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The purpose of this research is to discuss and analyze the root of the problems of the low competences of teaching staffs at Indonesian National Police School (SPN) and the factors that may contribute to it which include: recruitment and selection systems, placement, competency improvement program, and reward system. This research is a qualitative approach with a case study. The research addresses interviews and discussions with SPN educators, education experts from Police of Republic of Indonesia (POLRI), academic education experts human resource management experts from academia, and police officers who graduated from SPN. Data collection methods include: interviews, focus group discussion (FGD), observation, related documents studies, and review of previous research. The results of this study indicate that low competences of SPN teachers is rooted from the absence of a competency-based recruitment system. POLRI career development system does not yet include and regulate career development of SPN teachers as part of police career development. This research recommends and proposes a competency-based SPN teaching career development system and a SPN teaching competences improvement system, as a contribution to POLRI human resource management system as a whole.

It is widely acknowledged that the patient's perspective should be considered when making decisions about how her care will be managed. Patient participation in the decision making process may play an important role in bringing to light and incorporating her perspective. The GRADE framework is touted as an evidence-based process for determining recommendations for clinical practice; i.e. determining how care ought to be managed. GRADE recommendations are categorized as “strong” or “weak” based on several factors, including the “values and preferences” of a “typical” patient. The strength of the recommendation also provides instruction to the clinician about when and how patients should participate in the clinical encounter, and thus whether an individual patient's values and preferences will be heard in her clinical encounter. That is, a “strong” recommendation encourages “paternalism” and a “weak” recommendation encourages shared decision making. We argue that adoption of the GRADE framework is problematic to patient participation and may result in care that is not respectful of the individual patient's values and preferences. We argue that the root of the problem is the conception of “values and preferences” in GRADE – the framework favours population thinking (e.g. “typical” patient “values and preferences”), despite the fact that “values and preferences” are individual in the sense that they are deeply personal. We also show that tying the strength of a recommendation to a model of decision making (paternalism or shared decision making) constrains patient participation and is not justified (theoretically and/or empirically) in the GRADE literature.

Currently, the common treatment for pulpitis and periapical diseases is root canal treatment. However, the complex variations of root canal system often affect the effect of root canal treatment and even lead to treatment failure. Therefore, it is of great significance for dentists to emphasize the diversity of root canal morphology and to be familiar with the anatomical morphology of root canal to improve the success rate of clinical diagnosis and treatment. We reported a case of an eight-year-old female patient of type V root canal in a young maxillary middle incisor. The young maxillary central incisor was diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis by radiography and CBCT examination. The present case report described the entire treatment procedure of a young maxillary central incisor after trauma, including successive apical examination, CBCT examination and multiple root canal filling, and finally the treatment was completed with the aid of microscope. The root canals were filled with the vertical compression technique. Z350 composite resin was used to repair the tooth. The patient was followed-up at three, six, and 12 months after endodontic treatment. All of the examinations were normal. Finding the anatomical configuration of root canal by various ways will help to improve the success rate of root canal therapy.

The issue of high-quality root canal treatment in deciduous and permanent teeth is currently highly relevant. There is a huge variety of tools, devices, and medicines that can be used for working with the root canals. It is often the case that in the dental market medical products of various quality characteristics are being offered for a certain manipulation, leaving consumers face to face with a tough choice of what to buy to obtain good results. According to the English-language literature review, evaluation of the technical characteristics of endodontic needles and the results of their use in practice showed a rather large number of negative aspects, which outlines the need to find the ways of endodontic needle refinement.

A topic model is one of the best stochastic models for summarizing an extensive collection of text. It has accomplished an inordinate achievement in text analysis as well as text summarization. It can be employed to the set of documents that are represented as a bag-of-words, without considering grammar and order of the words. We modeled the topics for Gujarati news articles corpus. As the Gujarati language has a diverse morphological structure and inflectionally rich, Gujarati text processing finds more complexity. The size of the vocabulary plays an important role in the inference process and quality of topics. As the vocabulary size increases, the inference process becomes slower and topic semantic coherence decreases. If the vocabulary size is diminished, then the topic inference process can be accelerated. It may also improve the quality of topics. In this work, the list of suffixes has been prepared that encounters too frequently with words in Gujarati text. The inflectional forms have been reduced to the root words concerning the suffixes in the list. Moreover, Gujarati single-letter words have been eliminated for faster inference and better quality of topics. Experimentally, it has been proved that if inflectional forms are reduced to their root words, then vocabulary length is shrunk to a significant extent. It also caused the topic formation process quicker. Moreover, the inflectional forms reduction and single-letter word removal enhanced the interpretability of topics. The interpretability of topics has been assessed on semantic coherence, word length, and topic size. The experimental results showed improvements in the topical semantic coherence score. Also, the topic size grew notably as the number of tokens assigned to the topics increased.

Straipsnyje analizuojami trumposios šaknies intarpiniai ir sta kamieno veiksmažodžiai, užfiksuoti XVI–XIX a. žemaičių kilmės autorių darbuose. Šie veiksmažodžiai klasifikuojami ir aptariami pagal jų šaknies finalės tipą, kuris lemia skirtingus konstrukcinio įvairavimo modelius. Senuosiuose žemaičių raštuose užfiksuotų veiksmažodžių morfologinė struktūra įvairuoja panašiai kaip ir dabartinėse žemaičių patarmėse, tačiau randama ir nemaža skirtumų, todėl senųjų raštų veiksmažodžiai gretinami su dabartinių žemaičių patarmių duomenimis, siekiant nustatyti įvairuojančių formų lokalizaciją, paplitimo ribas bei jų chronologinę ir arealinę distribuciją, struktūros pokyčių tendencijas ir jų motyvus. Taip pat siekiama išanalizuoti ir kuo tiksliau pagal surinktus duomenis nustatyti ankstyviausią na kamieno vartojimo fazę bei lokalizuoti šio kamieno vartojimo ištakas. The article focuses on short-rooted infixed and sta stem verbs attested in the works written by Samogitian authors dating back to the 16–19th century. In this article the aforementioned verbs are classified and analysed according to the type of the consonant closing the verbal root which supposedly underpins different models of their constructional alternation. The morphological structure of verbs attested in the old Samogitian scripts exhibit similar alternation models to those found in current Samogitian sub-dialects, however, there are some notable differences as well. The verbs found in old Samogitian scripts are compared to those found in Samogitian sub-dialects in order to determine the localization of alternating forms, their chronological and areal distribution as well as the tendencies and motives for their structural change. Also, an attempt is made to determine the earliest stage and localization of the use of na stem forms attested in the Samogitian written texts in question.

Simple and clear at the first glance, the word sea, having Indo-European parallels which have practically the only meaning ‘sea’, on a closer examination turned out to be not so clear. Linguistic and ethno-linguistic, including folklore, data of Slavic traditions make it possible to interpret the word sea in Slavic languages and dialects in the sense of ‘water’ in general, and especially – the vast expanse of water – regardless of salinity, flowage and other properties of water. Moreover, the same semantics are characteristic of many, if not all, Indo-European denominations of the sea, and many words of non-Indoeuropean languages as well. Aspects of future studying of this topic can be seen in the explanation of other words with root *mor-/mar-, identification of their semantics, motivational relations and etymology, as well as other lexems, denoting the sea, the causes of their emergence or preservation in i.-e. languages and solving a number of other problems of diachronic aspect. KEY WORDS: ethnolinguistics, Slavic languages, Slavic traditional culture, concept sea, indoeuropean parallels. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rh.v18i0.1235

Straipsnyje pristatomi CVR tipo intarpiniai ir sta kamieno veiksmažodžiai, užfiksuoti XVI–XVII a. senuosiuose lietuvių raštuose, kurie reprezentuoja skirtingus rašytinius variantus. Sonantinę finalę turintiems intarpiniams veiksmažodžiams būdingas itin gausus konstrukcinis įvairavimas. Senuosiuose raštuose užfiksuotų veiksmažodžių morfologinė struktūra įvairuoja panašiai kaip ir lietuvių tarmėse, tačiau randama ir nemaža skirtumų, todėl senųjų raštų veiksmažodžiai gretinami su lietuvių tarmių ir dabartinės lietuvių kalbos duomenimis siekiant išsiaiškinti įvairuojančių formų lokalizaciją, paplitimo ribas bei jų chronologinę ir arealinę distribuciją, struktūros pokyčių tendencijas ir jų motyvus. The article focuses on short-rooted infixal and sta stem verbs ending with sonants l, r, m, n, v, j which were attested in old Lithuanian scripts dating back to the 16–17st century and representing different written variants. The aforementioned verbs typically have a wide spectrum of constructional alternations. The morphological structure of verbs attested in the old scripts alternates similarly to those forms found in Lithuanian dialects, however, there are some notable differences as well, that is why the verbs found in old scripts are compared to those found in Lithuanian dialects and contemporary Lithuanian in order to determine the localization of alternating forms, their chronological and areal distribution as well as the tendencies and motives for their structural change.

Este estudio analiza el concepto de la palabra “cultura” en los textos antiguos iraníes. La implementación se realiza utilizando los recursos bibliográficos a disposición de los autores. Los hallazgos de la investigación se recopilan de textos antiguos, especialmente los textos del persa medio. La metodología de la investigación tiene un carácter narrativo de citas. Para comprender cualquier fenómeno, es necesario comprender el proceso histórico de ese fenómeno. Dado que la cultura es un elemento esencial en la evolución de una sociedad, un examen de su proceso histórico ayuda a comprender el significado y el significado del término en los textos principales y en la vida iraní. Por tanto, debido a la importancia de la cultura, aquí hemos explorado los significados y conceptos de cultura desde la perspectiva de los textos antiguos. Los resultados muestran que la cultura de la palabra se compone de dos componentes: frā significado ("adelante y arriba"); y hong, de la raíz de sang, que significa "tirar" o "arrastrar y llevar". Como resultado de la educación, los seres humanos adquieren conocimientos y habilidades, y estos conocimientos y habilidades adquiridos también se denominan cultura. Además, en los antiguos textos iraníes, la cultura ha llegado a significar “cortesía.”

Global agriculture is challenged with achieving sustainable food security while the climate changes and the threat of drought increases. Much of the research attention has focused on above-ground plant responses with an aim to improve drought resistance. The hidden half, that is, the root system belowground, is receiving increasing attention as the interface of the plant with the soil. Because roots are a sensing organ for nutrients and moisture, we speculate that crop root system traits can be managed using smart nutrient application in order to increase drought resistance. Roots are known to be influenced both by their underlying genetics and also by responses to the environment, termed root plasticity. Though very little is known about the combined effect of water and nutrients on root plasticity, we explore the possibilities of root system manipulation by nutrient application. We compare the effects of different water or nutrient levels on root plasticity and its genetic regulation, with a focus on how this may affect drought resistance. We propose four primary mechanisms through which smart nutrient management can optimize root traits for drought resistance: (1) overall plant vigor, (2) increased root allocation, (3) influence specific root traits, and (4) use smart placement and timing to encourage deep rooting. In the longer term, we envision that beneficial root traits, including plasticity, could be bred into efficient varieties and combined with advanced precision management of water and nutrients to achieve agricultural sustainability.

Empirical research in investment management has discovered the puzzling phenomenon that, contrary to established capital market theory, low‐risk assets tend to earn larger returns than their high‐risk counterparts. In a recent contribution, Auer and Hiller (2019) emphasize that an inadequate quantification of risk may be the root of this problem. By interpreting a portfolio as a cooperative game, they arrive at the interesting finding that using assets' risk‐based Shapley values instead of classic stand‐alone risk measures has the potential to solve the low‐risk puzzle. In this article, we extend their study first by considering additional game‐theoretic risk allocation schemes, namely, the cost gap technique and the nucleolus method, and then by improving their simulation design via a larger number of assets and a supplementary determination of risk–return slopes. We find that the Shapley method outperforms the alternatives with respect to the generation of positive risk–return slopes.

Quran is the most significant religious document in the Arabic language in Islamic law. Several Quranic search engines have been designed and widely used for the past two decades. However, these search engines have certain limitations. For example, in many cases, the search is unable to retrieve relevant verses because it is based on keywords or root search and does not rely on the semantic relation between words in the query. The main objective of the present paper is to design a semantic search engine based on ontology as an index. In our work, we focus on creating a new ontology for Quranic document based on a set of useful words extracted from the Quranic Earab book with grammatical functions that serve as concepts. This ontology will be used as an index in information retrieval. The main idea is to create links between the existing Quranic words in the same verse, which will be used with user’s query to find the desired verses. We developed a graphical user interface with free and multiple inputs that convert users’ Arabic queries into SPARQL queries and then retrieve relevant verses from the ontology. The obtained results show that our proposal provides heightened precision and recall compared to other search engines.

Clinicians often face dilemmas regarding the most appropriate way to restore a tooth following root canal treatment. Whilst there is established consensus on the importance of the ferrule effect on the predictable restoration of root filled teeth, other factors, such as residual tooth volume, tooth location, number of proximal contacts, timing of the definitive restoration and the presence of cracks, have been reported to influence restoration and tooth survival. The continued evolution of dental materials and techniques, combined with a trend towards more conservative endodontic-restorative procedures, prompts re-evaluation of the scientific literature. The aim of this literature review was to provide an updated overview of the existing clinical literature relating to the restoration of root filled teeth. An electronic literature search of the PubMed, Ovid (via EMBASE) and MEDLINE (via EMBASE) databases up to July 2020 was performed to identify articles that related the survival of root filled teeth and/or restoration type. The following and other terms were searched: restoration, crown, onlay, root canal, root filled, post, clinical, survival, success. Wherever possible, only clinical studies were selected for the literature review. Full texts of the identified articles were independently screened by two reviewers according to pre-defined criteria. This review identifies the main clinical factors influencing the survival of teeth and restorations following root canal treatment in vivo and discusses the data related to specific restoration type on clinical survival.

The Arabic index term selection is a challenging process due to the complex morphological nature of the Arabic language. Index term selection is a significant factor that affects the efficiency of any information retrieval system. Many methods of index term selection were proposed in the literature. The majority of them were based on root extraction and stemming. Other proposals apply complex linguistic rules and machine learning tools. This paper proposes a simple index term selection method using some heuristics such that a representative subset of terms is selected to form the index. The proposed heuristics essentially select index terms from Arabic words having the prefix ‘AL’ (definite words) as a basis. Besides, the proposed method selects new words according to any of the following heuristics: the words preceding or words succeeding definite terms, choosing words that follow some linking words and words following propositions in semi-sentences, and selecting words that represent named entities. The proposed heuristics were tested using the TREC-2001/2002 Arabic test collection. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method since it outperforms selecting all terms stemmed by two well-known stemmers. For example, choosing definite words and words that represent named entities outperforms selecting all terms stemmed by the LIGHT10 stemmer according to the mean average precision by 8.4% and at the same time decreases the index size by 27.8%.

With the revolutionising of the industry to the next generations, machines have become more complicated. If they are not put to regular maintenance then there is more breakdown and disruption in the production line. These days, data science techniques have applications over almost every field and likewise are being applied to Industry 4.0. In this advanced setup, massive data is created and stored every second. Experts with expertise in advanced mathematical and computational skills are in demand to identify root causes of failures and quality deviations of a machine, contributing to minimising a loss in time and money. Moreover, new elements with tailored properties can be discovered with material theories and computational skills. The integration of data science with industry 4.0 will increase efficiency and will be helpful to predict the quality of material minimising the production line cost and time. Different research articles on industry 4.0, data science and predictive maintenance are identified and studied. This paper identifies five critical processes of data scientists for predictive maintenance and discussed briefly through a literature review. Data science uses various processes, scientific methods, and algorithms to extract knowledge from a large amount of data. It can collect a massive amount of industrial data, which is further used to improve the manufacturing systems' efficiency and reliability. It helps analyse the data and become essential for Industry 4.0.

This paper analyzes the multi-modal text “How Much is An NBA Ticket Worth in China Now” from the perspective of intertextuality. Based on the theories of intertextuality and cultural intertextuality, four story lines in multi-modal texts are extracted. The story lines clearly show that Daryl Morey’s comments about Hong Kong have disappointed Chinese fans and, in turn, caused the NBA to lose a lot of the Chinese market. After exploring these details, this paper abstracts the root causes of contradictions in the multi-modal text from the perspectives of Chinese national feelings, the realistic function of sports diplomacy and the difference view of freedom of speech. Finally, based on these findings, a questionnaire has been designed and SPSS was used to verify the reliability. After collecting data, we verified the realistic reasons behind the storyline, in order to make suggestions for Sino-American cultural exchanges.

The Kembata-Tembaro, Hadiya and Welayta are one of the highly migratory zones in Ethiopia. While they all enjoy similarities along population densities, land holdings, agro-ecologies and employment opportunities; the migration patterns in these areas differ in that, while the first two are known for international migration mainly to the Republic of South Africa, the latter is known for its internal migration with few international migrations. The Migration Network Theory was adopted to assess the role of information and social networks in triggering migration and the role they played in shaping patters of migration from the study area. A descriptive research with mixed methods approach was employed. Results show the importance of information and social networks in triggering migration decisions, serving as immediate causes as opposed to the root causes of migration. This study has concluded that information and social networks have served as factors triggering migration from study area. Accordingly, it calls for separate migration policy responses and interventions at the root cause and immediate levels.

The study was performed in the framework of Nostratic, which is defined as a branch of comparative historical linguistics that postulates a distant genetic relationship between the language families of Eurasia and North Africa. As an object of study, we chose the most ancient root *er “male”, which was part of the basic vocabulary of the primitive language, which served as the source for many modern languages, and which was not yet the subject of consideration in Nostratics. Aim of this work is a comparative analysis of reflexes in their most ancient roots in modern languages. The article suggests and substantiates the assumption that in the process of evolution and divergence of the proto-ethnos, the reconstructed root *er probably underwent various modifications, acquiring a new sound (*er > 1) ur/ar/ir…; 2) yer/yar/vor/ger…; 3) ere/ara/oro…; 4) e/o/a… etc.) in accordance with phonological patterns and semantic modifications (“male” > 1) “husband, man…”; 2) “leader, head…”; 3) “hero, ruler…”; 4) “Lord, God…”; 5) “master, owner…”; 6) “worker, slave…”; 7) “courage, heroism…”; 8) “male, brave” etc.), allowed by the rules of semasiology. The article argues for the position of the primacy of biological meaning (“male”) and the secondary nature of abstract-substantive, connotative-evaluative, derivational and other meaning in the transformations of the root.

The main condition for feed preparation is to ensure the high quality of the finished product. At the sametime, it is necessary to increase the efficiency and durability of the feed chopper by optimizing its design parameters,taking into account the physical and mechanical properties of the processed material. The authors studied the technologicalprinciple of crushing root and tuber crops. The paper considers the operation of an industrial rotary feed chopper whenprocessing beets and carrots. The experiment planning method is applied. The strength characteristics of the grinderelements were checked during design (selection of the shape and sharpening angle of knives) and verificationcalculations for strength (assessment of the strength characteristics of knives). The authors show the influence of the main geometric parameters of the working implement of the grinder – the knife inclination and the sharpeningangle of the knives – on the preparation of high-quality feed. It was revealed that the sharpening angle of the grinderknives should be calculated depending on the friction coefficient of the initial material against the grinder body, aswell as the type and properties of the supplied material. Based on the data obtained during the laboratory experimentand simulation modeling, in order to achieve greater versatility with the feed chopper, a combined shape of the cuttingedges of the knives was chosen – that with a straight and serrated cutting edge of the chopper. Samples of cutting edgesat 30x magnification, obtained using an instrumental microscope MMI-2, showed that the optimal shape of the knifeis a wedge with a double escapement

The article investigates the history of obligatory adverbs with the root - men - ( nepremenno , bespremenno , vsenepremenno , neotmenno , bezotmenno ) from the moment of their appearance in Russian to the present day. The grammatical, lexical, semantic, pragmatic, extralinguistic factors that influenced the development of obligatory semantics in adverbs with the root - men - and the subsequent fate of these adverbs are studied.

Analyzing the runtime of a real-time application is particularly difficult with interferences from concurrently running processes. Low-overhead tracing is usually the most reliable tool to understand and check the behavior of such applications. In previous work, the automatic detection of common real-time problems was proposed, using models and constraints over the behavior of the application and operating system. Such a model automates system verification, alleviating the need for a thorough and deep understanding of all the system internals, and reduces drastically the time needed to find root causes for problems. Nevertheless, coming up with a model is not trivial. In this paper, we present a way to automate building a model of the process with constraints, based on user-space and kernel execution traces. Recurrent event sequences are used to build an approximate model of the behavior, and typical timings are used for setting up tentative constraints. The resulting model can then be refined as needed through user intervention. Our algorithms and their scalability have been tested and the experimental results show that our approach allows to build a model to automatically detect common problems in applications, with a relatively modest analysis cost.

The purpose of this translational review was to provide evidence to support the natural evolution of the nomenclature of neuromodulatory and neuroablative radiofrequency lesions for pain management from lesions of individualized components of the linear dorsal afferent pathway to “Dorsal Root Entry Zone Complex (DREZC) lesions.” Literature review was performed to collate anatomic and procedural data and correlate these data to clinical outcomes. There is ample evidence that the individual components of the DREZC (the dorsal rami and its branches, the dorsal root ganglia, the dorsal rootlets, and the dorsal root entry zone) vary dramatically between vertebral levels and individual patients. Procedurally, fluoroscopy, the most commonly utilized technology is a 2-dimensional x-ray-based technology without the ability to accurately locate any one component of the DREZC dorsal afferent pathway, which results in clinical inaccuracies when naming each lesion. Despite the inherent anatomic variability and these procedural limitations, the expected poor clinical outcomes that might follow such nomenclature inaccuracies have not been shown to be prominent, likely because these are all lesions of the same anatomically linear sensory pathway, the DREZC, whereby a lesion in any one part of the pathway would be expected to interrupt sensory transmission of pain to all subsequent more proximal segments. Given that the common clinically available tools (fluoroscopy) are inaccurate to localize each component of the DREZC, it would be inappropriate to continue to erroneously refer to these lesions as lesions of individual components, when the more accurate “DREZC lesions” designation can be utilized. Hence, to avoid inaccuracies in nomenclature and until more accurate imaging technology is commonly utilized, the evidence herein supports the proposed change to this more sensitive and inclusive nomenclature, “DREZC lesions.”, Video Abstract Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/BVBDOHy-eAI.

The term “design” seems to possess a multitude of meanings, interpretations, and uses for people who do not practice as professional designers or teach design at the tertiary or university level. To the general public, at its root, design apparently comes across as two-dimensional decoration and/or as a three-dimensional aesthetic application in the form of surface styling or decoration of a structure, shape, or form. Some might call this understanding superficial, a conclusion compounded by such statements as “everyone is a designer.” However, one might also say that everyone is an accountant, nurse, doctor, philosopher, or psychologist in their daily life when a limited need arises at different points in time. Yet, rarely would many actually begin to believe that they could function in these roles professionally even if they believe that they themselves have no need of professional training or expertise. Given the complex use of “design” as a noun, including its interpretation or misinterpretation, one has to question what demarcation of design as a notion would actually achieve, or why it is believed to be necessary?

Physical education (PE) teachers’ self-identity is the primary stage of PE teachers’ professional development. One major problem facing most PE teachers is their self-identity crisis, which fundamentally hinders their professional development as well. In a society where materialism and consumerism prevail, with the sense of belonging declining, the authority of P.E. teachers disappears, the sense of identity fades away, physical education teachers inquire themselves with “what is what I want”, “who am I”. Based on such a background, this article attempts to analyze the manifestations and the root causes of PE teachers’ self-identity crisis, in order to help break the predicament and realize their ideal selves.

Resource acquisition, one of the major functions of roots, can contribute to crop growth and mitigating environmental impacts. The spatio-temporal distribution of roots in the soil in relation to the dynamics of the soil resources is critical in resource acquisition. Root distribution is determined by root system development. The root system consists of many individual roots of different types and ages. Each individual root has specific development, resource acquisition, and transport traits, which change with root growth. The integration of individual root traits in the root system could exhibit crop performance in the various environments via root distribution in the soil. However, the relationship between individual root traits and the pattern of root distribution is complicated. To understand this complicated relationship, we need to evaluate enormous numbers of individual root traits and understand the relationship between individual root development and root distribution as well as the integrated functions of individual root traits along with dynamics of resources in the soil.

Aim. The purpose of this work is to identify the role of words with the root 'мал' (on the example of the words малый, немалый, маленький, немаленькая, малыш, малолетство, малолетний) in the dilogy of F. Vigdorova «Family happiness,» «Favorite street.». Methodology. The article establishes the frequency of use of words with the root 'мал' in the dilogy; examines the lexicographic data of the studied words; analyzes the nest of words with the root 'мал' from the point of view of semantics. The research uses the following methods: linguistic observation and description, statistical calculation, and elements of component analysis. Results. As a result of the semantic analysis of words with the root 'мал' determined that they are «“embedded” in the national mentality», showing features of the idiolect of the writer. They identify the reflection of conceptual content of the substantial unit of Russian culture, the national conceptual sphere of CHILDHOOD in the mental-lingualism complex linguistic identity of F. Vigdorova. Therefore, allow drawing conclusions about the traits of her worldview to evaluate the moral-philosophical view of the writer. Research implications. The scientific novelty of the work is that the previously published articles did not present an analysis of the semantics of words with the root 'мал' (on the example of the words малый, немалый, маленький, немаленькая, малыш, малолетство, малолетний) in the literary texts of F. Vigdorova. The research results can be used in the preparation of lectures and practical classes on linguistic semantics, linguoculturology, and the language of fiction in higher educational institutions.

The article considers the calculation of the narration time using the Russian Orthodox calendar as a regulator of the characters’ life cycle. The ideas of the Yakut people about time correlate with the traditional folk calendar and constitute a holistic cultural unit, which is reduced to regulating the course of life, mainly in accordance with the natural and economic cycle. Taking root in the first half of the ninetieth century, the Russian Orthodox calendar naturally fit into the traditional Yakut calendar, according to which the entire economic annual cycle was measured. This article makes a unique attempt to interpret the representation of time as understood by the Yakut people, indicated by the dates of the saints (or tanaralar) in the Orthodox calendar, coinciding not only with seasonal changes in the nature and agricultural work, but also with the events marked as conceptually important in the memories of the mother, on which the main storyline of the novel is built. It was shown that the calendar’s landmarks and the novel’s main reference points make an organizing axis calling for the author’s own chronotope. The temporal correlation with the depicted life situation of the characters is maintained within the framework of the traditional Yakut calendar, in accordance with the Christian calendar, or along the lines of the concurrency of both time locks. Thus, calendar traditions form an architectonic structure of this work. The novel mentions almost all the days of the saints of the Christian calendar. The author designates them as tanaralar (saints) and arranges the entire calendar following the natural cycle and the traditional economic activities of the Yakut people. However, the designation of the saints’ days (tanaralar) does not always mean one particular day, in other words, events may not be described within one specified day, but during a time cycle or a period before or after the onset of the holy day. Relevant examples were selected with the help of a continuous sampling method from three parts of the novel with a total volume of more than 1000 pages. From Yakut into Russian the examples were translated by the author of this article.

As neural networks are ubiquitous in the real-world environment, we encounter a variety of situations in which neural network-based systems fail. To address these failures, we need to identify their root causes. However, due to the black-box nature of neural networks, it is considered a difficult task to explain/understand internal functions, and cause analysis is usually conducted based on personal experience. To alleviate these problems, we propose a method to compute an element-wise contribution of inputs on current decisions. To this end, we focus on the physical meaning of neuron activations, and formulate an optimization problem that finds partial activations that support current decisions. Then, by accumulating these partial activations in the backward direction, we evaluate the contributions of each element in an input vector to the current decision. Experimental results have shown that the proposed method outperforms conventional methods in terms of cause localization for a range of failure scenarios.

Aim. The purpose of this work is to identify the role of words with the root 'реб'- in the dilogy of F. Vigdorova's "Family happiness", "Favorite street". Methodology. The article establishes the frequency of use of words with the root 'реб' in novels; the lexicographic data of the studied words is considered; the nest of words with the root 'реб' is analyzed from the point of view of semantics. The research uses the following methods: linguistic observation and description, statistical calculation, and elements of component analysis. Results. As a result of the analysis of words with the root 'реб' it is established that the contexts of the studied novels reflect the traditional understanding of the Russian picture of the world of the considered units, which act as usual explicators of the concept of childhood. Research implications. The scientific novelty of the work is that the previously published articles did not analyze the semantics of words with the root 'реб' in the novels of F. Vigdorova. The work results can be used in the preparation of lectures and practical classes on linguistic semantics, linguoculturology in higher educational institutions.

The Greek ἦμαρ and the Armenian awr, both meaning 'day', are uniformly considered to be cognates without further correspondences within Indo-European. There is, however, no consensus with respect to the details of this etymological connection. The connection between ἦμαρ and ἡμέρα has thus far not found a satisfying solution concerning the origin of the rough breathing of the latter. Drawing and elaborating on an etymology proposed for awr and ἦμαρ by Klingenschmitt (1982), it will be shown that the spiritus asper of ἡμέρα can be traced back to the underlying Proto-Indo-European etymon. This in turn validates the reconstruction of the word for 'day' in Greek and Armenian as going back to the Proto-Indo-European root *h2 eh1 s- 'be hot, burn'.

The article is devoted to the study of distributive characteristics of combining forms in Modern English. The material of the study is words and terms taken from the Modern English dictionaries. A number of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation, classification, systematization), as well as purely linguistic methods (method of continuous sampling from lexicographic sources, lexico-semantic analysis, study of vocabulary definitions, contextual interpretation) is applied. The morpheme structure of derivatives with these formants is considered. The positions of the studied units in the morpheme structure of the word are analyzed, as well as the classes of morphemes that are in contact with them. The ways of word formation with the participation of combining forms in Modern English word formation and term formation are singled out. It is revealed that combining forms take an active part in terminological word formation in accordance with the existing patterns and models in the language. In derivation with the participation of the studied elements, depending on the formal means of word formation, affixation, composition and abbreviation are distinguished. The classification of distributive classes with a relatively free and fixed position in the word is given through a detailed study of the sum of all environments of combining forms, order and place, compatibility, properties of their use in relation to other elements are fixed. It was found that the studied elements are characterized by wide combinatorial possibilities, which are manifested in their ability to occupy different positions in the word, which can be relatively free or fixed. Three distributive classes are traced among combining forms the units with relatively free position in a word and fixed position. Bases and prefixes are found in the contact environment of a limited number of combining forms. The vast majority of these forms are combined with elements of the same status and suffixes. Only conditionally complex combining forms are characterized by an identical contact environment on the left and right. Combining forms are mainly characterized by the environment of units with the same status as them (right and left) and suffix environment. A characteristic feature of these elements’ compatibility is the absence of grammatical affixes among the morphemes adjacent to them, and the limited number of prefixes and root morphemes among their contact environment. It seems promising to expand the scope of the study by studying these derivational forms, which function in different terminological systems and in different styles of texts in Modern English. The comparison of combinatorial forms in different modern languages is of particular interest.

Prior studies have shown that the behaviours and attitudes of Internet users influence the likelihood of being victimised by phishing attacks. Many scammers design a step-by-step approach to phishing in order to gain the potential victim’s trust and convince them to take the desired actions. It is important to understand which behaviours and attitudes can influence following the attacker in each step of a phishing scam. This will enable us to identify the root causes of phishing and to develop specific mitigation plans for each step of the phishing process and to increase prevention points. This study investigates to what extent people’s risk-taking and decision-making styles influence the likelihood of phishing victimisation in three specific phishing steps. We asked participants to play a risk-taking game and to answer questions related to two psychological scales to measure their behaviours, and then conducted a simulated phishing campaign to assess their phishability throughout the three phishing steps selected. We find that the attitude to risk-taking and gender can predict users’ phishability in the different steps selected. There are however other possible direct and indirect behavioural factors that could be investigated in future studies. The results of this study and the model developed can be used to build a comprehensive framework to prevent the success of phishing attempts, starting from their root causes.

When organized homosexual emancipation took root in the late nineteenth century, it was based to a large extent on the then prevailing biomedical and psychiatric conceptualizations. These presented homosexuality as an innate inclination of a minority, while science-based knowledge was seen as the road towards societal acceptance of such leaning. In this article it is argued that, as early as in the eighteenth century, distinct efforts were made towards ‘homosexual emancipation’, if preliminary and less coherent perhaps, yet also quite radical in tone and contents. While the modern gay movement largely steered a defensive course way into the twentieth century – based on a clearly demarcated minority group’s sense of ‘being different’ and ‘having no other option’ – in the eighteenth century, voices could be heard that appealed to self-determination and choice, and that used racy language and let itself be inspired by libertinism, cultural history, and literature. The examples provided in this article are derived from (mainly English and French) court archives, pamphlets, political-philosophical treatises, personal documents, and (semi-pornographic) literary texts.

Background Stemming has long been used in data pre-processing to retrieve information by tracking affixed words back into their root. In an Indonesian setting, existing stemming methods have been observed, and the existing stemming methods are proven to result in high accuracy level. However, there are not many stemming methods for non-formal Indonesian text processing. This study introduces a new stemming method to solve problems in the non-formal Indonesian text data pre-processing. Furthermore, this study aims to improve the accuracy of text classifier models by strengthening stemming method. Using the Support Vector Machine algorithm, a text classifier model is developed, and its accuracy is checked. The experimental evaluation was done by testing 550 datasets in Indonesian using two different stemming methods. Findings The results show that using the proposed stemming method, the text classifier model has higher accuracy than the existing methods with a score of 0.85 and 0.73, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed stemming methods produces a classifier model with a small error rate, so it will be more accurate to predict a class of objects. Conclusion The existing Indonesian stemming methods are still oriented towards Indonesian formal sentences, therefore the method has limitations to be used in Indonesian non-formal sentences. This phenomenon underlies the suggestion of developing a corpus by normalizing Indonesian non-formal into formal to be used as a better stemming method. The impact of using the corpus as a stemming method is that it can improve the accuracy of the classifier model. In the future, the proposed corpus and stemming methods can be used for various purposes including text clustering, summarizing, detecting hate speech, and other text processing applications in Indonesian.

πτeρόν, πτέρυξ and πτeρύγιον all stem from the same root, and their primary meaning is connected to birds: “feather”,“wing”, “shoulder blade”. The history of these words is worthy of note for they came into use in the description of Graeco-Egyptian temple complexes and in the nomenclature of Classical architecture. In order to observe the semantic import of theseand related words and expressions across various cultural contexts (Graeco-Egyptian, Classical and Byzantine) this articlepresents and discusses a range of ancient, late antique and Byzantine literary, erudite, archaeological and iconographic sources.This study aims at giving the reader a glimpse into the Greek lexical domain of architecture, by providing insights into some ofthe general mechanisms of its construction, and specifically to illuminate, by way of a cultural-historical investigation of theseterms, ideas of appearance and significance inherent in the Graeco-Egyptian and Classical and Byzantine worlds. This surveysuggests lexical forms as a key research domain for the understanding of the intellectual, social and cultural life of societies.

The existing plethora of document classification techniques exploits different data sources either from the content or metadata of research articles. Various journal publishers like Springer, Elsevier, IEEE, etc., do not provide open access to the content of research articles, whereas metadata is freely available there. Metadata like title, keyword, and abstract can serve as a better alternative to the content in various scenarios. In the current literature, researchers have assessed the role of some of the metadata individually. We believe that the collective contribution of metadata parameters can play a significant role in classifying research papers. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the role of metadata, individually as well as in combinations to achieve the objective of research paper classification. Moreover, we have classified the research articles into ACM hierarchy root categories (e.g. general literature, hardware, software, etc.). In this comprehensive evaluation, we have assessed all the possible combinations of metadata features against different classifiers such as Random Forest, K Nearest Neighbor, and Decision Tree. The results of this research reveal that the title & keywords combination outperforms other combinations with an F-measure score of 0.88.

The article presents etymological and motivational analysis of three dialectal lexical groups with the root tal-//tol-. The author considers that the dialecticisms under study refer to the word family талый (melted) / таять (to melt) and attempts to reconstruct its own motivational logic for each lexical group. The first part of the article analyzes the word талы/толы (eyes), the origin of which currently remains not clear enough. The author provides the known hypotheses of the word origin, which include both the initial version (bringing to the family таять (to melt) and an assumption of borrowing. The initial version of the word origin is developed based on its semantic and functional characteristics, the peculiarities characterizing the perception of the organ of vision in language and culture, and motivational patterns in dialectal designations of eyes. The version of the origin of the word as borrowed from the Turkic languages is critically analyzed through reference to the patterns of the appearance of Turkic borrowings in Russian dialects. The second part of the article is devoted to the lexical group талики/толики (ripe cloudberry). Different sources treat these lexical unit as a Finno-Ugric borrowing, on the one hand, and as related to the Russian word таять (to melt), on the other hand, thus interpreting them as a result of semantic loan translation from Finno-Ugric. The paper provides some additional arguments in favor of the version that the names of ripe cloudberry belong to the family таять (to melt), while admitting the possibility of the original (not loaned) origin of the naming. The third part of the article deals with the dialectal word талица (rutabaga), the etymological solutions for which are unknown. The author considers this word to have origin in the verb таять (to melt), which is argued based on the peculiarities of the secretion of juice from rutabaga while its being cooked. In conclusion, some other names of cloudberry and rutabaga are compared, and general semantic lines of ‘melting’ and ‘steaming’ for the analyzed phytonyms are derived.

Handwritten grapheme recognition is popular research in computer vision and now widespread in the commercial industry due to its large number of applications in document analysis and recognition. Bengali grapheme classification is a complex task as it has 49 letters and 18 potential diacritics with almost 13,000 possible variations. Bengali is now the fifth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. Having set a bigger scope, this paper deals with the recognition of Bengali handwritten script letters. A class of deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with encoder-decoder is used to classify handwritten letters. We use several serial non-linear layers as the encoders and a corresponding set of decoders that work as a pixel-wise classifier for letter recognition. The key idea is to encode images by convolution and decode them by deconvolution so that the max-pooling and up-sampling layers can correctly identify grapheme pixel-by-pixel. In this study, almost 200,840 grapheme images were analyzed, including root, vowels, and consonants. A large number of variations make additional complexity in recognition and may lead the model into over-fitting or under-fitting. We introduce regularization techniques to reduce the over-fitting in the fully connected layers. The results suggest that CNN with encoder-decoder can recognize complex grapheme characters with higher precision than traditional CNN. Experimental results show that the images' augmentation helps the model train better and improves its accuracy and loss.

This article employs the semantic and motivational aspects to study three Russian dialect words, namely Pskov and Tver Regions посви́рывать ‘to be picky, to disdain’, Kaluga Region ко́бзовать ‘to disdain’, Don, Volgograd, Ryazan, and Tambov Regions скабе́жливый ‘squeamish’. The choice to refer specifically to these linguistic facts is determined by the fact that some of the lexical units presented have not been previously discussed in literature, while, in the author’s opinion, some have controversial etymological solutions. The author states that the word посви́рывать has the root -вир-. Here, the idea of turning is recognised as a motivationally significant one since it reflects popular observations of the behaviour of a person who rejects something. Thus, the axiological assessment of squeamish behavior is fixed in the word’s inner form. The author connects the word ко́бзовать with кобызиться ‘to act arrogantly; to be stubborn, to be obstinate’, where быз indicates ‘a whiny, capricious child’. An assumption is made that a number of lexical units, such as Vologda Region бзли́вый ‘spoiled, capricious’, Perm Region скобы́чка ‘a quarreler and a mean person’, etc. belong to the same family. The author builds potential lines of their semantic and motivational development. The family includes designations of character traits (arrogance, boastfulness, foppery, cockiness, quick temper, cunningness) and human behaviour (such ideograms as ‘to cry’, ‘to frown’, ‘to be angry’, ‘to take offense’). The author hypothesises that the lexical unit скабежливый also refers to the family of the -быз- root. This conclusion is made based on phonetic variation in the root (скабе́зливый, скабы́зливый, скобызко́й) and the similarity in the development of meaning for all the lexical units studied (also, they share the semantics of arrogance, sensitivity, and tearfulness)., Статья посвящена изучению в семантико-мотивационном аспекте трех русских диалектных слов, а именно пск., твер. посви́рывать ‘привередничать, брезговать’, калуж. ко́бзовать ‘брезговать’, дон., волгогр. ряз., тамб. скабе́жливый ‘брезгливый’. Исследовательский интерес вызывает то, что часть представленных лексем ранее не рассматривались в литературе, часть же имеет спорные этимологические решения. Автором статьи в слове посви́рывать выделяется корень -вир-. Мотивационно значимой при этом признается идея верчения, которая отражает народные наблюдения над поведением человека, отказывающегося от того, что ему предлагают. Тем самым во внутренней форме слова закрепляется аксиологическая оценка брезгливого поведения. Слово ко́бзовать автор связывает с кобызиться ‘вести себя надменно, гордо; упрямиться, ломаться’, быз ‘о плаксивом, капризном ребенке’. Делается предположение о принадлежности к этому же гнезду еще ряда лексем, таких как волог. бзли́вый ‘избалованный, капризный’, перм. скобы́чка ‘о вздорном, вредном человеке’ и др. Выстраиваются предполагаемые линии их семантико-мотивационного развития. Так, в гнезде содержатся обозначения черт характера (высокомерие, хвастливость, франтовство, бойкость, вспыльчивость, хитрость) и поведения человека (присутствуют такие идеограммы, как ‘плакать’, ‘хмуриться’, ‘злиться’, ‘обижаться’). Автор выдвигает гипотезу о том, что лексема скабежливый также относится к гнезду корня -быз-. Вывод делается на основании фонетического варьирования в корне (скабе́зливый, скабы́зливый, скобызко́й) и сходства в развитии значения для всех представленных лексем (здесь также обнаруживается семантика заносчивости, обидчивости, плаксивости).