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Article 140 of the Iranian Civil Code, following Islamic jurisprudence, regards inheritance as the fourth cause of ownership. After death, one of the most important issues raised from the contract is the legal rights that had been given to the deceased. One of the legal rights is a consent to or refusal of a blunt transaction. In other words, the questions are: Is this right subject to inheritance after the right owner dies? If yes, how should heirs act? Iranian Civil Code and other legislation have not dealt with this issue adequately. Article 253 of the Code only states that this consent or refusal can be inherited in unauthorised transactions. In relation to this consent or refusal in blunt transactions, Islamic jurists treat it as a warrant, whereas there is a controversy among lawyers. Some lawyers consider it to be a right; however, others perceive it as a warrant. The prevailing view is the latter. Another question posed here is whether the inheritance of the consent or refusal depends on the subject-matter of the contract or it is an independent issue. In answering this question, it should be said that the inheritance of the consent or refusal is followed by inheritance of the subject-matter of contract (property). In other words, it can be interpreted that the property of the deceased is inherited to each heirs who inherits based on their own ownership. This article considers how this right is inherited, and examines relevant provisions and circumstances.

Background: The prevalence of water pipe (WP) smoking was studied using a standard questionnaire. Pulmonary function tests were also compared between WP smokers and non-smokers. Materials and Methods: The prevalence of WP smoking was studied using a standard questionnaire. Pulmonary function tests including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal expiratory flow at 75%, 50%, and 25% of the FVC (MEF75,50,25) were compared between WP smokers and non-smokers. Results: A total of 673 individuals including 372 males and 301 females were interviewed. The number of WP smokers was 58 (8.6%) including 24 males (6.5%) and 34 females (11.3%). All pulmonary functional test (PFT) values in WP smokers were lower as compared to the non-smokers (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). The prevalence and severity of respiratory symptoms (RS) in WP smokers were higher than non-smokers (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). There were negative correlations between PFT values and positive correlation between RS and duration, rate, as well as total smoking (duration X rate) (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study the prevalence of WP smoking in Mashhad city was evaluated for the first time. The results also showed a significant effect of WP smoking on PFT values and respiratory symptoms.