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Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover-change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2004–2013), EFF was 8.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 2.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1. For year 2013 alone, EFF grew to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, 2.3% above 2012, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 5.4 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. GATM was high in 2013, reflecting a steady increase in EFF and smaller and opposite changes between SOCEAN and SLAND compared to the past decade (2004–2013). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 395.31 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.5% (1.3–3.5%) to 10.1 ± 0.6 GtC in 2014 (37.0 ± 2.2 GtCO2 yr−1), 65% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2014, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 545 ± 55 GtC (2000 ± 200 GtCO2) for 1870–2014, about 75% from EFF and 25% from ELUC. This paper documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this living data set (Le Quéré et al., 2013, 2014). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2014)., Earth System Science Data, 7 (1), ISSN:1866-3516, ISSN:1866-3508

Background: During the last years, the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for animal species identification has been proven in many studies, analyzing both vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. In terms of marine organisms, however, most barcoding studies typically focus on economically relevant species, for example, fish, as well asonthedocumentationof hotspots of species diversity, for example, tropical coral reefs or regions of the almost unexplored deep sea regions. In contrast to this, species diversity of “well-known” habitats is nearly neglected. As part of our running project we started to build up a comprehensive DNA barcode library for the metazoan taxa of the North Sea, one of the most extensively studied ecosystems of the world. The North Sea is characterized by a highamountof anthropogenic pressure such as intensive fishing and ship traffic as well as offshore installations. Environmental parameters (e.g., depth, sediment characteristics, temperature, and salinity) of this semi-enclosed shelf sea follow a distinct pattern: high seasonal fluctuations can be observed in southern areas, but low fluctuations are given in the northern regions. This heterogeneity is also displayed in macrobenthic community structures, with a lower number of species in the shallow southern parts (i.e., the German Bight) and more species in the central and northern North Sea. In addition to this, species with a typical Mediterranean-Lusitanean distribution are also known to occur in parts of the North Sea where oceanic influences prevail. Results: Our barcode library includes a broad variety of taxa, including typical taxa of marine barcoding studies, for example, fish or decapod crustaceans. Our on-growing library also includes groups that are often ignored as cnidarians, parasitic crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, pantopods, polychaets, and others. In total, our library includes more than 4200 DNA barcodes of more than 600 species at the moment. By using the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), unique BINs were identified for more than 90% of the analyzed species. Significance: Our data represent a first step towards the establishment of a comprehensive DNA barcode library of the Metazoa of the North Sea. Despite the fact that various taxa are still missing or are currently underrepresented, our results clearly underline the usefulness of DNA barcodes to discriminate the vast majority of the analyzed species. It should be also kept in mind that the benefits of DNA barcoding are not restricted to taxonomic or systematic research only. The rise of modern high-throughput sequencing technologies will change biomonitoring applications and surveys significantly in the coming years. Following this, reference datasets such as ours will become essential for a correct identification of specimens sequenced as part of a metabarcoding study. This is especially true for the North Sea, a marine region that has been massively affected by cargo ship traffic, the exploitation of oil and gas resources, offshore wind parks, and in particular extensive long-term fisheries.

Species identification represents a pivotal component for large-scale biodiversity studies and conservation planning but represents a challenge for many taxa when using morphological traits only. Consequently, alternative identification methods based on molecular markers have been proposed. In this context, DNA barcoding has become a popular and accepted method for the identification of unknown animals across all life stages by comparison to a reference library. In this review we examine the progress of barcoding studies for the Crustacea using the Web of Science data base from 2003 to 2014. All references were classified in terms of taxonomy covered, subject area (identification/library, genetic variability, species descriptions, phylogenetics, methods, pseudogenes/numts), habitat, geographical area, authors, journals, citations, and the use of the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD). Our analysis revealed a total number of 164 barcoding studies for crustaceans with a preference for malacostracan crustaceans, in particular Decapoda, and for building reference libraries in order to identify organisms. So far, BOLD did not establish itself as a popular informatics platform among carcinologists although it offers many advantages for standardized data storage, analyses and publication.

RWTH-Themen 2015(2), 32-36(2015). special issue: "Bauingenieurwesen / Redaktion: Angelika Hamacher, Melanie Kaesler, Nora Tretau", Published by RWTH, Aachen

Key to the northern Indian Ocean species of Cymodoce (adult males) 1. Appendix masculina straight, extending slightly beyond endopod apex (by about C. fuscina Schotte & Kensley, 2005 3. Pleotelson with a large domed boss, and deep apical notch.................................................... 4 - Pleotelson with a very large domed boss, longitudinal row of tubercles on either side, shallow apical notch.......................................................................................... C. spinula Yousuf & Javed, 2001 4. Each pleotelsonic longitudinal ridges flanked on lateral side by 3 prominent tubercles, uropod rami extending beyond pleotel- sonic medial lobe apex......................................................... C. richardsoniae Nobili, 1906 - Each pleotelsonic longitudinal ridges flanked on lateral side by 2 prominent tubercles, uropod rami not extending to level of pleotelsonic medial lobe apex................................ C. delvarii Khalaji-Pirbalouty, Bruce & W��gele, 2013 5 Uropodal endopod subequal to exopod, medial margin straight, distally oblique................................... 6 - Uropodal endopod longer than exopod, medial margin convex, distal margin acute.............. C. longistylis Miers, 1884 6 Pleotelson anterodorsal part without 2 slightly divergent ridges................................................. 7 - Pleotelson anterodorsal part with 2 slightly divergent ridges............................. C. bicarinata Stebbing, 1904 7 Pleotelson lacking scattered tubercles between two large prominent bifid bosses, flanked on lateral side by 2 prominent tuber- cles. Pereonites 3 and 4 with 2 continuous rows of tubercles............... Cymodoce tribullis Harrison & Holdich, 1984 - Pleotelson with numerous scattered tubercles between two large prominent bifid bosses, lacking 2 prominent lateral side tuber- cles................................................................................ C. waegelei sp. nov., Published as part of Khalaji-Pirbalouty, Valiallah & Raupach, Michael J., 2014, A new species of Cymodoce Leach, 1814 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae) based on morphological and molecular data, with a key to the Northern Indian Ocean species, pp. 230-254 in Zootaxa 3826 (1) on page 249, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/251189, {"references":["Schotte, M. & Kensley, B. (2005) New species and records of Flabellifera from the Indian Ocean (Crustacea: Peracarida: Isopoda). Journal of Natural History, 39, 1211 - 1282. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930400005757","Khalaji-Pirbalouty, V., Bruce, N. L. & Wagele, J. W. (2013) The genus Cymodoce Leach, 1814 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae) in the Persian Gulf with description of a new species. Zootaxa, 3686, 501 - 533. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3686.5.1","Miers, E. J. (1884) Crustacea. Report of the Zoological Collections made in the Indo - Pacific Ocean during the voyage of HMS ' Alert', 1881 - 1882: 178 - 331, Part 2: 513 - 575, Plates XVIII-XXXIV, Part 2: XLVI-LII. Miller, M. A. (1968) Isopoda and Tanaidacea from Buoys in Coastal Waters of the Continental United States, Hawaii, and the Bahamas. Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Smithsonian Institution Press, 124, 1 - 53.","Harrison, K. & Holdich, D. M. (1984) Hemibranchiate sphaeromatids (Crustacea: Isopoda) from Queensland, Australia, with a world-wide review of the genera discussed. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 81, 275 - 387. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1984. tb 01175. x"]}

Through 1959–2012, an airborne fraction (AF) of 0.44 of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions remained in the atmosphere, with the rest being taken up by land and ocean CO2 sinks. Understanding of this uptake is critical because it greatly alleviates the emissions reductions required for climate mitigation, and also reduces the risks and damages that adaptation has to embrace. An observable quantity that reflects sink properties more directly than the AF is the CO2 sink rate (kS), the combined land–ocean CO2 sink flux per unit excess atmospheric CO2 above preindustrial levels. Here we show from observations that kS declined over 1959–2012 by a factor of about 1 / 3, implying that CO2 sinks increased more slowly than excess CO2. Using a carbon–climate model, we attribute the decline in kS to four mechanisms: slower-than-exponential CO2 emissions growth (~ 35% of the trend), volcanic eruptions (~ 25%), sink responses to climate change (~ 20%), and nonlinear responses to increasing CO2, mainly oceanic (~ 20%). The first of these mechanisms is associated purely with the trajectory of extrinsic forcing, and the last two with intrinsic, feedback responses of sink processes to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2. Our results suggest that the effects of these intrinsic, nonlinear responses are already detectable in the global carbon cycle. Although continuing future decreases in kS will occur under all plausible CO2 emission scenarios, the rate of decline varies between scenarios in non-intuitive ways because extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms respond in opposite ways to changes in emissions: extrinsic mechanisms cause kS to decline more strongly with increasing mitigation, while intrinsic mechanisms cause kS to decline more strongly under high-emission, low-mitigation scenarios as the carbon–climate system is perturbed further from a near-linear regime. ISSN:1726-4170 ISSN:1726-4170