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This paper addresses Blau's critique of our early research on behavioral aggregates; we review the theoretical and empirical work on multiple behaviors. We address the definition and measurement of behavioral aggregates, the issue of common method variance, and factors influencing behavior choices. Research from other behavioral areas that uses an approach similar to ours is reviewed as well as relevant research on withdrawal aggregates since 1991. We argue that a focus on general withdrawal constructs rather than individual behaviors will generate significant scientific and practical advantages. The study of constructs will likely provide a basis for generalizations across situations, populations, and time. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Summary form only given. We have developed and tested two prototype linear transformer drivers (LTDs): LTD III [1], which is a single LTD cavity that generates a peak electrical power of 79 GW, and Mykonos II [2,3], which is a two-cavity 142 GW LTD module. LTD III is driven by 20 bricks, each of which includes an 85-nH gas switch and two 60-nF capacitors. LTD III has been successfully tested on 3,500 shots at a charge voltage of +100 kV / -100 kV. The first 1,500 shots were conducted with UV-illuminated gas switches; the last 2,000, with new three-electrode field-distortion switches. Over the course of the last 2,000 shots, the variation of the output power generated by LTD III was 0.9% (one sigma) and the switch pre-fire rate was 1 in 10,000 switch shots after conditioning. Mykonos II is driven by 72 bricks altogether, 36 in each of the module's two cavities. Each brick includes a 115-nH switch and two 40-nH capacitors. Mykonos II is the first LTD module to drive a water-insulated transmission line. Mykonos has been successfully tested on 1,500 shots at a charge voltage of +90 kV / -90 k V. Over the course of these shots, the variation in the output power was 2.3% (one sigma) and the switch pre-fire rate was 1 in 11,000 switch shots after conditioning. Measured output-pulse parameters of LTD III and Mykonos II are consistent with circuit-model predictions. The results obtained suggest that LTDs are a viable prime-power source for next-generation pulsed-power accelerators.

In the present study, the authors examined the importance of time in the voluntary turnover process. The researchers used a representative sample of early-career individuals in the American workforce. Moderating effects of time were found for both job satisfaction and cognitive ability. The relationships of these predictors with turnover decreased as a function of time. The temporal nature of effects inherent in the voluntary turnover process is discussed in detail, and the importance of considering changing effects across time is emphasized.

The most exciting thing for me as actor, director, or audience member is when a character is alone on stage or screen. This is where we become instant voyeurs into the true inner workings of the character. There is no pretense. There is no etiquette. There is no politeness. It is the character in truth.

The house lights go down. The orchestra begins playing. The curtain goes up. And downstage center, a lone figure is revealed in a spotlight. She looks off longingly into the distance; waiting to begin her song.

What should actors be thinking when performing? This is a purely personal process and each actor is different, but by concentrating on IM, an actor will deepen her choices. Does an actor think in objectives: “I want to seduce her”? Or does an actor think in corrections: “I was told not to jut my head forward”? Or does an actor think in units: “This is the climax of the scene”? While there may be actors who may subscribe to only one of these ways of thought, all of these thoughts are IM.

As mentioned earlier in this book, classical theatre contains its own versions of interior drama that are the theatre’s earliest and most recognized use of IM. From ancient to modern times, the idea of sharing a character’s private thoughts has been used to allow an audience entrance into the inner workings of a character’s true motivations. While never truly labeled IM, the use of these devices has been part of the theatrical lexicon for centuries. We will divide these devices into three categories: apostrophe, soliloquy, and aside. Each method has its own definition and rules.

Finding the correct acting style for any play is like a dinner with prospective in-laws. You spend your time finding the right tone, observing the etiquette of the household, exploring the boundaries of conversation topics, looking for the moments of shared compassion, and examining what makes them laugh, and all the while, your IM is racing to see if you fit in. Do they like me? Have I gone too far? Did I just lose them? Should I share that story? And the biggest question—are we compatible?

As noted throughout this book, when used incorrectly, a devotion to IM can trap you inside your head. Thinking like the character certainly, but in no way sharing that internal work. That sort of selfish acting/thinking belies the entire motivation for IM work. IM is used to deepen your external work by making a connection internally. All of the internal analysis is wasted if an audience cannot discern that work.

Certainly any book on Inner Monologue (IM) must answer the most basic psychological question: where does I M come from? Dr. Christopher Hopwood from Michigan State University’s Department of Psychology states: I guess the short answer to your question is that, as far as I know, there are no well-accepted theories about where inner monologue comes from. We certainly have theories, just not unanimity. For instance, whereas social and clinical psychologists might tend to emphasize the role of motivation (but disagree about how conscious the motivation likely is), cognitive psychologists would likely focus on memory and information processing.

Two studies were conducted to examine some issues regarding the influence of dispositional negative affectivity (Watson & Clark, 1984; Clark & Watson, 1991) on task/job satisfaction and self-reported employee behaviors, as well as the cognitive processes underlying these relationships. In Study 1, data were collected from 165 individuals representing a variety of jobs in four organizations. Data from a second study were obtained in a laboratory setting from 150 subjects who performed either an "enriched" or an "unenriched" task. Results indicate that: (1) negative affectivity is a significant predictor of satisfaction unless task conditions are quite aversive, (2) individuals with higher negative affectivity report performing a greater frequency of withdrawal behaviors than individuals with lower negative affectivity when both dissatisfied and satisfied with their jobs, and (3) individuals higher in negative affectivity recall the negative features of tasks while individuals lower in negative affectivity recall more descriptive aspects of tasks. We suggest that future research focus on the nature of the dispositional affectivity construct and on the cognitive processes underlying the linkages among dispositions, attitudes, and behaviors.

A Monte Carlo investigation of simplex fitting as a method of determining the dimensionality of binary data matrices was carried out. The simplex is an index of dimensionality having considerable appeal on a priori grounds. The study was carried out to explore the adequacy of simplex fitting for estimating dimensionality of binary item pools. To achieve this objective, an examination was made of the fit of correlation matrices with known factor structure to a correlation matrix representing a perfect simplex. Results indicated that the simplex fitting method is a viable approach to dimensionality assessment under certain situations. However, simplex fitting breaks down under extreme values of two important parameters. At less extreme levels of these parameters, the simplex fitting method is more effective than are the usual factor analytic dimensionality criteria. Results are discussed within the realm of considering the tenability of the goal of strict unidimensionality and the consequences of failure to assess correctly the dimensionality of a data matrix. The importance of attempting to measure major or dominant factors is also described. Finally, the need for examining whether current methods fail under similar conditions and suggestions for future research involving simplex fitting are discussed.

Alternative strategies for two-sample cross-validation of covariance structure models are described and investigated. The strategies vary according to whether all (tight strategy) or some (partial strategy) of the model parameters are held constant when a calibration sample solution is re-fit to a validation sample covariance matrix. Justification is provided for three partial strategies. Conventional and alternative strategies for cross-validation are discussed as methods for evaluating overall discrepancy of a model fit to a particular sample, where overall discrepancy arises from the combined influences of discrepancy of approximation and discrepancy of estimation (Cudeck & Henly, 1991). Results of a sampling study using empirical data show that for tighter strategies simpler models are preferred in smaller samples. However, when partial cross-validation is employed, a more complex model may be supported even in a small sample. Implications for model comparison and evaluation, as well as the issues of model complexity and sample size are discussed.

Summary •Transgenomics is the process of introducing genomic clones from a donor species into a recipient species and then screening the resultant transgenic lines for phenotypes of interest. This method might allow us to find genes involved in the evolution of phenotypic differences between species as well as genes that have the potential to contribute to reproductive isolation: potential speciation genes. •More than 1100 20-kbp genomic clones from Leavenworthia alabamica were moved into Arabidopsis thaliana by transformation. After screening a single primary transformant for each line, clones associated with mutant phenotypes were tested for repeatability and co-segregation. •We found 84 clones with possible phenotypic effects, of which eight were repeatedly associated with the same phenotype. One clone, 11_11B, co-segregated with a short fruit phenotype. Further study showed that 11_11B affects seed development, with as much as one-third of the seeds aborted in some fruit. •Transgenomics is a viable strategy for discovering genes of evolutionary interest. We identify methods to reduce false positives and false negatives in the future. 11_11B can be viewed as a potential speciation gene, illustrating the value of transgenomics for studying the molecular basis of reproductive isolation.

A measurement and psychometric examination of a set of cognitive tasks was carried out. A critical part of this analysis involved investigation of the stability of latencies and number correct scores over a two-week time period. Relations with standardized test scores and scores on a variety of ability measures were also investigated. Finally, the tenability of considering data from individual paradigms as narrow components of “ g ” and aggregating latencies to form meaningful composites with significant relations with g was investigated. Results indicate moderate to high reliabilities for most of the tasks investigated. Stabilities were found to be low to moderately high. Significant and compelling levels of covariation were achieved from the aggregation of scores, indicating clear promise for the continued investigation of this approach. Findings are discussed in the realm of the critical need for evaluating psychometric and measurement properties of cognitive tasks used in individual differences research.

This study investigated one commonly used experimental task on several psychometric dimensions. An investigation of the Sternberg (S. Sternberg, 1966, 1969) task was carried out to study both the measurement and psychometric quality of the task and the effects of variations to content as one source of nonattribute variance on various critical psychometric and measurement properties. The Sternberg task was chosen because of the ease of modifying stimulus content without greatly changing the cognitive process requirements or the task itself. The task was explored with respect to consistency across responses, stability over time, and stability across different stimulus contents. Individual performance was found to be moderately homogeneous across responses, fairly unstable over time (1 week), and fairly stable across stimulus contents (letters, numbers, words, and common symbols). Stabilities of raw scores, slopes, and intercepts were each found to be affected by stimulus content. Results are discussed in the context of need for careful attention to individual variation in performance on experimental tasks. Furthermore, the importance of psychometric analysis of experimental tasks used in individual differences research is stressed.

A 6.1-MV, 0.79-MA laser-triggered gas switch (LTGS) is used to synchronize the 36 modules of the $Z$ machine at Sandia National Laboratories. Each module includes one switch, which serves as the last command-fired switch of the module, and hence is used to determine the time at which each module electrically closes relative to the other modules. The switch is $\ensuremath{\sim}81\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\mathrm{cm}$ in length, $\ensuremath{\sim}45\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\mathrm{cm}$ in diameter, and is immersed in mineral oil. The outer switch envelope consists of six corrugated monomer-cast acrylic insulators and five contoured stainless-steel rings. The trigger electrodes are fabricated from copper-infused tungsten. The switch is pressurized with several atmospheres of sulfur hexafluoride (${\mathrm{SF}}_{6}$), which is turbulently purged within 2 seconds after every shot. Each switch is powered from a 6-MV, 0.78-MJ Marx generator which pulse charges a 24-nF intermediate-store water capacitor in $1.4\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$. Closure of the switch allows power to flow into pulse-forming transmission lines. The power pulse is subsequently compressed by water switches, which results in a total accelerator output power in excess of 70-TW. A previous version of the LTGS performed exceptionally at a 5.4-MV, 0.7-MA level on an engineering test module used for switch development. It exhibited a $1\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\ensuremath{\sigma}$ jitter of $\ensuremath{\sim}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ns}$, a prefire and flashover rate less than 0.1%, and a lifetime in excess of 150 shots. When installed on the $Z$ accelerator, however, the switch exhibited a prefire probability of $\ensuremath{\sim}3%$, a flashover probability of $\ensuremath{\sim}7%$, and a 15-ns jitter. The difference in performance is attributed to several factors such as higher total charge transfer, exposure to more debris, and more stressful dynamic mechanical loading upon machine discharge. Under these conditions, the replacement lifetime was less than ten shots. Since refurbishment of $Z$ in October 2007, there have been three LTGS design iterations to improve the performance at 6.1-MV. The most recent design exhibits a prefire rate of less than 0.1%, a flashover rate of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.2%$, a single switch jitter of $\ensuremath{\sim}6\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\mathrm{ns}$, and a lifetime of greater than 75 shots. Modifications to achieve the performance improvement are detailed in this article.

2010 annual AGU hydrology days was held at Colorado State University on March 22 - March 24, 2010., Includes bibliographical references., Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the impacts of urbanization on stream geomorphology and ecology. Recent research has shown benthic macroinvertebrates to be good indicators of stream health. Furthermore, significant correlations have been shown to exist between these benthic indicators and certain hydrologic metrics in receiving streams. These studies have used stream gage data and/or computer models to study such relationships but the scale of the watersheds has been large; typically greater than two square miles. This study examines the application of such research to a small-scale urban environment in Fort Collins, Colorado. The study uses benthic data collected approximately 10 years ago and stream flow measurements from the City's flood early warning system. These data provide an opportunity to determine if the findings in other research can be applied to relatively small urban streams. Such trends could help guide development and stream rehabilitation efforts in the City to minimize future impacts of urbanization on these streams and provide guidance in prioritizing stream reaches for rehabilitation. However, the use of such small scale real data in an ever-changing urban environment makes the application of hypothetical trends more difficult. Stream alteration, data limitations, and annual runoff variations present additional challenges for developing relationships between stream health and hydrology that are seen to exist in larger watersheds.

This study investigated several current coaching practices used in training test-wiseness for analogy items in standardized test batteries. A three-group design was used which included a general test-taking, "encouragement" condition in addition to a no-training control group condition. The specific techniques used in training are described. Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores were obtained from university admission files to verify that no overall aptitude differences existed in the three conditions. Differences were observed for the coached group relative to the two control groups in terms of overall number of correct responses for the coached item types (analogies). No differences were found for the non-coached item types. Item difficulties for the three groups are also reported which show that several items were indeed made easier for individuals in the coached group. A qualitative analysis of the items made easier by coaching in terms of the training techniques used is given along with an analysis o...

In applications of covariance structure modeling in which an initial model does not fit sample data well, it has become common practice to modify that model to improve its fit. Because this process is data driven, it is inherently susceptible to capitalization on chance characteristics of the data, thus raising the question of whether model modifications generalize to other samples or to the population. This issue is discussed in detail and is explored empirically through sampling studies using 2 large sets of data. Results demonstrate that over repeated samples, model modifications may be very inconsistent and cross-validation results may behave erratically. These findings lead to skepticism about generalizability of models resulting from data-driven modifications of an initial model. The use of alternative a priori models is recommended as a preferred strategy.

A 6.1-MV, 790-kA laser triggered gas switch (LTGS) is utilized to synchronize the 36-modules of the Z-machine at Sandia National Laboratories. The switch is ∼81-cm in length, 45-cm in diameter, and is immersed in transformer oil. The switch is pulse-charged from a 780-kJ, 6-MV Marx generator in 1.4-µs. Closure of the switch allows energy stored in a 24-nF intermediate-store water capacitor to flow into subsequent pulse-forming stage. The entire system (36-modules) generates a ∼70-TW at the present system operating level, but after near term improvements are complete, this level will increase to ∼100-TW.

This chapter will show you how to adapt your collaboration; defend your collaboration; allow others into your process; react proactively throughout rehearsals; and maintain your collaborative nature during technical rehearsals (techs). Up until this point, the production team has been secluded while finalizing analysis, research, and design decisions. Their toil has resulted in a cohesive design of which all can be proud. The insular phase of the design is done.

This chapter will show you how to overcome variables in collaborative issues; continue to collaborate through revision; maintain communication between collaborators; maintain the chain of command; redefine roles in the collaborative team; learn how to “let go” of your favorite elements; and complete a cohesive design. You have presented your design to your fellow collaborators. Their responses were measured but positive. Your response to their work was measured but positive. You see some elements in everyone’s work that presents larger issues, which could be problematic in the future. You see elements of your design that do not mingle with the elements of others’ to create a cohesive production. This is exactly where you should be in the process.

As mentioned in the first part of the book, there are several ways to monitor the success or failings of collaboration. Those modes of examination hold the true test of a successful production. The answers are sometimes painful to hear, but offer the theatrical artist a true guide to better work in the future.

With our theoretical collaboration assured and many lofty goals in mind, we immediately began the collaborative process by breaking many tenets of the first part of the book. It seemed, even for us, that collaboration was about adaptation. We aimed for the perfect collaboration, but factors such as time, schedules, and other projects plagued many steps in the collaborative chain.

In this chapter we will examine choosing a show; creating the premise; overcoming challenges; analyzing the script; assessing the collaborators; exploring personal history; expanding the vision; and communicating the premise.

You are a designer. You have listened to your collaborators. You have done your research. You have put pen to paper and you have designed. You designed with the audience’s reaction in mind. You designed the premise. You designed the climax. You have designed with the needs of others in mind while allowing your artistic abilities to create bolder, better plans for your contribution. Now, how do you best present them?

In this chapter we will explore graduates of the class in real situations; possible negative repercussions; possible adaptations for the course; and collaboration beyond theatre.

For designers and directors alike, the entire production revolves around one collaborator who rarely attends production meetings: the playwright. You have heard it before but, honestly, it all begins and ends with the script: the common ground from which we all create. The deciding factor in most debates and the duty of any member of the production team is to serve the script. The sole reason for everyone devoting the time and effort to any production revolves around the script—or more correctly, around the production team’s interpretation of the script.

This chapter offers ways to assist in dealing with the initial meetings of the production team. The first impressions that you present to your collaborators are difficult to alter. Although we are using examples from our lives working at a university and in professional settings, our experiences can easily translate into any production venue. Our aim throughout is to assist in creating a healthy collaboration. Also, the practical part of this book aims to model an expeditious collaboration and therefore places the director as arbiter of most debates. This should not always be the case.

In this chapter we will examine assessing your students needs; assessing your limitations; choosing the scripts; time management; prepping the class; prepping the student; and faculty support.

Thoroughly researching a play is impossible. There are always details you cannot even begin to tackle. Beside the imminent demand of production schedules, there are just too many elements that must be addressed. Even if you are lucky enough to have the assistance of a dramaturg, you can never cover everything.

The production has opened. The response was what you hoped for. You see the production team’s final product and you’ve marveled that this project, begun many weeks ago, has been successfully handed over to its intended audience. You have a few seconds to breathe before the whole process begins anew with a different production team.

A monte carlo investigation of three approaches to assessing the dimensionality of binary items used a population model that allowed sampling of items and examinees and provided for variation and con trol of important parameters. The model was realistic of performance of binary items in current tests of cognitive abilities. Three indices were inves tigated : one based on the property of local indepen dence of unidimensional tests (the independence index), one based on patterns of second factor loadings derived from simplex theory (the pattern index), and one that reflects the shape of the curve of successive eigenvalues (the ratio of differences index). The last index was used for matrices of phi coefficients, tetrachoric correlations, and variances covariances. The local independence index reported here was the most accurate dimensionality index. The pattern index was accurate under many combi nations of parameters, but decreased substantially at the highest level of factor correlations and the widest dispersion of item difficulties. None of the eigenvalue indices produced satisfactory accuracy, except under the most favorable combinations of parameters. Nonetheless, the eigenvalues of variance-covariance matrices provided a more accurate basis for dimensionality decisions than tetrachoric correlations, which have been the statistic of choice of many investigators. Recommendations for use are also given.

A discussion and an investigation of the benefits of creating correspondence between general attitude and multifaceted behavior measures as an antidote to narrowing attitude assessments to match the specificity of narrow, isolated behaviors are conducted. We investigate these issues specifically in the realm of job satisfaction and employee adaptation and withdrawal. Results from several samples are presented that show the advantages of building systematic heterogeneity into both attitude and behavioral measures as recommended by attitude theorists. Implications for research in the areas of social and work attitudes are discussed.

The main goal of this paper is to provide design of an underwater robot with actuators utilizing advanced and smart materials such as Shape Memory Alloys (SMA).