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Study was made of training impact of different electronic playback techniques on ratings of student counselor performance. Thirty-two upperclass university females were randomly divided into four playback treatment groups: (a) audio-video, (b) audio, (c) video, and (d) no playback received. Four underclass university females served as trained clients. All student counselors interviewed two different trained clients in two 20-minute sessions separated by a playback treatment period. All sessions were recorded by television cameras. Trained judges rated the second interview using the Counselor Evaluation Inventory, Nonverbal Behavior Scale, and Audio-Visual Counseling Scale. Two-way analysis of variance was used to compare scores on criterion instruments. Results indicated no judged differences among the playback treatment groups, nor could discriminant rankings be made among the various playback methods. Several explanations are discussed as to limited influence of playback media on early interview performance.

(1968). Reliability of Measured Interests of Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 115-121.

Important kinetic energy equations derived from the average-passage equation sets are documented, with a view to their interrelationships. These kinetic equations may be used for closing the average-passage equations. The turbulent kinetic energy transport equation used is formed by subtracting the mean kinetic energy equation from the averaged total instantaneous kinetic energy equation. The aperiodic kinetic energy equation, averaged steady kinetic energy equation, averaged unsteady kinetic energy equation, and periodic kinetic energy equation, are also treated.

The Assessment of Career Decision Making (ACDM) was designed to measure decision-making styles and progress in coping with three developmental tasks of young people: adjusting to school, choosing a career, and choosing a major. It is the result of 20 years of research begun by Vincent A. Harren and carried on by his successors after his death in 1980 (Buck & Daniels, 1985). During this time, the ACDM has been revised six times. It is now a shorter instrument, with fewer subscales than previously. In its present form (Form F), the ACDM contains 94 items, all of which are answered “true” or “false.” It is most appropriate for use with high school or college students engaged in career planning.

Die ein-, zwei- und vier-kernigen Titelkomplexe (I) bis (IV) sind aus einfachen Eisensalzen zuganglich.

A discussion of a series of airborne measurements of atmospheric optical properties in Europe. Visible spectrum measurements made using an instrumented C-130 aircraft between 0.5 and approximately 6 km above ground level are described with respect to experimental procedures, results and application of the data to the determination of atmospheric contrast transmission. Data locations are illustrated as are the primary radiometer systems utilized to make the measurements. Sample data from flights conducted during 1976 and 1977 are presented illustrating irradiance levels beneath scattered to broken cloud decks, and total volume scattering coefficient variations as a function of altitude above ground level. Comparisons between scattering coefficient and relative humidity profiles are illustrated and the data base availability is reviewed.

This report presents measurements of atmospheric volume scattering coefficients collected during twenty-five low altitude flights made mostly during the Spring and Fall seasons of 1976 and 1977 at four different European locations. The measurements were conducted during an instrumented aircraft's final approach and landing at its staging airbase. The measurements were made using a pseudo-photopic spectral response and thus are suitable for comparison with data associated with standard visual determinations of airfield visibility. The data illustrate that in twenty-two of twenty-five cases, there was little or no significant variation in the value of scattering coefficient as the aircraft approached the surface from an altitude of several hundred meters. (Author)

A data set which contains nearly 500 arrays representing measurements of sky and terrain radiance values from 47 different flights is described and illustrated. The measurements were made using radiometer systems mounted on a C-130 aircraft during a series of European flights associated with the NATO program OPAQUE. Radiance measurements throughout the 4 pi field surrounding the aircraft were made in four spectral bands having mean wavelengths of 478, 557, 664, and 765nm. Spectral sets of measurements were made at each of several altitudes between the surface and approximately 6 km AGL. Evaluation of the data illustrates good orientation and radiometric accuracies, except for stray light influences as the radiometer field of view swept near and through the solar disc. Corrective procedures are outlined and their application is undergoing further refinement. These data are appropriate for use in the development of operationally useful predictive models. The radiance data in conjunction with their companion scattering coefficient data, are readily applicable to the determination of slant path contrast transmittances, atmospheric optical depths, aerosol directional scattering characteristics, flux divergences and their attendant determinations of turbid atmospheric single scattering albedos.

A brief review of the psychophysical relationships which influence an observer's ability to discern barely perceptible changes in apparent contrast is presented with comments related to meteorological observations and instrument calibrations. Examples of how uncer­ tainties in the specification of the atmospheric optical state might influence slant path contrast transmittances are illustrated.IntroductionThe title of this note should really be "The Trouble With Determining Visibility.....", in that determining visibility is in some ways similar to making love, that is, everyone can do it, only some do it better than others. Now it is not within the scope of this short note to tell you all there is to know about either of these two commonly practiced activities, however, we can make a few comments regarding the former, which may eliminate a few of your problems and thus greatly improve your attitude toward the latter.As one might expect, there are a number of ways one might proceed with the determination of visibility, or the sensor equivalent of visibility. A sample of the overall procedural variety is illustrated in Table 1, which runs the gamut from the traditional visual determina­ tions made by each of us from time to time to the more modem attempts made by our mechanical and electro-optical surrogates high in the sky.Table 1. Procedural Techniques for the Determination of Visibility1. Visual Determinations using fixed targets.2. Transmissometer measurements over fixed paths.3. Scatter meter measurements from small illuminated volumes.4. Computations from measured aerosol particle size distributions.5. Lidar Visometer backscatter measurements.6. Satellite remote sensing of tropospheric optical properties.Each of the procedures outlined in Table 1 has its adherents, and each has its place in the hierarchy of experimental and operational scenarios that are addressed in technical proceedings such as those being held here today. This note is not intended to examine all in equal detail, but will comment briefly upon several in which some of our experience may be illuminating, and for which we can present some useful examples and illustrations.Visual DeterminationsThe literature on visibility and its determination is extensive extending from the 179 entries in the annotated bibliography by Grimes (1969),l through the 130 excellent references contained in the comprehensive review by Douglas and Booker (1977).2 It is not totally surprising to find this rich body of resource material since human observer estimates of daytime visibility have been made and recorded routinely by professionals and amateurs alike for both many years and an infinite variety of uses.As we are all aware, the human observer estimates of visibility are ruled by an abundance of physical vagueries related to his obser­ vational scene, all of which tend to influence his perception of that scene and his ability to assess its atmospheric clarity. The touchstones of quantitative determinations of visual range include the theoretical concepts set forth by Koschmieder (1924).3Since the determination of luminance contrast is the fundamental problem underlying this entire discussion, its definition, though well known to most, is specified below

The equilibrium radiance model, which assumes constancy in the source function along the path of sight, predicts equilibrium radiance as a function of the angle from the sun. Measurements made at all altitudes in the troposphere of cloudless sky radiance in the visible spectrum consistently support this prediction. As a result, sky radiances can be used to obtain (1) vertical space-to-sensor scattering transmittance, (2) equilibrium radiance, and (3) path radiance through the atmosphere and in the troposphere. Comparisons are made of the constant equilibrium radiance model predictions of sky radiance, irradiance, and equilibrium radiance to (1) other models for the Rayleigh atmosphere, and (2) to measurements in the troposphere for thin atmospheres. The agreements are good.

This report presents measurements of atmospheric volume scattering coefficients collected during twenty-nine low altitude flights made during the Winter and Summer seasons of 1978 at four different European locations. The measurements were conducted during an instrumented aircraft's final approach and landing at its staging airbase. The measurements were made using a pseudo-photopic spectral response and thus are suitable for comparison with data associated with standard visual determinations of airfield visibility. The data illustrate that in twenty-six of twenty-nine cases, there was little or no significant variation in the value of scattering coefficient as the aircraft approached the surface from an altitude of several hundred meters. (Author)

Endrin is very toxic to birds and has been implicated in the deaths of birds in nature. However, it is not known how rapidly birds eliminate endrin, a factor important in determining how much is accumulated in tissues. In this study, the loss rate of endrin was followed for 64 days in mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) drakes that had been fed 20 ppm endrin for 13 days. The loss from carcass and blood was described by the equation Y = ae b/trx where Y = the concentration of endrin in ppm, a = the concentration at day 0, e = the base of natural logarithms, b = the first order rate constant for the elimination process, and x = the number of days after cessation of endrin treatment. Endrin was lost rapidly at first; concentrations in carcasses on a wet-weight bases decreased by 50% in the first 3 days. Thereafter, endrin was eliminated more slowly; elimination of 50% of the remainder required 8.9 days, and it took 32.9 days to lose 90% of the original amount.

This report summarizes a three year period devoted primarily to collection and evaluation of optical atmospheric data describing the western European environment. Five field expeditions were made between April 1976 and September 1978. They were conducted as a cooperative, but independent effort associated with the NATO Research Study Group 8 of Panel IV, AC243 and their Program OPAQUE. Measurements were made in six representative geographical areas during each of the four seasons, Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring. Optical measurements were made in four regions within the visual spectrum as follows: two moderately narrow bands having mean wavelengths of 478 and 664 nanometers, one slightly wider band at 765 nanometers and one relatively broad band representing the photopic response having a mean wavelength of 557 nanometers. The daytime optical measurements included total volume scattering coefficient, sky and terrain radiances, and both upwelling and downwelling irradiances. Simultaneous meteorological measurements included temperature, dewpoint temperature and atmospheric pressure. The optical atmospheric properties derived from these data and presented in reports typified by AFGL-TR-76-0188 and AFGL-TR-78-0168 are reviewd as are their methods of derivation and validation. The methods of data collection and processing are summarized and reviewed as is the overall resulting data bank. Examples related to the use of the data are included as well as recommendations for further data study and interpretation. (Author)

This report presents atmospheric optical data collected at night in Thailand chiefly with airborne instruments during two field expeditions, one trip made during the wet monsoon season and one during the dry season. Results from eighteen flights are presented. The data include irradiance, directional reflectance of backgrounds, total scattering coefficients, atmospheric beam transmittance, path radiance, and directional path reflectance. Data for starlight, moonlight, and overcast conditions were derived for downward-looking paths of sight inclined at seven zenith angles (93, 95, 100, 105, 120, 150, and 180 degrees) from altitudes of 1524 m and lower in five spectral regions, as follows: four narrow band optical filters with maximum transmittances at 475, 515, 660, and 745 nm; one broad band sensitivity representing the S-20 multiplier phototubes fitted with UV reflection filter. Simultaneous photoelectric (Royco) measurements of the distributions of atmosphere particle sizes are reported.

Objectives. Despite Medicare, elderly persons are exposed to substantial out-of-pocket health care cost burdens. As Medicare reform proposals are considered, it is important to determine the current size, distribution, and burden of these expenditures. Methods. Data from the 1995 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey were used to analyze out-of-pocket expenditures and their burden in relation to income; the proportion of total health care expenditures paid out-of-pocket; and the role of pharmacy, hospital, physician, and other services in overall out-of-pocket spending. Results. Expenditures averaged 19.0% of income, for full-year Medicare beneficiaries alive during all of 1995. In bivariate analyses, higher-burden subgroups included those in poor health (28.5% of income), older than age 85 (22.4%), and with income in the lowest quintile (31.5%, despite Medicaid coverage for some). Those relying on fee-for-service Medicare only (23.0%) or with self-purchased supplemental insurance (25.5%) experienced more burden than those with employer-sponsored coverage or in HMDs. In multivariate analyses, functional impairment, number of medical conditions, self-perceived health and privately-purchased supplemental coverage were each associated with higher out-of-pocket burden, while HMO participation was associated with lower burden. Out-of-pocket expenditures averaged 15.2% of total health care expenditures with the proportion highest (22.6%) for those with no supplemental coverage. More than half of out-of-pocket payments for health care services were for prescription drugs and dental services. Discussion. Out-of-pocket cost burdens fall most heavily on those with chronic health conditions and without employersubsidized supplemental coverage or Medicaid. Impact of Medicare reform proposals on these subgroups needs to be carefully evaluated.

Information from pension providers was examined to investigate gender differences in pension wealth at midlife. For full-time wage and salary workers approaching retirement age who had pension coverage, median pension wealth on the current job was 76% greater for men than women. Differences in wages, years of job tenure, and industry between men and women accounted for most of the gender gap in pension wealth on the current job. Less than one third of the wealth difference could not be explained by gender differences in education, demographics, or job characteristics. The less-advantaged employment situation of working women currently in midlife carries over into worse retirement income prospects. However, the gender gap in pensions is likely to narrow in the future as married women's employment experiences increasingly resemble those of men.

An electrochemically labile protecting group for alcohols and amines is reported. It can be removed under acidic or basic conditions and at low temperatures.

In order to explain the H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ produced in the reaction of lithium deuteride and ammonium trifluoroacetate in a melt, an S/sub N/2-type reaction occurring at a quaternary nitrogen was previously proposed. Present experimental results indicate that the H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ result from catalytic isotope exchange of HD in a reaction which is highly dependent on melt conditions. (JSR)

The Visibility Laboratory integrating nephelometer measures the total volume scattering coefficient and volume scattering functions at 30° and 150° scattering angles. Equations for both measurements and calibration are derived and data reviewed. The ratio of measured to Rayleigh volume scattering function at each scattering angle is a simple function of the ratio of measured to Rayleigh total volume scattering coefficient regardless of altitude or wavelength in the visible spectrum. Methods are developed for obtaining the single scattering albedo from horizon sky radiance and the scattering optical thickness from sky radiance ratios at 55° scattering angle from the sun.

Aspects of an earlier equilibrium-radiance model atmosphere for the visible spectrum are extended to the partially cloudy case. Data indicate that in the real atmosphere for some partly cloudy days (60% of the measured paths during one field trip), the point-function equilibrium radiance for a given path of sight is reasonably constant with altitudes up to 6 km for cloud-free path segments. In order for equilibrium radiance to be constant, all path segments must be cloud free and the entire path must be either sunlit or shadowed from the Sun. In an even higher percentage of the partly cloudy and overcast cases (80% during one field trip), the point-function equilibrium reflectance for a path of sight is found to be reasonably constant with altitude. In order for equilibrium reflectance to be constant, all path segments must be cloud free but the path may be partially sunlit and partially shadowed from the Sun. As a result of equilibrium-reflectance constancy, the contrast transmittance for a path of sight with cloud-free path segments in the troposphere can be expressed in the sky–ground-ratio reflectance form.

Major moving biological fluids, or biofluids, are blood and air that cooperate to bring oxygen to the body’s cells and eliminate carbon dioxide produced by these cells. Blood is conveyed in a closed network composed of 2 circuits in series — the systemic and pulmonary circulation —, each constituted by arteries, capillaries, and veins, under the synchronized action of the left and right cardiac pumps, respectively. Air is successively inhaled from and exhaled to the atmosphere through the airway openings (nose and/or mouth). In the head, blood generates the cerebrospinal fluid in choroid plexi of all compartments of the ventricular system and receives it in arachnoid villi. Other biofluids are either secreted, such as bile from the liver and breast milk that both transport released substances with specific tasks, or excreted, such as urine from kidneys or sweat from skin glands that both convey useless materials and waste produced by the cell metabolism. In addition to the convective transport, peristalsis, which results from the radial contraction and relaxation of mural smooth muscles, propels the content of the lumen of the muscular bioconduit (e.g., digestive tract) in an anterograde direction. Blood circulation and air flow in the respiratory tract are widely explored because of their vital functions. Note that inhaled air is transported through the respiratory tract by two processes: convection down to bronchioles and diffusion down to pulmonary alveoli.1 Furthermore, investigations of these physiological flows in deformable bioconduits give rise to models such as the Starling resistance that themselves become object of new study fields in physics and mechanics (e.g., collapsible tubes) as well as of new developments in math- ematical modeling and scientific computing. Whereas fluid–structure interaction problems in aeronautics and civil engineering deal with materials of distinct properties, blood stream and vessel wall correspond to two domains of nearly equal physical properties, as both blood and vessels have densities close to that of water. New processing strategies must then be conceived.