. The modulation of bone ECM is regulated by several types of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP); however, MMP-2 activity in different trabecular bones in response to resistance training (RT) has been neglected. Remodeling differs in different bones under the application of the same mechanical loading. Thus, we investigated the effects of 12 weeks of RT on MMP-2 activity in the lumbar vertebra (L6), tibia, and femur of young (3 months) and older rats (21 months).Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into four groups (five animals per group): young sedentary or trained and older sedentary or trained. The 12-week RT consisted of climbing a 1.1-m vertical ladder three times per week with progressive weights secured to the animals’ tails. The animals were killed 48 h after the end of the experimental period. The MMP-2 activity was assessed by the zymography method.Results: The aging process induced lower MMP-2 activity in the lumbar vertebrae and tibia (p=0.01). RT upregulated pro, intermediate, and active MMP-2 activity in the tibia of young rats (p=0.001). RT also upregulated pro and active MMP-2 activity in the lumbar vertebrae and tibia with advancing age (p=0.01). There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between groups for MMP-2 of the femur, regardless of age and RT.Conclusion: The aging process impairs MMP-2 activity, but RT is a potential therapeutic approach to minimize the deleterious effects of ECM degeneration in different aged bones. Distinct MMP-2 responses to exercise training may result in specific remodeling processes.Keywords: senescent, skeletal system, remodeling, matrix metalloproteinase, exercise

João Fonseca-Gomes,1,2,* Joana A Loureiro,3,* Sara R Tanqueiro,1,2 Francisco M Mouro,1,2 Pedro Ruivo,2 Tânia Carvalho,2 Ana M Sebastião,1,2 Maria José Diógenes,1,2,* Maria Carmo Pereira1– 3,* 1Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal; 2Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal; 3LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology & Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Maria José DiógenesInstitute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon 1649-028, PortugalEmail diogenes@medicina.ulisboa.ptMaria Carmo PereiraFaculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto 4200-465, PortugalEmail mcsp@fe.up.ptIntroduction: Nanoparticles (NPs), as drug delivery systems, appear to be a promising tool for prolonged therapeutic strategies as they allow a controlled drug release over time. However, most of the studies found in the literature simply contemplate the use of a single or low number of dosages with low NPs concentrations. In the context of chronic diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, cancer or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), where the therapeutic scheme is also chronic, studies with numerous repeated dosages are often neglected.Methods: We screened different NPs, polymeric and lipid-based, in a repeated-dose toxicity study, to evaluate the safety and tissue distribution of promising nanocarriers to be used in the treatment of long-lasting diseases.Results: After administrating 24 high concentrated doses of the selected NPs intraperitoneally (i.p.) (3 times a week for 2 months), animals have presented NPs accumulation in different tissues. However, neither toxicity, bodyweight changes nor clinical signs of disease were observed.Discussion: This work demonstrates no general adverse effects upon the studied NPs repeated-dose exposure, indicating the most promising NPs to be used in the different therapeutic circumstances, which may be useful in chronic diseases treatment.Keywords: long-lasting treatment, drug delivery systems, nanocarriers, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, PLGA nanoparticles

In this work, in-situ application of natural occurring ilmenite (FeTiO3) for upgrading the producer gas from a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed gasifier was performed and its influence on the gas characteristics and gasifier performance was analyzed.Without using ilmenite, the producer gas average composition (volumetric basis, dry gas) was 15.2% CO, 7.6% H2, 3.8% CH4 and 15.6% CO2, with 0.50 H2:CO molar ratio and 5.0 MJ/Nm3 lower heating value. For this condition, 1.6 Nm3 gas/kg biomass (dry basis) specific dry gas production, 44.5% cold gas efficiency and 68.4% carbon conversion efficiency were attained.Using ilmenite as catalyst, the producer gas average composition (volumetric basis, dry gas) was 13.9% CO, 11.7% H2, 4.0% CH4 and 17.9% CO2, with 0.84 H2:CO molar ratio and 5.1 MJ/Nm3 lower heating value. For this condition, 1.7 Nm3 gas/kg biomass (dry basis) specific dry gas production, 49.8% cold gas efficiency and 75.5% carbon conversion efficiency were attained. Thus, in-situ application of ilmenite generally improved the gasifier performance and induced an increase of H2concentration and H2:CO molar ratio in the producer gas of 35.1% and 40.7%, respectively, improving its suitability for advanced gas applications that require high H2:CO ratios, such as liquid fuels and chemicals synthesis. Keywords: Biomass, Bubbling fluidized bed, Catalyst, Gasification, Ilmenite

O município de Novo Repartimento, Pará, passou por um processo desordenado de expansão urbana, devido a intensificação das atividades agropecuárias, que desencadeou a ocupação de áreas ambientalmente frágeis. Essa ocupação acentuou impactos negativos causados pelo desmatamento alterando as paisagens. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar e avaliar a evolução de uso e ocupação da terra com ênfase nas áreas desmatadas. Os procedimentos consistiram na elaboração e cruzamento de mapas temáticos, a fim de estabelecer classes hierárquicas da variável desmatamento; análise multitemporal da evolução das classes de uso e ocupação entre dois períodos distintos: 2000 e 2019, com auxílio das geotecnologias. Utilizou-se dados cartográficos disponíveis no banco de dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, do Projeto MapBiomas e do Google Earth Engine. Os resultados demonstraram a importância do uso das geotecnologias para o planejamento sustentável da ocupação na terra em que, observa-se que o desmatamento no município é crescente, sendo que dentro das principais variáveis e correlações, destaca-se o setor agropecuário e madeireiro.

The aims of this study were 1) to analyze the influence of chronological age, relative age, and biological maturation on accumulated training load and perceived exertion in young sub-elite football players and 2) to understand the interaction effects amongst age grouping, maturation status, and birth quartiles on accumulated training load and perceived exertion in this target population. A 6-week period (18 training sessions and 324 observation cases) concerning 60 young male sub-elite football players grouped into relative age (Q1 to Q4), age group (U15, U17, and U19), and maturation status (Pre-peak height velocity (PHV), Mid-PHV, and Post-PHV) was established. External training load data were collected using 18 Hz global positioning system technology (GPS), heart-rate measures by a 1 Hz short-range telemetry system, and perceived exertion with total quality recovery (TQR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). U17 players and U15 players were 2.35 (95% CI: 1.25–4.51) and 1.60 (95% CI: 0.19–4.33) times more likely to pertain to Q1 and Q3, respectively. A negative magnitude for odds ratio was found in all four quartile comparisons within maturation status (95% CI: 6.72–0.64), except for Mid-PHV on Q2 (95% CI: 0.19–4.33). Between- and within-subject analysis reported significant differences in all variables on age group comparison measures (F = 0.439 to 26.636, p = 0.000 to 0.019, η2 = 0.003–0.037), except for dynamic stress load (DSL). Between-subject analysis on maturity status comparison demonstrated significant differences for all training load measures (F = 6.593 to 14.424, p = 0.000 to 0.037, η2 = 0.020–0.092). Interaction effects were found for age group x maturity band x relative age (Λ Pillai’s = 0.391, Λ Wilk’s = 0.609, F = 11.385, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.391) and maturity band x relative age (Λ Pillai’s = 0.252, Λ Wilk’s = 0.769, F = 0.955, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.112). Current research has confirmed the effects of chronological age, relative age, and biological maturation on accumulated training load. Perceived exertion does not seem to show any differences concerning age group or maturity status. Evidence should be helpful for professionals to optimize the training process and young football players’ performance.

The Atlantic chub mackerel, Scomber colias (Gmelin, 1789), is a medium-sized pelagic fish with substantial importance in the fisheries of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Over the past decade, this species has gained special relevance, being one of the main targets of pelagic fisheries in the NE Atlantic. Here, we sequenced and annotated the first high-quality draft genome assembly of S. colias, produced with PacBio HiFi long reads and Illumina paired-end short reads. The estimated genome size is 814 Mbp, distributed into 2,028 scaffolds and 2,093 contigs with an N50 length of 4.19 and 3.34 Mbp, respectively. We annotated 27,675 protein-coding genes and the BUSCO analyses indicated high completeness, with 97.3% of the single-copy orthologs in the Actinopterygii library profile. The present genome assembly represents a valuable resource to address the biology and management of this relevant fishery. Finally, this genome assembly ranks fourth in high-quality genome assemblies within the order Scombriformes and first in the genus Scomber.

Over the last few decades, distance education and distance learning have assumed a relevant role in education paradigms. To evaluate the perception and preferences of the psychosocial online learning environment by Portuguese post-secondary higher education, the Distance Education Learning Environments Survey (DELES) was applied in a Portuguese context. This article describes the adaptation and validation of DELES to be used in distance and hybrid education psychosocial learning environments in Portugal. The results suggested five scales rather than the six of the original DELES. The Internal consistency values were all good or excellent. However, a second-order principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that the scales might also be scored and used as a unidimensional measure. Beyond investigating the DELES-Pt 'actual' form concerning students' perceptions of the learning environment, we also studied psychometric features of the DELES-Pt 'preferred' form regarding students' preferred learning environment. The results were like those achieved with the actual form in other investigations. When both forms were compared, a significant discrepancy was observed between students' perceptions and preferences. The implications of these findings for applied settings are discussed. DELES-Pt forms demonstrated adequate reliability and validity; however, further studies with the DELES-Pt are needed to compare with our data., Author(s): Anabela Sousa Pereira [sup.1] [sup.2] , Rosa Maria Gomes [sup.1] , Daniel Ruivo Marques [sup.1] [sup.3] , Scott L. Walker [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7311.4, 0000000123236065, Department of Education [...]

O medo de cair é apontado como consequência psicológica proveniente da perda de funcionalidade e equilíbrio inerentes ao envelhecimento. Manter bons níveis de aptidão física poderá ser a chave para preservar a qualidade de vida e independência dos idosos. Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar qual a relação do medo de cair com a aptidão física de idosos inseridos em programas de exercício físico. A amostra contemplou 308 idosos, com idade ³ 65 anos (86.8% do sexo feminino; idade 74.78 ± 5.72 anos, altura 1.56 ± 0.08 m, peso 67.13 ± 12.14 kg), do Baixo Alentejo, Portugal. Avaliaram-se as características sociodemográficas, histórico de quedas, medo de cair (FES-I Portugal); nível de atividade física (IPAQ-E – versão curta) e indicadores de aptidão física funcional (Protocolo de Rikli & Jones, 2013). Verificaram-se associações significativas entre o medo de cair e as variáveis de aptidão física. Baixo medo de cair parece estar relacionado com melhor força dos membros inferiores (p < .001), agilidade e equilíbrio dinâmico (p < .001) e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (p < .001). Os resultados revelam que um baixo medo de cair está relacionado melhor capacidade funcional. No sentido de contribuir para a manutenção e desenvolvimento de capacidades físicas essenciais e evitar uma diminuição de qualidade de vida, reforçamos a importância de programas de exercício físico que incluam o treino de força, agilidade, equilíbrio e aptidão cardiorrespiratória, integrados em intervenções multifatoriais. Estas estratégias poderão, através da promoção e manutenção das capacidades funcionais, criar uma maior perceção de competência e consequentemente reduzirem o medo de cair. Abstact. The fear of falling is pointed out as a psychological consequence resulting from the loss of functionality and balance inherent to aging. Maintaining good levels of physical fitness may be the key to preserve the quality of life and independence of the older adult. This study aims to verify the relationship of fear of falling with the physical fitness of older adults inserted in a community physical exercise program. The sample included 308 older adults, aged ³ 65 years (86.8% female; age 74.78 ± 5.72 years, height 1.56 ± 0.08 m, weight 67.13 ± 12.14 kg), from Baixo Alentejo, Portugal. The study involved collecting indicators on the participants' sociodemographic characteristics, the history of falls, fear of fall (FES-I Portugal scale); level of physical activity (IPAQ-E - short version) and physical fitness indicators (Rikli & Jones, 2013). There were significant associations between fear of falling and physical fitness variables. Low fear of falling seems to be related to better lower strength (p

Com o presente artigo, pretende-se discorrer a cerca de alguns aspectos da educação escolar indígena em Angola e no Brasil, a busca por uma autonomia da educação escolar indígena dos povos originais e suas diferenças. Elementos importantes foram considerados na escolha destes países como a historia da educação escolar indígena, país colonizador, politica mundial e revoluções. A pesquisa é desenvolvida a partir de estudos bibliográficos e faz parte de um recorte de uma pesquisa de doutorado em andamento. Os resultados mostram que independentemente do país colonizador, o modus operandi das ocupações não se diferenciaram significativamente em relação aos massacres e à imposição cultural. Questões políticas e da posição geográfica corroborarem para a degradação da educação, muito é possível capturar nas últimas décadas, uma evolução significativa, por protagonismo dos próprios povos originais que abraçaram a educação como uma forma de resistência.

O povo Terena é uma etnia indígena com vasto material de pesquisa e com um número de membros Terena que são pesquisadores e que produz um número considerado de material científico. Atualmente os Terena são uma população de cerca de 28 mil indivíduos no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) e que se distribuem por várias terras indígenas em todo o estado, além de outras em São Paulo e Mato Grosso, bem como em diversas cidades. Sua produção cultural e científica estão em estudo e boa parte destes estudos estão nas plataformas científicas. Este artigo faz o Estado da Arte deste etnoconhecimento, num estudo de revisão sistemática da bibliografia com três descritores: Conhecimento Tradicional, Etnoconhecimento e Terena, onde os dois primeiros são sinônimos e se relacionam com o terceiro. Neste estudo sistemático nos traz a luz as publicações e autores que estudaram e estudam a arte, a ciência e a cultura Terena. Há um amplo conhecimento científico nos conhecimentos tradicionais que há gerações vem sendo passado entre os Terena, parte deste conhecimento está no estado da arte aqui apresentado.

O povo Kaingang é o mais populoso do Sul do Brasil e está entre os mais numerosos povos indígenas do país. Neste trabalho faz-se uma relação entre as informações encontradas na literatura e a atualidade na Terra Indígena Kaingang em relação ao conhecimento que possuem sobre o uso de plantas para a cura de doenças e como interpretam a ação da erva no organismo. Para isto, realizou-se uma pesquisa de campo em uma Terra Indígena Kaingang no Paraná, cujo entrevistas forneceram confirmações históricas em relação aos etnoconhecimentos da etnia, da evolução dos aspectos químicos e das atitudes perante a química e os remédios de origem farmacêutica e natural.

A criação do Programa de Educação Tutorial e sua consolidação envolvem uma trajetória histórica, com o objetivo de promover uma experiência acadêmica ancorada na indissociabilidade da trí­ade ensino, pesquisa e extensão. O PET Sexualidade e Educação Sexual desenvolvido no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro surgiu em 2010. Este PET busca abordar a sexualidade como um aspecto inerente a todo ser humano e engloba a educação sexual enquanto uma estratégia essencial para promoção da saúde. Busca-se relatar as ações deste grupo e seus impactos no processo formativo discente, levando-se em conta a sua trajetória, alcance e especificidades. O Programa tem se destacado como indutor de aprendizagens significativas baseadas no compartilhamento coletivo de experiências, além de contribuir para qualificar o ensino e fomentar a divulgação do conhecimento sobre saúde e sexualidade junto a diferentes públicos

Objectives Studies have demonstrated high rates of mortality in people with proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, but there is limited published data on the factors that influence mortality for clinicians to make informed treatment decisions. This study aims to report the 30-day mortality associated with perioperative infection of patients undergoing surgery for proximal femoral fractures and to examine the factors that influence mortality in a multivariate analysis.Setting Prospective, international, multicentre, observational cohort study.Participants Patients undergoing any operation for a proximal femoral fracture from 1 February to 30 April 2020 and with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection (either 7 days prior or 30-day postoperative).Primary outcome 30-day mortality. Multivariate modelling was performed to identify factors associated with 30-day mortality.Results This study reports included 1063 patients from 174 hospitals in 19 countries. Overall 30-day mortality was 29.4% (313/1063). In an adjusted model, 30-day mortality was associated with male gender (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.13, p80 years (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.31, p=0.013), preoperative diagnosis of dementia (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.16, p=0.005), kidney disease (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.55, p=0.005) and congestive heart failure (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.48, p=0.025). Mortality at 30 days was lower in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.6 (0.42 to 0.85), p=0.004). There was no difference in mortality in patients with an increase to delay in surgery (p=0.220) or type of anaesthetic given (p=0.787).Conclusions Patients undergoing surgery for a proximal femoral fracture with a perioperative infection of SARS-CoV-2 have a high rate of mortality. This study would support the need for providing these patients with individualised medical and anaesthetic care, including medical optimisation before theatre. Careful preoperative counselling is needed for those with a proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, especially those in the highest risk groups.Trial registration number NCT04323644

Nowadays we witness numerous partnerships and projects of national and international scope around active training, using digital tools and based on co-creation processes between different partners, to obtain more creative and appropriate processes to respond to current and future scientific, academic and professional challenges. This article presents the participation of a group of professors from Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal (IPS) in the DEMOLA® approach to be trained as facilitators. We present the objectives, the formation of the teams and the established work methodology, and the application of this methodology adapted to the curricular unit of Process Optimization of the Master of Biological and Chemical Engineering. We briefly describe the main phases that constitute the development of the project within the scope of IPS and the obtained results from the analysis of all components (student training, professors, challenges with companies/organizations and perceptions of the whole team). We emphasize the development of instrumental skills (Canva, Miro, PESTLE, Portfolio); scientific/ pedagogical skills (Teamwork, Multiprofessional Approach, Co-creation Processes, Design Thinking, Research, Facilitation, Disruptive Thinking and Co-construction, among others); and “win-win” situations, or rather “learn-learn” between facilitators and students, innovation, intergenerational, sustainability and freedom of thought.

In Brazil, conservation priority zones, in spite of their key role in preserving natural vegetation and its environmental resources are frequently located outside the country’s public network of protected areas (PAs). Here we present the first study on land-use impacts inside Brazil’s unprotected (i.e. outside PAs) Cost-Effective conservation priority Zones (CEZs), for the period 2020–2050. CEZs are conservation priority zones that had experienced low levels of human impact in 2020. In this study, we consider various governance scenarios, including different deforestation control and native vegetation restoration policies. To this end, a land-use change model is combined with a downscaling method to generate natural vegetation cover projections at a 0.01 ${^\circ}$ resolution. Results, which include the effects of climate change on the expansion of the Brazilian agriculture, project native vegetation losses (through deforestation) or gains (through restoration) inside unprotected CEZs. If the current pattern of disregard for the environment persists, our results indicate that a large share of the native vegetation inside Brazil’s CEZs is likely to disappear, with negative impacts on biodiversity preservation, green-house gas emissions and ecosystem services in general. Moreover, even if fully implemented and enforced, Brazil’s current Forest Code is insufficient to adequately protect CEZs from anthropization, especially in the Cerrado biome. We expect that this study can help improving the conservation and restoration of CEZs in Brazil.

This study examines how land tenure constrains Brazil’s ability to meet its deforestation control and forest restoration goals in its Amazonia biome. Our findings are based on an updated assessment of land tenure and land use in the region. Between 2019 and 2021, 44% of deforestation in Amazonia occurred in private lands, while forest removal in settlements ranged from 31% to 27% of the total. Deforestation in undesignated public lands increased from 11% in 2008 to 18% in 2021. Deforestation is highly concentrated, with 1% of properties accounting for 82.5% of forest cuts in 2021. In Amazonia, there is considerable non-compliance with the legal reserve provisions set by Brazil’s Forest Code. Legal reserve deficits in private lands sum up to 18.17 Mha (million hectares), compared with 12.49 Mha of legal reserve surpluses. Even if all forest surpluses are offered in the forest credits market set in the Forest Code, farmers still need to restore 5.67 Mha to comply with the law. Large-scale cattle ranchers have a legal reserve deficit of 10.35 Mha (34% of their area). Most crop farming occurs in medium and large properties (4.63 Mha) with a large proportion of legal reserve deficits (45%). Given the political power and financial resources of large ranchers and crop producers, Brazil faces major challenges in inducing these farmers to meet their legal obligations. Therefore, Brazil needs to combine robust command-and-control strategies with market-based policies to achieve its deforestation and forest restoration goals. The government should tailor forest protection and restoration policies to the needs of different landowners, considering their land use practices, technical capacity, and financial resources.

In the framework of stock enhancement, field experiments were conducted between March and July 2021 in rocky shores of Central Portugal to test the usefulness of refuges and calcein marking for juvenile sea urchins releases. Individuals with 10–20 mm in test diameter were captured in nature and tagged through immersion in a calcein bath with a concentration of 150 mg L−1, during 48 hr. Artificial shelters were used to provide refuge and an acclimatization structure for the released sea urchins, and in situ monitoring was carried out by counting the marked specimens over three months. Results point out to the importance of using shelters to provide protection to sea urchins, and validated the efficiency of the calcein tagging protocol for in situ monitoring. Sea urchins' test diameter growth during the experiment was estimated to be 0.470 mm month−1 (SD = 0.181).

The present contribution aims to enhance solar cells’ performance via the development of advanced luminescent down-shifting based on encapsulated nanostructured perovskite materials. Here, thin films of inorganic lead halide (CsPbBr3) perovskite nanocrystal luminophores were synthetized, by hot-injection, deposited on glass substrates by spin-coating, and encapsulated with parylene type C, via chemical vapor deposition, to protect and stabilize the films. The optical properties of these thin films were characterized by absorption, emission and 2D contour spectra, their structure by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the morphology by Scanning Transmission Electron microscopy. I–V curve and spectral response nanocrystalline silicon photovoltaic (nc-Si:H PV) cells were studied in the absence and presence of the perovskite and parylene luminescent down-shifting layers. The incorporation of the CsPbBr3 nanocrystals and their encapsulation with the parylene type C polymeric coating led to an increase in the current generated and the spectral response of the PV cells in the regime of the nanocrystals’ fluorescence emission. A 3.1% increase in the short circuit current density and a 5.6% increase in the power conversion efficiency were observed.