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206. Life on the frontier as seen in the early sketches and tales of Bret Harte

Author

Resnick, Robert Benjamin

Abstract

The spirit of the miner and frontiersman was not always one of pathos or loneliness. The simplicity of their existence made for a humor and self-confidence not to be found elsewhere in America. Theirs, as Harte expresses it, was a humor of democracy in which hardship, danger, and death were endured by being made light of. Cynicism could not be afforded on the frontier. The tendency to minimize rather than exaggerate a situation was a very singular element in the humor of the West and in the humor of Harte. Harte's treatment of the Spanish and Mexican civilizations in early California is important in that it not only gives the reader an historical background of the far West but prepares him for the incongruities which came about when Old and New World cultures clashed. Harte, generally sympathetic to the Spaniards and Mexicans, found an element in the mode of their existence which he took time to criticize and almost sneer at: namely, the Spanish Catholic church. In "The Legend of Monte del Diablo,'' for example, Spanish padres are made the objects of ridicule at the hands of a Devil who can see nothing but Anglo-Saxons and the hordes of gold which they are carrying out of California. The system of lasting partnerships was one of the more particular and romantic elements of pioneer existence. Loneliness and rampant lawlessness were two of the main reasons for the formation of partnerships. Harte's best example of loyalty of one man for another is his "Tennessee's Partner." In this story he shows where even death cannot separate the devotion which the one man has for the other. "The Iliad of Sandy Bar" is another famous example in which the theme is undying friendship. Here we see that love, time, and distance cannot rupture the devotion of Scott and York for each other. Harte always ends a story of broken friendship with the feeling that the parties concerned have either already become reconciled or will be so in the future. Gambling was tolerated in California till about 1855. Before this time--and it is with these years that Harte was concerned--the John Oakhursts and Jack Hamlins of California retained almost complete control of the destinies of many men. They lived virtually by the turn of a card. Harte in "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" gives us one of the best stories in which the philosophy of a gambler is tested to the limit. Oakhurst, whose steel nerve and steady right hand were the weapons of his existence, finally recognized his defeat at the hands of Mother Nature and "cashed in his chips." The fatalism that was the gambler's and the superstitions which accompanied that fatalism helped to set apart the California tempo--the easy-come-easy-go mode of existence--from that of the rest of the United States and even the world. The two reasons for the rampant lawlessness in the early West were the irresponsibility of the pioneers and their attitude toward the foreign elements in California. Dueling was one of the main sources of lawlessness. This system of revenging one's honor was carried over into California by the Southern element which indeed made up a sizeable portion of the society. The inimitable Colonel Starbottle as well as Oakhurst and Hamlin are the most famous professors of the dueling system in Harte's stories. It is Starbottle who is always holding himself "personally responsible" for the slightest intimation of flawlessness in his character. Harte, generally, is not sympathetic to dueling and only in a rare ease does he make the exception of sympathizing with the original challenger of a duel. Aside from the duel there was the lawlessness of theft and murder. Again, in "Tennessee's Partner," to take a prime example, we see that the Vigilance Committee was not slow in catching up with the wayward Tennessee or in doling out justice to him for the robberies he had committed. There is a singular and almost pathetic incident of carrying out the law, in the same story, when Tennessee's partner tries to bribe the jury into letting Tennessee go. This act is not accompanied by any willful malice on the partner's part, but it does show both the ignorance of the law on the part of many pioneers such as Tennessee and the attitude of confidence in the simple law of the West on the part of the jurors. Because of the fact that there were few women and children on the California frontier, those women and children who were there were looked upon and worshipped as creatures few and far between. But a woman was not only regarded as a creature of beauty--as was Jo Folinsbee--but as an idol of respect as well. Women such as Miggles, M'liss, and Jenny McClosky, who maintained their self-respect and femininity in spite of physical hardships and forced loneliness, represent the feminine element of California society which drew the courtesy and reverence of the roughest and toughest men on the frontier. Children, too, because they were in the minority and because they were forced to spend the formative years of their lives in a comparatively bare environment, were looked upon sympathetically and affectionately. The "Luck'' of Roaring Camp was the cause of a minor tumult because he was a rarity. We see how cursing is forbidden because of him and how the poor Kentuck does not forget--to his dying day--that the Luck had "wrastled' with his finger when he was less than an hour old. Bret Harte, from his early Bohemian days in San Francisco to the time he left California, is in extreme sympathy with the Chinese in Western society. He bitterly describes the brutal treatment of the "heathen" element in "Wan Lee" and in "An Episode of Fiddletown." Stoning to death, the refusal of permits to ride in local vehicles, robbery, and general man-handling were several of the afflictions the Chinese suffered at the hands of the Anglo-Saxons. The fact that Bret Harte in his own veins contained the blood of a persecuted people might be taken to account for his sympathy towards the Chinese.

Published
1948

207. College Experience and Change in Locus of Control

Author

Resnick, Robert

Abstract

Ninety-one college students were administered The DeKalb Survey Test during their freshman and junior years to assess possible changes in locus of control. On the basis of their freshman scores, subjects were assigned to an internal group, an internal-external group, or an external group..The greatest change occurred for the external group in the predicted internal direction. The internal-external group changed in the internal direction, but not as much as did externals. Although the internal group became more external, none of the three groups could be classified as externally oriented by their junior year. The higher achieving students and those from an urban background also changed significantly in the internal direction and were more internal as juniors than were the less achieving students'and those from a rural background.

Published
1971

208. No harm in a coat of many colours.

Author

Resnick, Robert

Subjects
PSYCHOLOGISTS, DRUG prescribing, PSYCHOLOGY
Abstract

Emphasizes the advantages of giving prescription rights to British psychologists. Superiority of medication management and psychotherapy; Implications of denying treatments that are effective in reducing symptoms; Optimism on the evolution of the practice and training in psychology.

Published
2003

209. Role of cathepsin S in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation

Author

Williams, Alison S., Eynott, Paul R., Leung, Sum-Yee, Nath, Puneeta, Jupp, Ray, De Sanctis, George T., Resnick, Robert, Adcock, Ian M., and Chung, Kian Fan

Subjects
*OZONE, *OXYGEN, *CYTOKINES, *LUNG disease diagnosis, *RESPIRATORY allergy
Abstract

Abstract: Ambient ozone has been linked to the worsening of symptoms of patients with obstructive diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. We investigated the role of cathepsin S on ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation, using the selective cathepsin S inhibitor, Compound A. Balb/c mice were exposed to ozone at a concentration of 3ppm or air for 3h, following administration by gavage of Compound A or vehicle. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 3h and 20–24h following exposure, AHR was measured at 20–24h only. Ozone exposure, compared to air exposure increased BAL cathepsin S levels, AHR and BAL inflammatory cells. Compound A (30mgkg−1 p.o.) dosing compared to vehicle dosing inhibited ozone-induced AHR (−logPC100 vehicle: −0.70±0.12, n =8 vs. cathepsin S inhibitor: −1.30±0.06, P <0.001, n =8) at 20–24h and BAL neutrophilia at 3h and 20–24h (P <0.05, n =6). Ozone exposure increased levels of BAL cytokines IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ. Compound A reduced IL-6 at 3h and 20–24h (P <0.05, n =5) and TNF-α, at 20–24h (P <0.05, n =6). These data indicate an important role for cathepsin S in the regulation of ozone-induced AHR and neutrophil cell recruitment and suggest that cathepsin S may be a target in the treatment of oxidative stress-induced AHR and inflammation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2009
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210. License Portability: Do We Want It?

Author

Fagan, Thomas J., Ax, Robert K., Liss, Miriam, Resnick, Robert J., and Moody, Sara

Subjects
*PROFESSIONAL licenses, *PSYCHOLOGISTS, *OCCUPATIONAL mobility, *PSYCHOLOGY, *SURVEYS
Abstract

This study surveyed interns, postdoctoral residents, directors of training, and psychologists in independent practice to assess their support for the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Board's efforts to facilitate license portability across state or provincial boundaries. Results indicate strong support at all career levels and are discussed in terms of psychology remaining competitive in a constantly changing workplace. Additional research to clarify motives for this strong support and to identify possible drawbacks to license portability is also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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211. Prescriptive Authority and Preferences for Training.

Author

Fagan, Thomas J., Ax, Robert K., Liss, Miriam, Resnick, Robert J., and Moody, Sara

Subjects
*PRESCRIPTION privileges for clinical psychologists, *PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, *OCCUPATIONAL training, *PSYCHOLOGISTS, *MENTAL health personnel
Abstract

This study assessed the views of psychology interns, residents, and psychologists regarding various aspects of the American Psychological Association's prescriptive authority initiative, willingness to seek prescriptive authority, and views regarding psychopharmacological training. Results demonstrated continuing support for prescriptive authority legislation and for a training curriculum that begins prior to completion of the doctorate. Personal interest in pursuing training for prescriptive authority decreased markedly as tuition rose above $10,000 and time to completion extended beyond 2 years. Results are discussed in terms of the costs versus benefits of such training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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212. Professional Education and Training: How Satisfied Are We? An Exploratory Study.

Author

Fagan, Thomas J., Ax, Robert K., Liss, Miriam, Resnick, Robert J., and Moody, Sara

Subjects
*PROFESSIONAL education, *OCCUPATIONAL training, *JOB satisfaction, *PSYCHOLOGY, *CONTINUING education
Abstract

A survey of 497 interns, residents, and psychologists indicated general satisfaction with their career choices and training. A majority of respondents (about 68%) desired more training in career/workplace issues and 44% wanted additional training in the biological bases of behavior. Some believed that the financial and time commitments needed to become a psychologist might outweigh the long-term benefits. Limitations of the study including low sample size were discussed. Results were also discussed in terms of abbreviating the current training curriculum to maintain competitiveness in the workplace, and in terms of the costs versus benefits of becoming psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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213. Molecular Features and Stages of Pulmonary Fibrosis Driven by Type 2 Inflammation.

Author

Mattoo H, Bangari DS, Cummings S, Humulock Z, Habiel D, Xu EY, Pate N, Resnick R, Savova V, Qian G, Beil C, Rao E, Nestle FO, Bryce PJ, and Subramaniam A

Subjects
Humans, Mice, Animals, Interleukin-13, Interleukin-4, Fibrosis, Lung pathology, Inflammation pathology, Mice, Transgenic, Cytokines, Pulmonary Fibrosis pathology, Lung Diseases, Interstitial pathology, Scleroderma, Systemic
Abstract

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a progressive, multiorgan disease with limited treatment options. Although a recent proof-of-concept study using romilkimab or SAR156597, a bispecific IL-4/IL-13 antibody, suggests a direct role of these cytokines in the pathophysiology of SSc, their contributions to the balance between inflammation and fibrosis are unclear. Here, we determine the roles of type 2 inflammation in fibrogenesis using FRA2-Tg (Fos-related antigen 2-overexpressing transgenic) mice, which develop spontaneous, age-dependent progressive lung fibrosis. We defined the molecular signatures of inflammation and fibrosis at three key stages in disease progression, corresponding to preonset, inflammatory dominant, and fibrosis dominant biology, and revealed an early increase in cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and antigen-processing and presentation pathways followed by enhanced Th2- and M2 macrophage-driven type 2 responses. This type 2 inflammation progressed to extensive fibrotic pathology by 14-18 weeks of age, with these gene signatures overlapping significantly with those seen in the lungs of patients with SSc with interstitial lung disease (ILD). These changes were also evident in the histopathology, which showed perivascular and peribronchiolar inflammation with prominent eosinophilia and accumulation of profibrotic M2-like macrophages followed by rapid progression to fibrosis with thickened alveolar walls with multifocal fibrotic bands and signs of interstitial pneumonia. Critically, treatment with a bispecific antibody targeting IL-4 and IL-13 during the inflammatory phase abrogated the Th2 and M2 responses and led to near-complete abrogation of lung fibrosis. These data recapitulate important features of fibrotic progression in the lungs of patients with SSc-ILD and enhance our understanding of the progressive pathobiology of SSc. This study also further establishes FRA2-Tg mice as a valuable tool for testing future therapeutic agents in SSc-ILD.

Published
2023
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214. Role of Stromelysin 2 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 10) as a Novel Mediator of Vascular Remodeling Underlying Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Systemic Sclerosis.

Author

Avouac J, Guignabert C, Hoffmann-Vold AM, Ruiz B, Dorfmuller P, Pezet S, Amar O, Tu L, Van Wassenhove J, Sadoine J, Launay D, Elhai M, Cauvet A, Subramaniam A, Resnick R, Hachulla E, Molberg Ø, Kahan A, Humbert M, and Allanore Y

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Animals, Antibodies, Neutralizing pharmacology, Case-Control Studies, Cell Proliferation drug effects, Cell Survival, Disease Models, Animal, Endothelial Progenitor Cells, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Fos-Related Antigen-2 genetics, Humans, Hypertension, Pulmonary etiology, Hypertension, Pulmonary metabolism, Lung drug effects, Lung metabolism, Male, Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 immunology, Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 metabolism, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Microarray Analysis, Middle Aged, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor drug effects, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor metabolism, Pulmonary Fibrosis etiology, Pulmonary Fibrosis metabolism, Scleroderma, Systemic complications, Scleroderma, Systemic metabolism, Signal Transduction, Vascular Remodeling drug effects, Endothelial Cells metabolism, Hypertension, Pulmonary genetics, Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 genetics, Pulmonary Artery metabolism, Pulmonary Fibrosis genetics, Scleroderma, Systemic genetics
Abstract

Objective: To elucidate the role of gene candidates involved in pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc)., Methods: Gene candidates were identified through microarray experiments performed on Affymetrix GeneChip Human Exon 1.0 ST arrays in endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-derived endothelial cells (ECs) obtained from patients with SSc-associated PH, patients with SSc without PH, and healthy control subjects. Expression of identified gene candidates was assessed by quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serum, and by immunohistochemistry in lesional lung tissue. The functional importance of the identified gene candidates was then evaluated in fos-related antigen 2-transgenic (Fra-2-Tg) mice that spontaneously develop SSc-like features associated with an intense pulmonary vascular remodeling., Results: Microarray experiments revealed that the matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP-10) gene was the top up-regulated gene in SSc-associated PH EPC-derived ECs. Circulating serum proMMP10 concentrations were markedly increased in patients with SSc-associated PH compared to SSc patients without PH and healthy controls. Consistent with these observations, a strong MMP10 staining of the thickened wall of distal pulmonary arteries was found both in the lungs of patients with SSc-associated PH and in the lungs of Fra-2-Tg mice. Daily treatment of Fra-2-Tg mice with neutralizing anti-MMP10 antibodies did not significantly affect the development and severity of pulmonary fibrosis, but did reverse established PH and markedly reduced pulmonary vascular remodeling by reducing cell proliferation, cell survival, and the platelet-derived growth factor signaling axis., Conclusion: Gene expression profiling of EPC-derived ECs identified MMP10 as a novel candidate gene in SSc-associated PH. MMP10 is overexpressed in the serum and pulmonary arteries of patients with SSc-associated PH, and its blockade alleviates PH in the Fra-2-Tg mouse model. MMP10 appears to be a prospective treatment target for this devastating disorder., (© 2017, American College of Rheumatology.)

Published
2017
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215. OX40L blockade protects against inflammation-driven fibrosis.

Author

Elhai M, Avouac J, Hoffmann-Vold AM, Ruzehaji N, Amiar O, Ruiz B, Brahiti H, Ponsoye M, Fréchet M, Burgevin A, Pezet S, Sadoine J, Guilbert T, Nicco C, Akiba H, Heissmeyer V, Subramaniam A, Resnick R, Molberg Ø, Kahan A, Chiocchia G, and Allanore Y

Subjects
Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal pharmacology, Antibodies, Monoclonal therapeutic use, Biomarkers blood, Bleomycin, Case-Control Studies, Cells, Cultured, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Fibrosis, Fos-Related Antigen-2 genetics, Humans, Hypertension, Pulmonary prevention & control, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Middle Aged, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Pulmonary Fibrosis genetics, Scleroderma, Systemic drug therapy, Skin metabolism, Transcription Factor AP-1 metabolism, OX40 Ligand antagonists & inhibitors, OX40 Ligand blood, Pulmonary Fibrosis prevention & control, Scleroderma, Systemic blood, Skin pathology
Abstract

Treatment for fibrosis represents a critical unmet need, because fibrosis is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries, and there is no effective therapy to counteract the fibrotic process. The development of fibrosis relates to the interplay between vessel injury, immune cell activation, and fibroblast stimulation, which can occur in various tissues. Immunotherapies have provided a breakthrough in the treatment of immune diseases. The glycoprotein OX40-OX40 ligand (OX40L) axis offers the advantage of a targeted approach to costimulatory signals with limited impact on the whole immune response. Using systemic sclerosis (SSc) as a prototypic disease, we report compelling evidence that blockade of OX40L is a promising strategy for the treatment of inflammation-driven fibrosis. OX40L is overexpressed in the fibrotic skin and serum of patients with SSc, particularly in patients with diffuse cutaneous forms. Soluble OX40L was identified as a promising serum biomarker to predict the worsening of lung and skin fibrosis, highlighting the role of this pathway in fibrosis. In vivo, OX40L blockade prevents inflammation-driven skin, lung, and vessel fibrosis and induces the regression of established dermal fibrosis in different complementary mouse models. OX40L exerts potent profibrotic effects by promoting the infiltration of inflammatory cells into lesional tissues and therefore the release of proinflammatory mediators, thereafter leading to fibroblast activation.

Published
2016
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216. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis in the United States.

Author

Pazirandeh S, Khettry U, Gordon FD, Resnick RH, Murray JE, and Sheth SG

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Disease Progression, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular metabolism, Cyclooxygenase 2 metabolism, Hepatitis, Chronic metabolism, Liver Cirrhosis metabolism, Liver Neoplasms metabolism
Abstract

Unlabelled: Aberrant expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma was described in Asia. Using immunohistochemistry, we studied the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis in a US institution. A staining score of 0-5 representing the sum of an intensity score and a distribution score was used. The mean scores were 2.2+/-1.60 for chronic hepatitis, 4.37+/-1.15 for cirrhosis, and 4.76+/-0.54 for hepatocellular carcinoma. We found a significant difference in mean staining scores between chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis (p < 0.0001), as well as between chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (p < 0.0001). Fibrosis correlated with cyclooxygenase-2 staining score (r=0.65)., In Conclusion: (1) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is higher in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma when compared to chronic hepatitis. (2) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with the stage of fibrosis. (3) These results imply that in chronic hepatitis and possibly in cirrhosis, hepatocarcinogenesis may be a cyclooxygenase-2 dependent mechanism.

Published
2007
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217. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in teens and adults: they don't all outgrow it.

Author

Resnick RJ

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity therapy, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Comorbidity, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Psychotherapy, Sex Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity diagnosis, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity epidemiology
Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been long recognized and well established in children, but its continuation into adulthood has only recently been supported by the research. ADHD symptoms and concerns typically appear differently in adults, but treatment options, conceptually at least, are similar to those used for children who have ADHD. This article introduces the issue of Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session devoted to ADHD in teens and adults. It presents the prevalence and manifestations of the disorder and then reviews the subsequent articles on the comorbidity, evaluation, education, psychopharmacology, and psychosocial treatments of ADHD for teens and adults. The issue concludes with an article on neurobiofeedback, a relatively new treatment option., (Copyright 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc)

Published
2005
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