139,611 results on '"Richard, S."'
Search Results
202. Partitioning the Expected Value of Countermeasures with an Application to Terrorism.
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Richard S. John, Robin L. Dillon, William J. Burns, and Nicholas Scurich
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
203. Improving Military Veteran Students' Academic Progress towards Earning a College Degree by Using the MGIB Education Benefits -- A White Paper
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Baskas, Richard S.
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Most military veterans who reside in a central U.S. city have not entirely used their Montgomery G.I. Bill (MGIB) education benefits to advance their careers. There is limited research on veterans' views of the effect of certain barriers, identified from prior research, on academic persistence. The problem of the lack of specific information about the barriers that prevent military veterans residing in a central U.S. city, from fully using the benefits of the MGIB, was addressed in this study. Clark and Caffarella's transition theory was used in this case study to explore the perceptions of eight military veterans on reason they dropped out of college or never used the MGIB to attend college. The research questions focused on military veterans' views of strengths and weaknesses of the G.I. Bill while they were in active duty, at the time they made the decision to not use it or respectively how the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs processed their eligibility. Thematic analysis findings from the data collected with face-to-face semi-structured interviews revealed five themes that described military veterans' views of the barriers they faced during their duty from their supervisors, perceptions of the MGIB during active duty, applying for college, having a family prevented the use of the benefits, expired MGIB benefits, and having a job that prevented the use of the MGIB. The resulting project consisted of a white paper that proposed recommendations of how military veterans could successfully improve their academic progress towards earning a college degree. The project contributes to positive social change by informing future military recruits, active-duty military personnel, military veterans, and military veteran organizations of potential strategies to help military veterans effectively use the MGIB benefits to earn a college degree.
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- 2021
204. Online Learning Communities
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Baskas, Richard S.
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An online community is a different world compared to the traditional world of communicating face to face. Some students communicate with others either through an online program or just to be social. There are challenges and benefits for the students and teachers depending on their perspectives. This project presents information about what online learning communities are about, why they are so important, and the challenges students and teachers can face. A literature review was conducted to determine the relevance of online communities in this study. Analysis revealed that research supported online communities and what online communities have to offer to students and teachers.
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- 2021
205. Autochthonous Ascariasis, Mississippi, USA
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Charlotte V. Hobbs, James Matthew Rhinewalt, Irene Arguello, Lacy Malloch, Lora Martin, William M. Poston, Paul Byers, and Richard S. Bradbury
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Ascariasis ,Ascaris lumbricoides ,Mississippi ,United States ,zoonoses ,swine ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We describe a case of a 2-year-old child who expelled a single adult female Ascaris lumbricoides worm. The patient is from a rural county in Mississippi, USA, with no reported travel outside of the United States. The caregivers in the home practice good sanitation. Exposure to domestic pigs is the likely source of infection.
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
206. Genomic surveillance reveals dynamic shifts in the connectivity of COVID-19 epidemics
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Matteson, Nathaniel L, Hassler, Gabriel W, Kurzban, Ezra, Schwab, Madison A, Perkins, Sarah A, Gangavarapu, Karthik, Levy, Joshua I, Parker, Edyth, Pride, David, Hakim, Abbas, De Hoff, Peter, Cheung, Willi, Castro-Martinez, Anelizze, Rivera, Andrea, Veder, Anthony, Rivera, Ariana, Wauer, Cassandra, Holmes, Jacqueline, Wilson, Jedediah, Ngo, Shayla N, Plascencia, Ashley, Lawrence, Elijah S, Smoot, Elizabeth W, Eisner, Emily R, Tsai, Rebecca, Chacón, Marisol, Baer, Nathan A, Seaver, Phoebe, Salido, Rodolfo A, Aigner, Stefan, Ngo, Toan T, Barber, Tom, Ostrander, Tyler, Fielding-Miller, Rebecca, Simmons, Elizabeth H, Zazueta, Oscar E, Serafin-Higuera, Idanya, Sanchez-Alavez, Manuel, Moreno-Camacho, Jose L, García-Gil, Abraham, Schafer, Ashleigh R Murphy, McDonald, Eric, Corrigan, Jeremy, Malone, John D, Stous, Sarah, Shah, Seema, Moshiri, Niema, Weiss, Alana, Anderson, Catelyn, Aceves, Christine M, Spencer, Emily G, Hufbauer, Emory C, Lee, Justin J, Ramesh, Karthik S, Nguyen, Kelly N, Saucedo, Kieran, Robles-Sikisaka, Refugio, Fisch, Kathleen M, Gonias, Steven L, Birmingham, Amanda, McDonald, Daniel, Karthikeyan, Smruthi, Martin, Natasha K, Schooley, Robert T, Negrete, Agustin J, Reyna, Horacio J, Chavez, Jose R, Garcia, Maria L, Cornejo-Bravo, Jose M, Becker, David, Isaksson, Magnus, Washington, Nicole L, Lee, William, Garfein, Richard S, Esparza, Marco A Luna-Ruiz, Alcántar-Fernández, Jonathan, Henson, Benjamin, Jepsen, Kristen, Olivares-Flores, Beatriz, Barrera-Badillo, Gisela, Lopez-Martínez, Irma, Ramírez-González, José E, Flores-León, Rita, Kingsmore, Stephen F, Sanders, Alison, Pradenas, Allorah, White, Benjamin, Matthews, Gary, Hale, Matt, McLawhon, Ronald W, Reed, Sharon L, Winbush, Terri, McHardy, Ian H, Fielding, Russel A, Nicholson, Laura, Quigley, Michael M, Harding, Aaron, Mendoza, Art, Bakhtar, Omid, and Browne, Sara H
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Prevention ,Human Genome ,Genetics ,Good Health and Well Being - Abstract
Summary: The maturation of genomic surveillance in the past decade has enabled tracking of the emergence and spread of epidemics at an unprecedented level. During the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, genomic data revealed that local epidemics varied considerably in the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 lineage importation and persistence, likely due to a combination of COVID-19 restrictions and changing connectivity. Here, we show that local COVID-19 epidemics are driven by regional transmission, including across international boundaries, but can become increasingly connected to distant locations following the relaxation of public health interventions. By integrating genomic, mobility, and epidemiological data, we find abundant transmission occurring between both adjacent and distant locations, supported by dynamic mobility patterns. We find that changing connectivity significantly influences local COVID-19 incidence. Our findings demonstrate a complex meaning of ‘local’ when investigating connected epidemics and emphasize the importance of collaborative interventions for pandemic prevention and mitigation.
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- 2023
207. HCC EV ECG score: An extracellular vesicle‐based protein assay for detection of early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma
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Sun, Na, Zhang, Ceng, Lee, Yi‐Te, Tran, Benjamin V, Wang, Jing, Kim, Hyoyong, Lee, Junseok, Zhang, Ryan Y, Wang, Jasmine J, Hu, Junhui, Zhang, Zhicheng, Alsudaney, Manaf S, Hou, Kuan‐Chu, Tang, Hubert, Zhang, Tiffany X, Liang, Icy Y, Zhou, Ziang, Chen, Mengxiang, Yeh, Angela Hsiao‐Jiun, Li, Wenyuan, Zhou, Xianghong Jasmine, Chang, Helena R, Han, Steven‐Huy B, Sadeghi, Saeed, Finn, Richard S, Saab, Sammy, Busuttil, Ronald W, Noureddin, Mazen, Ayoub, Walid S, Kuo, Alexander, Sundaram, Vinay, Al‐Ghaieb, Buraq, Palomique, Juvelyn, Kosari, Kambiz, Kim, Irene K, Todo, Tsuyoshi, Nissen, Nicholas N, Tomasi, Maria Lauda, You, Sungyong, Posadas, Edwin M, Wu, James X, Wadehra, Madhuri, Sim, Myung‐Shin, Li, Yunfeng, Wang, Hanlin L, French, Samuel W, Lu, Shelly C, Wu, Lily, Pei, Renjun, Liang, Li, Yang, Ju Dong, Agopian, Vatche G, Tseng, Hsian‐Rong, and Zhu, Yazhen
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Oncology and Carcinogenesis ,Liver Cancer ,Prevention ,Liver Disease ,Cancer ,Clinical Research ,Digestive Diseases ,Rare Diseases ,4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies ,4.1 Discovery and preclinical testing of markers and technologies ,Detection ,screening and diagnosis ,Good Health and Well Being ,Humans ,Carcinoma ,Hepatocellular ,Liver Neoplasms ,Biomarkers ,Tumor ,Extracellular Vesicles ,Membrane Proteins ,Electrocardiography ,Glypicans ,Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics ,Clinical Sciences ,Immunology ,Gastroenterology & Hepatology ,Clinical sciences - Abstract
Background and aimsThe sensitivity of current surveillance methods for detecting early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is suboptimal. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising circulating biomarkers for early cancer detection. In this study, we aim to develop an HCC EV-based surface protein assay for early detection of HCC.Approach and resultsTissue microarray was used to evaluate four potential HCC-associated protein markers. An HCC EV surface protein assay, composed of covalent chemistry-mediated HCC EV purification and real-time immuno-polymerase chain reaction readouts, was developed and optimized for quantifying subpopulations of EVs. An HCC EV ECG score, calculated from the readouts of three HCC EV subpopulations ( E pCAM + CD63 + , C D147 + CD63 + , and G PC3 + CD63 + HCC EVs), was established for detecting early-stage HCC. A phase 2 biomarker study was conducted to evaluate the performance of ECG score in a training cohort ( n = 106) and an independent validation cohort ( n = 72).Overall, 99.7% of tissue microarray stained positive for at least one of the four HCC-associated protein markers (EpCAM, CD147, GPC3, and ASGPR1) that were subsequently validated in HCC EVs. In the training cohort, HCC EV ECG score demonstrated an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-0.99) for distinguishing early-stage HCC from cirrhosis with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 90%. The AUROCs of the HCC EV ECG score remained excellent in the validation cohort (0.93; 95% CI, 0.87-0.99) and in the subgroups by etiology (viral: 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-1.00; nonviral: 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99).ConclusionHCC EV ECG score demonstrated great potential for detecting early-stage HCC. It could augment current surveillance methods and improve patients' outcomes.
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- 2023
208. Safer at school early alert: an observational study of wastewater and surface monitoring to detect COVID-19 in elementary schools
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Fielding-Miller, Rebecca, Karthikeyan, Smruthi, Gaines, Tommi, Garfein, Richard S, Salido, Rodolfo A, Cantu, Victor J, Kohn, Laura, Martin, Natasha K, Wynn, Adriane, Wijaya, Carrissa, Flores, Marlene, Omaleki, Vinton, Majnoonian, Araz, Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia, Nguyen, Megan, Vo, Anh V, Le, Tina, Duong, Dawn, Hassani, Ashkan, Tweeten, Samantha, Jepsen, Kristen, Henson, Benjamin, Hakim, Abbas, Birmingham, Amanda, De Hoff, Peter, Mark, Adam M, Nasamran, Chanond A, Rosenthal, Sara Brin, Moshiri, Niema, Fisch, Kathleen M, Humphrey, Greg, Farmer, Sawyer, Tubb, Helena M, Valles, Tommy, Morris, Justin, Kang, Jaeyoung, Khaleghi, Behnam, Young, Colin, Akel, Ameen D, Eilert, Sean, Eno, Justin, Curewitz, Ken, Laurent, Louise C, Rosing, Tajana, Knight, Rob, SEARCH, Baer, Nathan A, Barber, Tom, Castro-Martinez, Anelizze, Chacón, Marisol, Cheung, Willi, Crescini, Evelyn S, Eisner, Emily R, Vargas, Lizbeth Franco, Hobbs, Charlotte, Lastrella, Alma L, Lawrence, Elijah S, Matteson, Nathaniel L, Gangavarapu, Karthik, Ngo, Toan T, Seaver, Phoebe, Smoot, Elizabeth W, Tsai, Rebecca, Xia, Bing, Aigner, Stefan, Anderson, Catelyn, Belda-Ferre, Pedro, Sathe, Shashank, Zeller, Mark, Andersen, Kristian G, Yeo, Gene W, and Kurzban, Ezra
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Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Infectious Diseases ,Coronaviruses ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Good Health and Well Being ,Wastewater surveillance ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 in schools ,SEARCH - Abstract
BackgroundSchools are high-risk settings for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, but necessary for children's educational and social-emotional wellbeing. Previous research suggests that wastewater monitoring can detect SARS-CoV-2 infections in controlled residential settings with high levels of accuracy. However, its effective accuracy, cost, and feasibility in non-residential community settings is unknown.MethodsThe objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness and accuracy of community-based passive wastewater and surface (environmental) surveillance to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection in neighborhood schools compared to weekly diagnostic (PCR) testing. We implemented an environmental surveillance system in nine elementary schools with 1700 regularly present staff and students in southern California. The system was validated from November 2020 to March 2021.FindingsIn 447 data collection days across the nine sites 89 individuals tested positive for COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 374 surface samples and 133 wastewater samples. Ninety-three percent of identified cases were associated with an environmental sample (95% CI: 88%-98%); 67% were associated with a positive wastewater sample (95% CI: 57%-77%), and 40% were associated with a positive surface sample (95% CI: 29%-52%). The techniques we utilized allowed for near-complete genomic sequencing of wastewater and surface samples.InterpretationPassive environmental surveillance can detect the presence of COVID-19 cases in non-residential community school settings with a high degree of accuracy.FundingCounty of San Diego, Health and Human Services Agency, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Centers for Disease Control.
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- 2023
209. “It’s hard for everyone” systemic barriers to home confinement to prevent community spread of COVID-19
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Omaleki, Vinton, Vo, Anh V, Flores, Marlene, Majnoonian, Araz, Le, Tina, Nguyen, Megan, Duong, Dawn, Hassani, Ashkan, Wijaya, Fitri C, Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia E, Gaines, Tommi, Garfein, Richard S, and Fielding-Miller, Rebecca
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Clinical Research ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Mental health ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adult ,Child ,Humans ,COVID-19 ,Mental Disorders ,Quarantine ,Schools ,Poverty ,Isolation ,Home confinement ,SARS-CoV-2 ,School health ,Clinical Sciences ,Oncology and Carcinogenesis - Abstract
Rapid identification and isolation/quarantine of COVID-19 cases or close contacts, respectively, is a vital tool to support safe, in-person learning. However, safe isolation or quarantine for a young child also necessitates home confinement for at least one adult caregiver, as well as rapid learning material development by the teacher to minimize learning loss. The purpose of this study is to better understand barriers and supports to student home confinement. We conducted a mixed-methods study using focus group discussions and a self-administered online survey with parents and staff members from 12 elementary schools and childcare sites across San Diego County serving low-income and socially vulnerable families. Focus group participants reported that mental distress and loneliness, learning loss, childcare, food, income loss, and overcrowded housing were major barriers related to home confinement. The experiences described by FGD participants were prevalent in a concurrent community survey: 25% of participants reported that isolation would be extremely difficult for a household member who tested positive or was exposed to COVID-19, and 20% were extremely concerned about learning loss while in isolation or quarantine. Our findings suggest that there are serious structural impediments to safely completing the entire recommended course of isolation or quarantine, and that the potential for isolation or quarantine may also lead to increased hesitancy to access diagnostic testing.
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- 2023
210. Publisher Correction: Metagenome-assembled genome extraction and analysis from microbiomes using KBase
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Chivian, Dylan, Jungbluth, Sean P, Dehal, Paramvir S, Wood-Charlson, Elisha M, Canon, Richard S, Allen, Benjamin H, Clark, Mikayla M, Gu, Tianhao, Land, Miriam L, Price, Gavin A, Riehl, William J, Sneddon, Michael W, Sutormin, Roman, Zhang, Qizhi, Cottingham, Robert W, Henry, Chris S, and Arkin, Adam P
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Biological Sciences ,Genetics ,Human Genome ,Chemical Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Bioinformatics - Abstract
In the version of this article initially published, the affiliation for Qizhi Zhang and Chris S. Henry was incorrectly shown as the University of Tennessee instead of Argonne National Laboratory. The affiliations have been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
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- 2023
211. Wastewater and surface monitoring to detect COVID-19 in elementary school settings: The Safer at School Early Alert project
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Fielding-Miller, Rebecca, Karthikeyan, Smruthi, Gaines, Tommi, Garfein, Richard S, Salido, Rodolfo A, Cantu, Victor J, Kohn, Laura, Martin, Natasha K, Wynn, Adriane, Wijaya, Carrissa, Flores, Marlene, Omaleki, Vinton, Majnoonian, Araz, Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia, Nguyen, Megan, Vo, Anh V, Le, Tina, Duong, Dawn, Hassani, Ashkan, Tweeten, Samantha, Jepsen, Kristen, Henson, Benjamin, Hakim, Abbas, Birmingham, Amanda, De Hoff, Peter, Mark, Adam M, Nasamran, Chanond A, Rosenthal, Sara Brin, Moshiri, Niema, Fisch, Kathleen M, Humphrey, Greg, Farmer, Sawyer, Tubb, Helena M, Valles, Tommy, Morris, Justin, Kang, Jaeyoung, Khaleghi, Behnam, Young, Colin, Akel, Ameen D, Eilert, Sean, Eno, Justin, Curewitz, Ken, Laurent, Louise C, Rosing, Tajana, and Knight, Rob
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Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Clinical Research ,Biodefense ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Lung ,Vaccine Related ,Prevention ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Schools are high-risk settings for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, but necessary for children's educational and social-emotional wellbeing. Previous research suggests that wastewater monitoring can detect SARS-CoV-2 infections in controlled residential settings with high levels of accuracy. However, its effective accuracy, cost, and feasibility in non-residential community settings is unknown. METHODS: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness and accuracy of community-based passive wastewater and surface (environmental) surveillance to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection in neighborhood schools compared to weekly diagnostic (PCR) testing. We implemented an environmental surveillance system in nine elementary schools with 1700 regularly present staff and students in southern California. The system was validated from November 2020 - March 2021. FINDINGS: In 447 data collection days across the nine sites 89 individuals tested positive for COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 374 surface samples and 133 wastewater samples. Ninety-three percent of identified cases were associated with an environmental sample (95% CI: 88% - 98%); 67% were associated with a positive wastewater sample (95% CI: 57% - 77%), and 40% were associated with a positive surface sample (95% CI: 29% - 52%). The techniques we utilized allowed for near-complete genomic sequencing of wastewater and surface samples. INTERPRETATION: Passive environmental surveillance can detect the presence of COVID-19 cases in non-residential community school settings with a high degree of accuracy. FUNDING: County of San Diego, Health and Human Services Agency, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Centers for Disease Control.
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- 2023
212. Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere
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Hoffecker, John F, Elias, Scott A, Scott, G Richard, O'Rourke, Dennis H, Hlusko, Leslea J, Potapova, Olga, Pitulko, Vladimir, Pavlova, Elena, Bourgeon, Lauriane, and Vachula, Richard S
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Animals ,Humans ,North America ,Americas ,Arctic Regions ,Mammals ,Beringia ,Quaternary ,palaeogenomics ,archaeology ,migration ,Biological Sciences ,Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences - Abstract
Did Beringian environments represent an ecological barrier to humans until less than 15 000 years ago or was access to the Americas controlled by the spatial-temporal distribution of North American ice sheets? Beringian environments varied with respect to climate and biota, especially in the two major areas of exposed continental shelf. The East Siberian Arctic Shelf ('Great Arctic Plain' (GAP)) supported a dry steppe-tundra biome inhabited by a diverse large-mammal community, while the southern Bering-Chukchi Platform ('Bering Land Bridge' (BLB)) supported mesic tundra and probably a lower large-mammal biomass. A human population with west Eurasian roots occupied the GAP before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and may have accessed mid-latitude North America via an interior ice-free corridor. Re-opening of the corridor less than 14 000 years ago indicates that the primary ancestors of living First Peoples, who already had spread widely in the Americas at this time, probably dispersed from the NW Pacific coast. A genetic 'arctic signal' in non-arctic First Peoples suggests that their parent population inhabited the GAP during the LGM, before their split from the former. We infer a shift from GAP terrestrial to a subarctic maritime economy on the southern BLB coast before dispersal in the Americas from the NW Pacific coast.
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- 2023
213. A genome-wide gene-environment interaction study of breast cancer risk for women of European ancestry
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Middha, Pooja, Wang, Xiaoliang, Behrens, Sabine, Bolla, Manjeet K, Wang, Qin, Dennis, Joe, Michailidou, Kyriaki, Ahearn, Thomas U, Andrulis, Irene L, Anton-Culver, Hoda, Arndt, Volker, Aronson, Kristan J, Auer, Paul L, Augustinsson, Annelie, Baert, Thaïs, Freeman, Laura E Beane, Becher, Heiko, Beckmann, Matthias W, Benitez, Javier, Bojesen, Stig E, Brauch, Hiltrud, Brenner, Hermann, Brooks-Wilson, Angela, Campa, Daniele, Canzian, Federico, Carracedo, Angel, Castelao, Jose E, Chanock, Stephen J, Chenevix-Trench, Georgia, Cordina-Duverger, Emilie, Couch, Fergus J, Cox, Angela, Cross, Simon S, Czene, Kamila, Dossus, Laure, Dugué, Pierre-Antoine, Eliassen, A Heather, Eriksson, Mikael, Evans, D Gareth, Fasching, Peter A, Figueroa, Jonine D, Fletcher, Olivia, Flyger, Henrik, Gabrielson, Marike, Gago-Dominguez, Manuela, Giles, Graham G, González-Neira, Anna, Grassmann, Felix, Grundy, Anne, Guénel, Pascal, Haiman, Christopher A, Håkansson, Niclas, Hall, Per, Hamann, Ute, Hankinson, Susan E, Harkness, Elaine F, Holleczek, Bernd, Hoppe, Reiner, Hopper, John L, Houlston, Richard S, Howell, Anthony, Hunter, David J, Ingvar, Christian, Isaksson, Karolin, Jernström, Helena, John, Esther M, Jones, Michael E, Kaaks, Rudolf, Keeman, Renske, Kitahara, Cari M, Ko, Yon-Dschun, Koutros, Stella, Kurian, Allison W, Lacey, James V, Lambrechts, Diether, Larson, Nicole L, Larsson, Susanna, Le Marchand, Loic, Lejbkowicz, Flavio, Li, Shuai, Linet, Martha, Lissowska, Jolanta, Martinez, Maria Elena, Maurer, Tabea, Mulligan, Anna Marie, Mulot, Claire, Murphy, Rachel A, Newman, William G, Nielsen, Sune F, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Norman, Aaron, O’Brien, Katie M, Olson, Janet E, Patel, Alpa V, Prentice, Ross, Rees-Punia, Erika, Rennert, Gad, Rhenius, Valerie, Ruddy, Kathryn J, and Sandler, Dale P
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Oncology and Carcinogenesis ,Cancer Genomics ,Human Genome ,Estrogen ,Cancer ,Women's Health ,Genetics ,Prevention ,Aging ,Breast Cancer ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Adult ,Female ,Humans ,Gene-Environment Interaction ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Breast Neoplasms ,Bayes Theorem ,Genome-Wide Association Study ,Risk Factors ,Polymorphism ,Single Nucleotide ,Case-Control Studies ,Breast cancer ,Gene-environment interactions ,Genetic epidemiology ,European ancestry ,CTS Consortium ,ABCTB Investigators ,kConFab Investigators ,Oncology & Carcinogenesis ,Oncology and carcinogenesis - Abstract
BackgroundGenome-wide studies of gene-environment interactions (G×E) may identify variants associated with disease risk in conjunction with lifestyle/environmental exposures. We conducted a genome-wide G×E analysis of ~ 7.6 million common variants and seven lifestyle/environmental risk factors for breast cancer risk overall and for estrogen receptor positive (ER +) breast cancer.MethodsAnalyses were conducted using 72,285 breast cancer cases and 80,354 controls of European ancestry from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Gene-environment interactions were evaluated using standard unconditional logistic regression models and likelihood ratio tests for breast cancer risk overall and for ER + breast cancer. Bayesian False Discovery Probability was employed to assess the noteworthiness of each SNP-risk factor pairs.ResultsAssuming a 1 × 10-5 prior probability of a true association for each SNP-risk factor pairs and a Bayesian False Discovery Probability
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- 2023
214. Aggregation tests identify new gene associations with breast cancer in populations with diverse ancestry
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Mueller, Stefanie H, Lai, Alvina G, Valkovskaya, Maria, Michailidou, Kyriaki, Bolla, Manjeet K, Wang, Qin, Dennis, Joe, Lush, Michael, Abu-Ful, Zomoruda, Ahearn, Thomas U, Andrulis, Irene L, Anton-Culver, Hoda, Antonenkova, Natalia N, Arndt, Volker, Aronson, Kristan J, Augustinsson, Annelie, Baert, Thais, Freeman, Laura E Beane, Beckmann, Matthias W, Behrens, Sabine, Benitez, Javier, Bermisheva, Marina, Blomqvist, Carl, Bogdanova, Natalia V, Bojesen, Stig E, Bonanni, Bernardo, Brenner, Hermann, Brucker, Sara Y, Buys, Saundra S, Castelao, Jose E, Chan, Tsun L, Chang-Claude, Jenny, Chanock, Stephen J, Choi, Ji-Yeob, Chung, Wendy K, Colonna, Sarah V, Cornelissen, Sten, Couch, Fergus J, Czene, Kamila, Daly, Mary B, Devilee, Peter, Dörk, Thilo, Dossus, Laure, Dwek, Miriam, Eccles, Diana M, Ekici, Arif B, Eliassen, A Heather, Engel, Christoph, Evans, D Gareth, Fasching, Peter A, Fletcher, Olivia, Flyger, Henrik, Gago-Dominguez, Manuela, Gao, Yu-Tang, García-Closas, Montserrat, García-Sáenz, José A, Genkinger, Jeanine, Gentry-Maharaj, Aleksandra, Grassmann, Felix, Guénel, Pascal, Gündert, Melanie, Haeberle, Lothar, Hahnen, Eric, Haiman, Christopher A, Håkansson, Niclas, Hall, Per, Harkness, Elaine F, Harrington, Patricia A, Hartikainen, Jaana M, Hartman, Mikael, Hein, Alexander, Ho, Weang-Kee, Hooning, Maartje J, Hoppe, Reiner, Hopper, John L, Houlston, Richard S, Howell, Anthony, Hunter, David J, Huo, Dezheng, Ito, Hidemi, Iwasaki, Motoki, Jakubowska, Anna, Janni, Wolfgang, John, Esther M, Jones, Michael E, Jung, Audrey, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kang, Daehee, Khusnutdinova, Elza K, Kim, Sung-Won, Kitahara, Cari M, Koutros, Stella, Kraft, Peter, Kristensen, Vessela N, Kubelka-Sabit, Katerina, Kurian, Allison W, Kwong, Ava, Lacey, James V, Lambrechts, Diether, and Le Marchand, Loic
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Breast Cancer ,Genetics ,Clinical Research ,Cancer ,Aetiology ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Humans ,Female ,Breast Neoplasms ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Black People ,Genetic Testing ,Genome-Wide Association Study ,Polymorphism ,Single Nucleotide ,Formins ,Breast cancer susceptibility ,Diverse ancestry ,Rare variants ,Gene regulation ,Genome-wide association study ,NBCS Collaborators ,CTS Consortium ,ABCTB Investigators ,Clinical Sciences - Abstract
BackgroundLow-frequency variants play an important role in breast cancer (BC) susceptibility. Gene-based methods can increase power by combining multiple variants in the same gene and help identify target genes.MethodsWe evaluated the potential of gene-based aggregation in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium cohorts including 83,471 cases and 59,199 controls. Low-frequency variants were aggregated for individual genes' coding and regulatory regions. Association results in European ancestry samples were compared to single-marker association results in the same cohort. Gene-based associations were also combined in meta-analysis across individuals with European, Asian, African, and Latin American and Hispanic ancestry.ResultsIn European ancestry samples, 14 genes were significantly associated (q
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- 2023
215. Antifungal activity of 6-substituted amiloride and hexamethylene amiloride (HMA) analogs
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Vu, Kiem, Buckley, Benjamin J, Bujaroski, Richard S, Blumwald, Eduardo, Kelso, Michael J, and Gelli, Angie
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Microbiology ,Medical Microbiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Biological Sciences ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Antimicrobial Resistance ,Prevention ,Infectious Diseases ,Vaccine Related ,Biodefense ,5.1 Pharmaceuticals ,Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions ,Infection ,Humans ,Amiloride ,Antifungal Agents ,Fungi ,Mycoses ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Cryptococcus neoformans ,amiloride ,HMA ,analogs ,antifungal activity ,MIC ,MFC ,Candida spp ,Candida spp. ,Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Medical microbiology - Abstract
Fungal infections have become an increasing threat as a result of growing numbers of susceptible hosts and diminishing effectiveness of antifungal drugs due to multi-drug resistance. This reality underscores the need to develop novel drugs with unique mechanisms of action. We recently identified 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride (HMA), an inhibitor of human Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1, as a promising scaffold for antifungal drug development. In this work, we carried out susceptibility testing of 45 6-substituted HMA and amiloride analogs against a panel of pathogenic fungi. A series of 6-(2-benzofuran)amiloride and HMA analogs that showed up to a 16-fold increase in activity against Cryptococcus neoformans were identified. Hits from these series showed broad-spectrum activity against both basidiomycete and ascomycete fungal pathogens, including multidrug-resistant clinical isolates.
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- 2023
216. Surveillance for Soil-Transmitted Helminths in High-Risk County, Mississippi, USA
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Bradbury, Richard S., Martin, Lora, Malloch, Lacy, Martin, Maygan, Williams, John M., Patterson, Kayla, Sanders, Cameron, Singh, Gurbaksh, Arguello, Irene, Rodriguez, Eduardo, Byers, Paul, Haynie, Lisa, Qvarnstrom, Yvonne, and Hobbs, Charlotte V.
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Medical centers -- Health aspects ,Sanitation -- Health aspects ,Health - Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are endemic in resource-limited settings worldwide. Because of its subtropical climate and socioeconomic factors, the southeastern United States historically has been at elevated risk for STH diseases. [...]
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- 2023
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217. On Convergence of Average-Reward Off-Policy Control Algorithms in Weakly Communicating MDPs
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Wan, Yi and Sutton, Richard S.
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Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
We show two average-reward off-policy control algorithms, Differential Q-learning (Wan, Naik, & Sutton 2021a) and RVI Q-learning (Abounadi Bertsekas & Borkar 2001), converge in weakly communicating MDPs. Weakly communicating MDPs are the most general MDPs that can be solved by a learning algorithm with a single stream of experience. The original convergence proofs of the two algorithms require that the solution set of the average-reward optimality equation only has one degree of freedom, which is not necessarily true for weakly communicating MDPs. To the best of our knowledge, our results are the first showing average-reward off-policy control algorithms converge in weakly communicating MDPs. As a direct extension, we show that average-reward options algorithms for temporal abstraction introduced by Wan, Naik, & Sutton (2021b) converge if the Semi-MDP induced by options is weakly communicating.
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- 2022
218. Resolved velocity profiles of galactic winds at Cosmic Noon
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C., Keerthi Vasan G., Jones, Tucker, Sanders, Ryan L., Ellis, Richard S., Stark, Daniel P., Kacprzak, Glenn, Barone, Tania M., Tran, Kim-Vy H., Glazebrook, Karl, and Jacobs, Colin
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
We study the kinematics of the interstellar medium (ISM) viewed "down the barrel" in 20 gravitationally lensed galaxies during Cosmic Noon ($z=1.5 - 3.5$). We use moderate-resolution spectra ($R\sim4000$) from Keck/ESI and Magellan/MagE to spectrally resolve the ISM absorption in these galaxies into $\sim$10 independent elements and use double Gaussian fits to quantify the velocity structure of the gas. We find that the bulk motion of gas in this galaxy sample is outflowing, with average velocity centroid $\left
=-141$ km$\,$s$^{-1}$ ($\pm111$ km$\,$s$^{-1}$ scatter) measured with respect to the systemic redshift. 16 out of the 20 galaxies exhibit a clear positive skewness, with a blueshifted tail extending to $\sim -500$ km$\,$s$^{-1}$. We examine scaling relations in outflow velocities with galaxy stellar mass and star formation rate (SFR), finding correlations consistent with a momentum-driven wind scenario. Our measured outflow velocities are also comparable to those reported for FIRE-2 and TNG50 cosmological simulations at similar redshift and galaxy properties. We also consider implications for interpreting results from lower-resolution spectra. We demonstrate that while velocity centroids are accurately recovered, the skewness, velocity width, and probes of high velocity gas (e.g., $v_{95}$) are subject to large scatter and biases at lower resolution. We find that $R\gtrsim1700$ is required for accurate results for the gas kinematics of our sample. This work represents the largest available sample of well-resolved outflow velocity structure at $z>2$, and highlights the need for good spectral resolution to recover accurate properties., Comment: 42 pages, 37 figures (including appendix), Accepted for publication, ApJ - Published
- 2022
219. Costs and Benefits of the Paris Climate Targets
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Tol, Richard S. J.
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Economics - General Economics - Abstract
The temperature targets in the Paris Agreement cannot be met without very rapid reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The latter requires large, perhaps prohibitively large subsidies. The central estimate of the costs of climate policy, unrealistically assuming least-cost implementation, is 3.8-5.6\% of GDP in 2100. The central estimate of the benefits of climate policy, unrealistically assuming constant vulnerability, is 2.8-3.2\% of GDP. The uncertainty about the benefits is larger than the uncertainty about the costs. The Paris targets do not pass the cost-benefit test unless risk aversion is high and discount rate low.
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- 2022
220. The Alberta Plan for AI Research
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Sutton, Richard S., Bowling, Michael, and Pilarski, Patrick M.
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Herein we describe our approach to artificial intelligence research, which we call the Alberta Plan. The Alberta Plan is pursued within our research groups in Alberta and by others who are like minded throughout the world. We welcome all who would join us in this pursuit.
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- 2022
221. The IPCC and the challenge of ex post policy evaluation
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Tol, Richard S. J.
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Economics - General Economics - Abstract
The IPCC started at a time when climate policy was an aspiration for the future. The research assessed in the early IPCC reports was necessarily about potential climate policies, always stylized and often optimized. The IPCC has continued on this path, even though there is now a considerable literature studying actual climate policy, in all its infuriating detail, warts and all. Four case studies suggest that the IPCC, in its current form, will not be able to successfully switch from ex ante to ex post policy evaluation. This transition is key as AR7 will most likely have to confront the failure to meet the 1.5K target. The four cases are as follows. (1) The scenarios first build and later endorsed by the IPCC all project a peaceful future with steady if not rapid economic growth everywhere, more closely resembling political manifestos than facts on the ground. (2) Successive IPCC reports have studiously avoided discussing the voluminous literature suggesting that political targets for greenhouse gas emission reduction are far from optimal, although a central part of that work was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018. (3) IPCC AR5 found it impossible to acknowledge that the international climate policy negotiations from COP1 (Berlin) to COP19 (Warsaw) were bound to fail, just months before the radical overhaul at COP20 (Lima) proved that point. (4) IPCC AR6 by and large omitted the nascent literature on \textit{ex post} climate policy evaluation. Together, these cases suggest that the IPCC finds self-criticism difficult and is too close to policy makers to criticize past and current policy mistakes. One solution would be to move control over the IPCC to the national authorities on research and higher education.
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- 2022
222. A meta-analysis of the total economic impact of climate change
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Tol, Richard S. J.
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Economics - General Economics - Abstract
Earlier meta-analyses of the economic impact of climate change are updated with more data, with three new results: (1) The central estimate of the economic impact of global warming is always negative. (2) The confidence interval about the estimates is much wider. (3) Elicitation methods are most pessimistic, econometric studies most optimistic. Two previous results remain: (4) The uncertainty about the impact is skewed towards negative surprises. (5) Poorer countries are much more vulnerable than richer ones. A meta-analysis of the impact of weather shocks reveals that studies, which relate economic growth to temperature levels, cannot agree on the sign of the impact whereas studies, which make economic growth a function of temperature change do agree on the sign but differ an order of magnitude in effect size. The former studies posit that climate change has a permanent effect on economic growth, the latter that the effect is transient. The impact on economic growth implied by studies of the impact of climate change is close to the growth impact estimated as a function of weather shocks. The social cost of carbon shows a similar pattern to the total impact estimates, but with more emphasis on the impacts of moderate warming in the near and medium term.
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- 2022
223. The Challenges of Identifying Population III Stars in the Early Universe
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Katz, Harley, Kimm, Taysun, Ellis, Richard S., Devriendt, Julien, and Slyz, Adrianne
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
The recent launch of JWST has enabled the exciting prospect of detecting the first generation of metal-free, Population III (Pop. III) stars. Determining the emission line signatures that robustly signify the presence of Pop. III stars against other possible contaminants represents a key challenge for interpreting JWST data. To this end, we run high-resolution (sub-pc) cosmological radiation hydrodynamics simulations of the region around a dwarf galaxy at $z\geq10$ to predict the emission line signatures of the Pop. III/Pop. II transition. We show that the absence of metal emission lines is a poor diagnostic of Pop. III stars because metal-enriched galaxies in our simulation can maintain low [OIII] 5007${\rm \r{A}}$ emission that may be undetectable due to sensitivity limits. Combining spectral hardness probes (e.g. HeII 1640${\rm \r{A}}$/H$\alpha$) with metallicity diagnostics is more likely to probe the presence of metal-free stars, although contamination from Wolf-Rayet stars, X-ray binaries, or black holes may be important. The hard emission from Pop. III galaxies fades fast due to the short stellar lifetimes of massive Pop. III stars, which could further inhibit detection. Similarly, Pop. III stars may be detectable after they evolve off the main-sequence due to the cooling radiation from nebular gas or a supernova remnant; however, these signatures are also short-lived (i.e. few Myr), and contaminants such as flickering black holes might confuse this diagnostic. While JWST will provide a unique opportunity to spectroscopically probe the nature of the earliest galaxies, both the short timescales associated with pristine systems and ambiguities in interpreting key diagnostic emission lines may hinder progress. Special care will be needed before claiming the discovery of systems with pure Pop. III stars., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, submitted to MNRAS
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- 2022
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224. Nobel begets Nobel
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Tol, Richard S. J.
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Economics - General Economics - Abstract
I construct the professor-student network for laureates of and candidates for the Nobel Prize in Economics. I study the effect of proximity to previous Nobelists on winning the Nobel Prize. Conditional on being Nobel-worthy, students and grandstudents of Nobel laureates are significantly less likely to win. Professors and fellow students of Nobel Prize winners, however, are significantly more likely to win.
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- 2022
225. Nature and Nurture? Comparing Ly$\alpha$ Detections in UV-Bright and Fainter [O III]+H$\beta$ Emitters at $z\sim8$ With Keck/MOSFIRE
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Roberts-Borsani, Guido, Treu, Tommaso, Mason, Charlotte, Ellis, Richard S., Laporte, Nicolas, Schmidt, Thomas, Bradač, Maruša, Fontana, Adriano, Morishita, Takahiro, and Santini, Paola
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
The 100% detection rate of Ly$\alpha$ emission in a sample of four luminous $z\sim8$ galaxies with red Spitzer/IRAC colors suggests objects with unusual ionizing capabilities that created early ionized bubbles in a neutral era. Whether such bubbles reflect enhanced ionizing properties (nature) or an overdense environment (nurture), however, remains unclear. Here we aim to distinguish between these hypotheses via a search for Ly$\alpha$ emission in five fainter galaxies drawn from the CANDELS-GOODS fields using a similar IRAC excess and UV magnitudes that should reflect reduced clustering effects. Using Keck/MOSFIRE we tentatively detect $>4\sigma$ line emission in only two targets at redshifts $z_{\rm Ly\alpha}$=7.1081 and $z_{\rm Ly\alpha}$=7.9622 with rest-frame EWs of 16-17 A, $\sim$1.5$\times$ weaker compared to their brighter counterparts. Thus we find a reduced rate for Ly$\alpha$ emission of $0.40^{+0.30}_{-0.25}$ compared to $1.00^{+0.00}_{-0.44}$ for more luminous examples. The lower rate agrees with predictions from simulations of a mostly neutral IGM and an intrinsic EW$_{0,\rm Ly\alpha}$ distribution for $z\sim6$ galaxies. However, even with an extreme EW$_{0,\rm Ly\alpha}$ model, it is challenging to match the detection rate for the luminous objects. SED-fitting of our fainter sample indicates young and star-forming systems, albeit with less extreme SFRs and ionization parameters compared to their luminous counterparts. The enhanced Ly$\alpha$ rate in luminous galaxies is thus likely a byproduct of both extreme ionizing properties as well as environment effects. Further studies with JWST may be required to resolve the physical nature of this puzzling population., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ (in press), uploaded to match accepted version
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- 2022
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226. Doubly-Asynchronous Value Iteration: Making Value Iteration Asynchronous in Actions
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Tian, Tian, Young, Kenny, and Sutton, Richard S.
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Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Value iteration (VI) is a foundational dynamic programming method, important for learning and planning in optimal control and reinforcement learning. VI proceeds in batches, where the update to the value of each state must be completed before the next batch of updates can begin. Completing a single batch is prohibitively expensive if the state space is large, rendering VI impractical for many applications. Asynchronous VI helps to address the large state space problem by updating one state at a time, in-place and in an arbitrary order. However, Asynchronous VI still requires a maximization over the entire action space, making it impractical for domains with large action space. To address this issue, we propose doubly-asynchronous value iteration (DAVI), a new algorithm that generalizes the idea of asynchrony from states to states and actions. More concretely, DAVI maximizes over a sampled subset of actions that can be of any user-defined size. This simple approach of using sampling to reduce computation maintains similarly appealing theoretical properties to VI without the need to wait for a full sweep through the entire action space in each update. In this paper, we show DAVI converges to the optimal value function with probability one, converges at a near-geometric rate with probability 1-delta, and returns a near-optimal policy in computation time that nearly matches a previously established bound for VI. We also empirically demonstrate DAVI's effectiveness in several experiments.
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- 2022
227. Boundary lubrication of silicon nitride
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Gates, Richard S.
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- 1995
228. Is Cyberbullying an Extension of Traditional Bullying or a Unique Phenomenon? A Longitudinal Investigation among College Students
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Robin M. Kowalski, Gary W. Giumetti, and Richard S. Feinn
- Abstract
Dan Olweus' pioneering work on traditional bullying laid the foundation for how cyberbullying is defined and measured today. Many researchers believe that these two forms of bullying share some similarities. However, two perspectives have been outlined for the relationship between traditional bullying and cyberbullying--the extension perspective (predictors and outcomes of cyber and traditional bullying are similar) vs. the differences perspective (cyber and traditional bullying have unique patterns of relationships with predictors and outcomes). In the current study, we attempted to shed light on the debate about these two perspectives by addressing three questions: (1) Do cyber and traditional bullying have similar or unique predictors? (2) How do cyberbullying and traditional bullying relate to outcomes? and (3) Is there a bidirectional relationship between cyber and traditional bullying and "Outcomes"? We collected online survey data across two waves from 151 college students at two universities located in the US (n = 118 females, n = 32 males, n = 1 preferred not to disclose, M age = 21.68 years old, SD age = 3.73 years), focusing on known predictors, cyber and traditional forms of bullying, and outcomes. Results indicated relatively more support for the extension perspective across our three research questions: (1) Relatively more variables predicted both cyber and traditional bullying (self-esteem, school demands, university rule clarity, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy); (2) Both cyber and traditional bullying predicted similar outcomes (including deviant behavior, helping behavior, symptoms of anxiety, and symptoms of depression); and (3) Helping behavior and number of alcoholic beverages consumed predicted both cyberbullying victimization and traditional bullying victimization. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for future research and practice.
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- 2023
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229. Challenges of COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing in School Settings: An Initial Investigation
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Vo, Anh V., Majnoonian, Araz, Ni, Jessica, Garfein, Richard S., Wishard Guerra, Alison, and Fielding-Miller, Rebecca
- Abstract
Background: Case investigation and contact tracing (CI/CT) are important public health tools to interrupt COVID-19 transmission. Our study aims to understand how parents and school staff perceive COVID-19 CI/CT. Methods: Using a mixed methods approach, we distributed a community survey and conducted 15 focus group discussions (FGDs) in English and Spanish between December 2020 and March 2021 with 20 parents and 22 staff from schools in San Diego County ZIP Codes with COVID-19 rates in the top quintile as of August 2020. Results: One in 4 survey respondents reported that they would be reluctant to participate in CI/CT. FGDs revealed themes of mistrust in government authorities, overburdened institutions, unfamiliarity with CI/CT, and uncertainty about its reliability. School community members emphasized that parents trust schools to be involved in CI/CT efforts, but schools are overwhelmed with this added responsibility. Conclusions: Investing in schools as community hubs is necessary so they can become important partners in prevention and mitigation in public health.
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- 2023
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230. Mindfulness-based Interventions to Improve Relational and Mental Health of Firefighters: A Mixed Methods Feasibility Study
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Hendrix, Elizabeth W., Frost, Caren J., Castillo, Jason T., Landward, Richard S., Vogt, Katie M., Benson, L. Scott, and Gren, Lisa H.
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- 2023
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231. Dissecting the pathogenic effects of smoking and its hallmarks in blood DNA methylation on colorectal cancer risk
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Zhou, Xuan, Xiao, Qian, Jiang, Fangyuan, Sun, Jing, Wang, Lijuan, Yu, Lili, Zhou, Yajing, Zhao, Jianhui, Zhang, Han, Yuan, Shuai, Timofeeva, Maria, Spiliopoulou, Athina, Mesa-Eguiagaray, Ines, Farrington, Susan M., Law, Philip J., Houlston, Richard S., Ding, Kefeng, Dunlop, Malcolm G., Theodoratou, Evropi, and Li, Xue
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- 2023
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232. Vulnerability of blue foods to human-induced environmental change
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Cao, Ling, Halpern, Benjamin S., Troell, Max, Short, Rebecca, Zeng, Cong, Jiang, Ziyu, Liu, Yue, Zou, Chengxuan, Liu, Chunyu, Liu, Shurong, Liu, Xiangwei, Cheung, William W. L., Cottrell, Richard S., DeClerck, Fabrice, Gelcich, Stefan, Gephart, Jessica A., Godo-Solo, Dakoury, Kaull, Jessie Ihilani, Micheli, Fiorenza, Naylor, Rosamond L., Payne, Hanna J., Selig, Elizabeth R., Sumaila, U. Rashid, and Tigchelaar, Michelle
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- 2023
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233. Do oil price fluctuations influence criminal activity in energy rich regions? Evidence from California’s Central Valley
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Michieka, Nyakundi M. and Gearhart, III, Richard S.
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- 2023
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234. Acute neutrophilic vasculitis (leukocytoclasia) in 36 COVID-19 autopsy brains
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Roy H. Rhodes, Gordon L. Love, Fernanda Da Silva Lameira, Maryam Sadough Shahmirzadi, Sharon E. Fox, and Richard S. Vander Heide
- Subjects
Acute neutrophilic vasculitis ,Antigen-antibody complex ,Central nervous system ,Complement component ,COVID-19 ,Karyorrhexis ,Pathology ,RB1-214 - Abstract
Abstract Background Hypercytokinemia, the renin-angiotensin system, hypoxia, immune dysregulation, and vasculopathy with evidence of immune-related damage are implicated in brain morbidity in COVID-19 along with a wide variety of genomic and environmental influences. There is relatively little evidence of direct SARS-CoV-2 brain infection in COVID-19 patients. Methods Brain histopathology of 36 consecutive autopsies of patients who were RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 was studied along with findings from contemporary and pre-pandemic historical control groups. Immunostaining for serum and blood cell proteins and for complement components was employed. Microcirculatory wall complement deposition in the COVID-19 cohort was compared to historical control cases. Comparisons also included other relevant clinicopathological and microcirculatory findings in the COVID-19 cohort and control groups. Results The COVID-19 cohort and both the contemporary and historical control groups had the same rate of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. The COVID-19 cohort had varying amounts of acute neutrophilic vasculitis with leukocytoclasia in the microcirculation of the brain in all cases. Prominent vascular neutrophilic transmural migration was found in several cases and 25 cases had acute perivasculitis. Paravascular microhemorrhages and petechial hemorrhages (small brain parenchymal hemorrhages) had a slight tendency to be more numerous in cohort cases that displayed less acute neutrophilic vasculitis. Tissue burden of acute neutrophilic vasculitis with leukocytoclasia was the same in control cases as a group, while it was significantly higher in COVID-19 cases. Both the tissue burden of acute neutrophilic vasculitis and the activation of complement components, including membrane attack complex, were significantly higher in microcirculatory channels in COVID-19 cohort brains than in historical controls. Conclusions Acute neutrophilic vasculitis with leukocytoclasia, acute perivasculitis, and associated paravascular blood extravasation into brain parenchyma constitute the first phase of an immune-related, acute small-vessel inflammatory condition often termed type 3 hypersensitivity vasculitis or leukocytoclastic vasculitis. There is a higher tissue burden of acute neutrophilic vasculitis and an increased level of activated complement components in microcirculatory walls in COVID-19 cases than in pre-pandemic control cases. These findings are consistent with a more extensive small-vessel immune-related vasculitis in COVID-19 cases than in control cases. The pathway(s) and mechanism for these findings are speculative.
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- 2024
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235. Mechanism matters: mortality and endothelial cell damage marker differences between blunt and penetrating traumatic injuries across three prehospital clinical trials
- Author
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Jack K. Donohue, Danielle S. Gruen, Nidhi Iyanna, John M. Lorence, Joshua B. Brown, Francis X. Guyette, Brian J. Daley, Brian J. Eastridge, Richard S. Miller, Raminder Nirula, Brian G. Harbrecht, Jeffrey A. Claridge, Herb A. Phelan, Gary A. Vercruysse, Terence O’Keeffe, Bellal Joseph, Matthew D. Neal, Timothy R. Billiar, and Jason L. Sperry
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Injury mechanism is an important consideration when conducting clinical trials in trauma. Mechanisms of injury may be associated with differences in mortality risk and immune response to injury, impacting the potential success of the trial. We sought to characterize clinical and endothelial cell damage marker differences across blunt and penetrating injured patients enrolled in three large, prehospital randomized trials which focused on hemorrhagic shock. In this secondary analysis, patients with systolic blood pressure 108 were included. In addition, patients with both blunt and penetrating injuries were excluded. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Mortality was characterized using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional-hazards models. Generalized linear models were used to compare biomarkers. Chi squared tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum were used to compare secondary outcomes. We characterized data of 696 enrolled patients that met all secondary analysis inclusion criteria. Blunt injured patients had significantly greater 24-h (18.6% vs. 10.7%, log rank p = 0.048) and 30-day mortality rates (29.7% vs. 14.0%, log rank p = 0.001) relative to penetrating injured patients with a different time course. After adjusting for confounders, blunt mechanism of injury was independently predictive of mortality at 30-days (HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.06–3.20, p = 0.029), but not 24-h (HR 1.65, 95% CI 0.86–3.18, p = 0.133). Elevated admission levels of endothelial cell damage markers, VEGF, syndecan-1, TM, S100A10, suPAR and HcDNA were associated with blunt mechanism of injury. Although there was no difference in multiple organ failure (MOF) rates across injury mechanism (48.4% vs. 42.98%, p = 0.275), blunt injured patients had higher Denver MOF score (p
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- 2024
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236. The relationship between general practitioner movement behaviours with burnout and fatigue
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Richard S. Mayne, Gregory J. H. Biddle, Charlotte L Edwardson, Nigel D. Hart, Amanda J. Daley, and Neil Heron
- Subjects
General practitioners ,Sedentary behaviour ,Physical activity ,Burnout ,Fatigue ,activPAL ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background Physical inactivity is associated with feelings of burnout and fatigue, which in turn are associated with reduced performance among healthcare practitioners. This study explored movement behaviours of general practitioners (GPs) and the association between these behaviours with burnout and fatigue. Methods GPs in Northern Ireland were asked to wear a thigh-worn accelerometer for seven days and complete validated questionnaires to assess the association between daily number of steps, time spent sitting and standing with feelings of burnout and fatigue. Results Valid accelerometer data were obtained from 47 (77.0%) participants. Average workday sitting time, standing time and number of steps were 10.6 h (SD 1.5), 3.8 h (SD 1.3), and 7796 steps (SD 3116) respectively. Participants were less sedentary (8.0 h (SD 1.6)) and more active (4.7 h (SD 1.4) standing time and 12,408 steps (SD 4496)) on non-workdays. Fourteen (30.4%) participants reported burnout and sixteen (34.8%) reported severe fatigue. There were no significant associations between sitting, standing and step counts with burnout or fatigue (p > 0.05). Conclusion GPs were less active on workdays compared to non-workdays and exhibited high levels of sitting. Feelings of burnout and fatigue were highly prevalent, however movement behaviours were not found to be associated with burnout and fatigue. Given the increased sedentariness among GPs on workdays compared to non-workdays, GPs should consider how they can improve their movement behaviours on workdays to help optimise their wellbeing.
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- 2024
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237. Aeromagnetic gradiometry with UAV, a case study on small iron ore deposit
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Hashem Shahsavani and Richard S. Smith
- Subjects
UAV ,drone ,gradiometry ,sensor ,magnetometer ,Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics ,TL1-4050 - Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, offer several advantages over traditional piloted aircraft. They are characterized by enhanced safety, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to operate in closer proximity to targeted sources. Consequently, magnetic sensors have been adapted or specifically designed for integration onto UAV platforms. However, existing sensors are burdened by issues such as weight, cost, and high power consumption. These challenges are particularly pronounced when employing aeromagnetic gradiometry, which necessitates simultaneous measurements from at least two sensors. In response to these limitations, we propose the implementation of a cost-effective, lightweight, and low-power magneto-inductive sensor with satisfactory resolution aboard a UAV. To evaluate its efficacy, a survey was conducted over a small iron ore deposit in Western Iran. To validate our approach, we compare the results with those obtained using only one sensor on the drone. This comparative analysis reveals that employing a gradiometry array leads to a pronounced steepening of magnetic anomaly margins. Specifically, the gradient of magnetic measurements on four selected profiles increases to 3.8, 4.6, 9.3, and 10 nT/m when utilizing the proposed magneto-inductive sensor, in contrast to the conventional method of gradient determination through mathematical derivatives in the z-direction. This research contributes to the advancement of efficient and economical methods for mineral exploration using UAV-based magnetic surveying techniques.
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- 2024
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238. Are there sex-based disparities in cataract surgery?
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Matthew D. Geiger, Anne M. Lynch, Alan G. Palestine, Nathan C. Grove, Karen L. Christopher, Richard S. Davidson, Michael J. Taravella, Naresh Mandava, and Jennifer L. Patnaik
- Subjects
cataract surgery ,sex-based disparity ,phacoemulsification ,outcomes ,Ophthalmology ,RE1-994 - Abstract
AIM: To investigate sex-based differences in the occurrence of intra-operative and post-operative complications and associated visual outcomes following cataract surgery. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients who had phacoemulsification cataract surgery at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. Data collected included the patient's health history, ocular comorbidities, operative and post-operative complications, and the post-operative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to account for the correlation of some patients having two eyes included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 11 977 eyes from 7253 patients were included in the study. Ocular comorbidities differed by sex, with males having significantly higher percentages of traumatic cataracts (males 0.7% vs females 0.1%), prior ocular surgery (6.7% vs 5.5%), and mature cataracts (2.8% vs 1.9%). Conversely, females had significantly higher rates of pseudoexfoliation (2.0% vs 3.2%). In unadjusted analysis, males had higher rates of posterior capsular rupture (0.8% vs 0.4%) and vitreous loss (1.0% vs 0.6%), but this difference was not significant after adjustment for confounders. Males had a significantly increased risk of post-operative retinal detachment, but in multivariable analysis this was no longer significant. Males were significantly less likely to undergo post-operative neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy for posterior capsule opacification (OR=0.8, 95%CI=0.7-0.9, P=0.0005). The BCVA was slightly worse for males pre-operatively; but post-operatively, both sexes exhibited similar visual acuity of Snellen equivalent 20/25. CONCLUSION: The study finds that in a cohort of patients presenting for cataract surgery, sex differences exist in pre-operative comorbidities and surgical characteristics that contribute to higher rates of some complications for males. However, observed surgical complication rates exhibit almost no difference by sex after adjusting for pre-operative differences and post-operative BCVA is similar between sexes.
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- 2024
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239. First recorded evidence of ejection of a cuckoo egg in a fairy-wren species
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Turner, Richard S, Langmore, Naomi E, Osmond, Helen L, and Cockburn, Andrew
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- 2022
240. Indomethacin with or without prophylactic pancreatic stent placement to prevent pancreatitis after ERCP: a randomised non-inferiority trial
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Elmunzer, B. Joseph, Foster, Lydia D., Serrano, Jose, Coté, Gregory A., Edmundowicz, Steven A., Wani, Sachin, Shah, Raj, Bang, Ji Young, Varadarajulu, Shyam, Singh, Vikesh K., Khashab, Mouen, Kwon, Richard S., Scheiman, James M., Willingham, Field F., Keilin, Steven A., Papachristou, Georgios I., Chak, Amitabh, Slivka, Adam, Mullady, Daniel, Kushnir, Vladimir, Buxbaum, James, Keswani, Rajesh, Gardner, Timothy B., Forbes, Nauzer, Rastogi, Amit, Ross, Andrew, Law, Joanna, Yachimski, Patrick, Chen, Yen-I, Barkun, Alan, Smith, Zachary L., Petersen, Bret, Wang, Andrew Y., Saltzman, John R., Spitzer, Rebecca L., Ordiah, Collins, Spino, Cathie, Higgins, Peter D.R., Forster, Erin, Moran, Robert A., Brauer, Brian, Wamsteker, Erik J., Cai, Qiang, Qayed, Emad, Groce, Royce, Krishna, Somashekar G., Faulx, Ashley, Glessing, Brooke, Rabinovitz, Mordechai, Lang, Gabriel, Aadam, Aziz, Komanduri, Srinadh, Adler, Jefferey, Gordon, Stuart, Mohamed, Rachid, Olyaee, Mojtaba, Wood-Williams, April, Depue Brewbaker, Emily K., Thornhill, Andre, Gould, Mariana, Clasen, Kristen, Olsen, Jama, Simon, Violette C., Kamal, Ayesha, Volk, Sarah L., Merchant, Ambreen A., Lahooti, Ali, Furey, Nancy, Anderson, Gulsum, Hollander, Thomas, Vazquez, Alejandro, Li, Thomas Y., Hadley, Steven M., Chau, Millie, Mendoza, Robinson, Tangwongchai, Tida, Koza, Casey L., Geraci, Olivia, Nunez, Lizbeth, Waters, Alexander M., Durkalski-Mauldin, Valerie, Elmunzer, B Joseph, Foster, Lydia D, Coté, Gregory A, Edmundowicz, Steven A, Singh, Vikesh K, Kwon, Richard S, Scheiman, James M, Willingham, Field F, Keilin, Steven A, Papachristou, Georgios I, Gardner, Timothy B, Smith, Zachary L, Wang, Andrew Y, Saltzman, John R, and Spitzer, Rebecca L
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- 2024
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241. Unequal Pay for Equal Work? Unpacking the Gender Gap in Principal Compensation
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Grissom, Jason A., Timmer, Jennifer D., Nelson, Jennifer L., and Blissett, Richard S. L.
- Abstract
We investigate the male-female gap in principal compensation in state and national data: detailed longitudinal personnel records from Missouri and repeated cross-sections from the nationally representative Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS). In both data sets, we estimate substantively important compensation gaps for school leaders. In Missouri, female principals make approximately $1,450 less annually than their male colleagues with similar characteristics, including experience level and degree attainment, leading the same school in different years. Gaps are present in both base salary and extra duty salary, and are only partially explained by career paths or workplace sorting. SASS analyses show that women make about $1,000 less than men nationally, on average, a gap that even grows larger once accounting for individual and workplace characteristics, teacher-supplied effectiveness ratings, and reported hours worked. The presence of these residual gaps after accounting for many supply-side explanations may signal gender discrimination in school principal compensation. [This paper was published in "Economics of Education Review" v82 Apr 2021.]
- Published
- 2021
242. DP-68 permanent ground anchors.
- Author
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Cheney, Richard S.
- Subjects
Anchorage (Structural engineering) ,Guy anchors -- Design and construction. ,Tie-rods -- Design and construction. ,Retaining walls -- Design and construction. - Published
- 1990
243. Revealing the Mysteries of Venus: The DAVINCI Mission
- Author
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Garvin, James B., Getty, Stephanie A., Arney, Giada N., Johnson, Natasha M., Kohler, Erika, Schwer, Kenneth O., Sekerak, Michael, Bartels, Arlin, Saylor, Richard S., Elliott, Vincent E., Goodloe, Colby S., Garrison, Matthew B., Cottini, Valeria, Izenberg, Noam, Lorenz, Ralph, Malespin, Charles A., Ravine, Michael, Webster, Christopher R., Atkinson, David H., Aslam, Shahid, Atreya, Sushil, Bos, Brent J., Brinckerhoff, William B., Campbell, Bruce, Crisp, David, Filiberto, Justin R., Forget, Francois, Gilmore, Martha, Gorius, Nicolas, Grinspoon, David, Hofmann, Amy E., Kane, Stephen R., Kiefer, Walter, Lebonnois, Sebastien, Mahaffy, Paul R., Pavlov, Alexander, Trainer, Melissa, Zahnle, Kevin J., and Zolotov, Mikhail
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics - Abstract
The Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging (DAVINCI) mission described herein has been selected for flight to Venus as part of the NASA Discovery Program. DAVINCI will be the first mission to Venus to incorporate science-driven flybys and an instrumented descent sphere into a unified architecture. The anticipated scientific outcome will be a new understanding of the atmosphere, surface, and evolutionary path of Venus as a possibly once-habitable planet and analog to hot terrestrial exoplanets. The primary mission design for DAVINCI as selected features a preferred launch in summer/fall 2029, two flybys in 2030, and descent sphere atmospheric entry by the end of 2031. The in situ atmospheric descent phase subsequently delivers definitive chemical and isotopic composition of the Venus atmosphere during a cloud-top to surface transect above Alpha Regio. These in situ investigations of the atmosphere and near infrared descent imaging of the surface will complement remote flyby observations of the dynamic atmosphere, cloud deck, and surface near infrared emissivity. The overall mission yield will be at least 60 Gbits (compressed) new data about the atmosphere and near surface, as well as first unique characterization of the deep atmosphere environment and chemistry, including trace gases, key stable isotopes, oxygen fugacity, constraints on local rock compositions, and topography of a tessera., Comment: 41 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in the Planetary Science Journal
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
244. HMI Ring Diagram Analysis: Effects of tracking, noise and resolution
- Author
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Basu, Sarbani and Bogart, Richard S.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Ring diagram analysis is a standard local helioseismic technique. Data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) are routinely used for Ring-diagram analysis, and fits to the power spectra as well as inversion results are standard data products. In this paper we examine the effects of different tracking rates, noise, and resolution on ring-diagram results. Most of the analysis is for $15^\circ$ tiles, but we also examine the effects of different tile sizes. The largest effect we find is that of resolution. Doppler noise has very little effect on the results, except perhaps at the deepest regions for which the tiles can give reliable results; variations in the tracking rate have a similar effect., Comment: Accepted for publication in Solar Physics
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
245. R-symmetries and curvature constraints in A-twisted heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models
- Author
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Garavuso, Richard S.
- Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory - Abstract
In this paper, we discuss various aspects of a class of A-twisted heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models on a Kaehler variety X. We provide a classification of the R-symmetries in these models which allow the A-twist to be implemented, focusing on the case in which the gauge bundle is either a deformation of the tangent bundle of X or a deformation of a sub-bundle of the tangent bundle of X. Some anomaly-free examples are provided. The curvature constraint imposed by supersymmetry in these models when the superpotential is not holomorphic is reviewed. Constraints of this nature have been used to establish properties of analogues of pullbacks of Mathai-Quillen forms which arise in the correlation functions of the corresponding A-twisted or B-twisted heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models. The analogue most relevant to this paper is a deformation of the pullback of a Mathai-Quillen form. We discuss how this deformation may arise in the class of models studied in this paper. We then comment on how analogues of pullbacks of Mathai-Quillen forms not discussed in previous work may be obtained. Standard Mathai-Quillen formalism is reviewed in an appendix. We also include an appendix which discusses the deformation of the pullback of a Mathai-Quillen form., Comment: 19 pages, no figures, uses edited version of jheppub.sty. v2: Comments added to the abstract and section 2; references added. v3: Presentation of v2 material improved, curvature constraint review added, title changed, reference added, and comments added to final section. v4: Section 5, appendices, and references added; corresponding modifications and miscellaneous minor improvements elsewhere
- Published
- 2022
246. Confidence Intervals for Recursive Journal Impact Factors
- Author
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Konig, Johannes, Stern, David I., and Tol, Richard S. J.
- Subjects
Economics - General Economics ,Statistics - Applications - Abstract
We compute confidence intervals for recursive impact factors, that take into account that some citations are more prestigious than others, as well as for the associated ranks of journals, applying the methods to the population of economics journals. The Quarterly Journal of Economics is clearly the journal with greatest impact, the confidence interval for its rank only includes one. Based on the simple bootstrap, the remainder of the Top5 journals are in the top 6 together with the Journal of Finance, while the Xie et al. (2009), and Mogstad et al. (2022) methods generally broaden estimated confidence intervals, particularly for mid-ranking journals. All methods agree that most apparent differences in journal quality are, in fact, mostly insignificant.
- Published
- 2022
247. Possible Systematic Rotation in the Mature Stellar Population of a $z=9.1$ Galaxy
- Author
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Tokuoka, Tsuyoshi, Inoue, Akio K., Hashimoto, Takuya, Ellis, Richard S., Laporte, Nicolas, Sugahara, Yuma, Matsuo, Hiroshi, Tamura, Yoichi, Fudamoto, Yoshinobu, Moriwaki, Kana, Roberts-Borsani, Guido, Shimizu, Ikkoh, Yamanaka, Satoshi, Yoshida, Naoki, Zackrisson, Erik, and Zheng, Wei
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
We present new observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array for a gravitationally-lensed galaxy at $z=9.1$, MACS1149-JD1. [O III] 88-$\mu$m emission is detected at 10$\sigma$ with a spatial resolution of $\sim0.3$ kpc in the source plane, enabling the most distant morpho-kinematic study of a galaxy. The [O III] emission is distributed smoothly without any resolved clumps and shows a clear velocity gradient with $\Delta V_{\rm obs}/2\sigma_{\rm tot}=0.84\pm0.23$, where $\Delta V_{\rm obs}$ is the observed maximum velocity difference and $\sigma_{\rm tot}$ is the velocity dispersion measured in the spatially-integrated line profile, suggesting a rotating system. Assuming a geometrically thin self-gravitating rotation disk model, we obtain $V_{\rm rot}/\sigma_V=0.67_{-0.26}^{+0.73}$, where $V_{\rm rot}$ and $\sigma_V$ are the rotation velocity and velocity dispersion, respectively, still consistent with rotation. The resulting disk mass of $0.65_{-0.40}^{+1.37}\times10^{9}$ M$_\odot$ is consistent with being associated with the stellar mass identified with a 300 Myr-old stellar population independently indicated by a Balmer break in the spectral energy distribution. We conclude that the most of the dynamical mass is associated with the previously-identified mature stellar population that formed at $z\sim15$., Comment: ApJL accepted
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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248. Toward Discovering Options that Achieve Faster Planning
- Author
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Wan, Yi and Sutton, Richard S.
- Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
We propose a new objective for option discovery that emphasizes the computational advantage of using options in planning. In a sequential machine, the speed of planning is proportional to the number of elementary operations used to achieve a good policy. For episodic tasks, the number of elementary operations depends on the number of options composed by the policy in an episode and the number of options being considered at each decision point. To reduce the amount of computation in planning, for a given set of episodic tasks and a given number of options, our objective prefers options with which it is possible to achieve a high return by composing few options, and also prefers a smaller set of options to choose from at each decision point. We develop an algorithm that optimizes the proposed objective. In a variant of the classic four-room domain, we show that 1) a higher objective value is typically associated with fewer number of elementary planning operations used by the option-value iteration algorithm to obtain a near-optimal value function, 2) our algorithm achieves an objective value that matches it achieved by two human-designed options 3) the amount of computation used by option-value iteration with options discovered by our algorithm matches it with the human-designed options, 4) the options produced by our algorithm also make intuitive sense--they seem to move to and terminate at the entrances of rooms.
- Published
- 2022
249. Disparities in Receipt of Adjuvant Immunotherapy among Stage III Melanoma Patients
- Author
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Mulligan, Kathleen M., Kakish, Hanna, Pawar, Omkar, Ahmed, Fasih Ali, Elshami, Mohamedraed, Rothermel, Luke D., Bordeaux, Jeremy S., Sheng, Iris Y., Mangla, Ankit, and Hoehn, Richard S.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
250. Temporal Changes in Innate and Adaptive Immunity During Sepsis as Determined by ELISpot
- Author
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Unsinger, Jacqueline, Osborne, Dale, Walton, Andrew H., Han, Ethan, Sheets, Lauren, Mazer, Monty B., Remy, Kenneth E., Griffith, Thomas S., Rao, Mahil, Badovinac, Vladimir P., Brackenridge, Scott C., Turnbull, Isaiah, Efron, Philip A., Moldawer, Lyle L., Caldwell, Charles C., and Hotchkiss, Richard S.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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