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GENERAL INTRODUCTIONTo keep pace with the increasing demand for sawn timber and toncompensate for the depletion of naturally regenerated forests, it hasnbeen estimated (Grenning, 1962) that within twenty years approximatelynhalf of the total timber supply for Queensland will have to be obtainednfrom plantations. This situation was recognized over forty years agonand steps have been taken to establish the necessary plantations.nAccording to the latest available records (Director of Forests, 1964)nsome 105,000 acres of native and exotic conifers have been establishednin Queensland and these are being continuously extended at the rate ofnca. 5,000 acres per annum (Director of Forests, 1957).However, the production of a mere quantity of timber does notnnecessarily ensure an adequate supply of high quality sawn material.nThis aspect has also been recognized for a considerable time and annintensive research programme has been followed on the Various aspects ofnplantation management, improvement and utilization. In the early 1950'snthe research programme on utilization was extended and a series ofnexperiments were started with the aim of assessing the quality ofnplantation grown material. The most important results and conclusionsnfrom these early experiments are summarized by Jennings (1957) togethernwith an outline of future policy of integrated Forest Products and ForestnResearch.nTo give a brief introduction of this policy, hereunder is anshort quote from the paper:qIf the rate of growth is not a significant factorin wood quality then there are very definite economicadvantages to be gained from either a shorter rotationor larger size in the same rotation. If the growing ofconifers is to be rationalised then the costs of growingand conversion must be on the soundest possible economicbasis. This, in effect, means a policy of the largestpossible size of tree of suitable quality in the minimumpossible time No forester can be sure of the ultimate end use ofthe forest crop, and there are many special attributesdesirable for particular purposes. A compromise isinevitable but in all uses, however, there are certainequirements always in demand:1. Freedom from defect; innfreedom from knots.nconifers primarily2. Durability.3. Satisfactory mechanical and physical propertiesnand in particular n n stability or freedom fromndistortion.qThe aspects of high rate of growth or vigour and freedom from knotsnare basically problems of Forest Research and these are attacked both bynspecialized silvicultural treatments (e.g.. intensity of thinning ofnplantations and pruning of stems) and by the selection of suitable parentntrees and cross breeding (McWilliam and Florence* 1955). Durability maynbe partly controlled by the selection of species with early heartwoodnformation, but it is doubtful that this procedure will provide anpractical solution because the excess resin in the heartwood of Pinus spp.nis disadvantageous if the material is to be utilized for the productionnof pulp. n n n n

The study examined the effect of the impact of manufacturing industries on the economic growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia، and to analyze the size of manufacturing growth and its contribution to economic growth. This study is based on the descriptive analytical approach to identify the development of manufacturing industries in Saudi Arabia and the size of its impact on the growth of the Saudi economy and also based on the methodology of standard analysis using time series data، and the application of unit root testing and common integration and multiple linear regression by applying an Ordinary Least Square (OLS)، to examine the relationship between the rate of economic growth، the rate of GDP of manufacturing، the rate of oil exports، the rate of industrial loans، and the rate of exports of manufacturing industries. The results indicate to negative impact of manufacturing industries، oil exports and industrial exports on economic growth in the long term، despite their positive impact in the short term and the existence of a direct correlation between the rate of growth of oil exports and economic growth in the short term، and the inverse relationship of industrial loans and industrial exports on economic growth. The study summarized several recommendations، including that decision-makers need to pay attention to manufacturing industries and oil exports taking into account the long- term risks of global oil markets and import prices، and the adoption of more extensive policies with regard to industrial loans and maximize industrial exports to affect economic growth positively.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), We obtain the holographic complexity of an evaporating black hole in the semi-classical RST model of two-dimensional dilaton gravity, using a volume prescription that takes into account the higher-dimensional origin of the model. For classical black holes, we recover the expected late time behaviour of the complexity, but new features arise at the semi-classical level. By considering the volume inside the stretched horizon of the evolving black hole, we obtain sensible results for the rate of growth of the complexity, with an early onset of order the black hole scrambling time followed by an extended period where the rate of growth tracks the shrinking area of the stretched horizon as the black hole evaporates.

The ecotoxicological evaluation of the upper-middle part of Camana-Majes-Colca Basin, Peru was -1carried out in three sampling points: Capiza, Colca and Majes compared with CuSO (1 mg·L ), 4 which is a toxic standard for the bioindicator microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. In each sampling point, pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulfides, ammoniacal nitrogen, cyanide WAD, free cyanide, nitrates, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, thermo-tolerant coliforms, oils grease and heavy metals were measured. The lowest rate of P. subcapitata growth was in Capiza's sampling Point (0.008) where values of pH, manganese and iron exceeded Peruvian EQS (Environment Quality Standard) for water in category 3. These results show a correlation with high level of significance (P

The protracted nature of development makes the cerebellum vulnerable to a broad spectrum of pathologic conditions, especially during the early fetal period. This study aims to characterize normal cerebellar growth in human fetuses during the early second trimester. We manually segmented the fetal cerebellum using 7.0-T high-resolution MR images obtained in 35 specimens with gestational ages ranging from 15 to 22 weeks. Volume measurements and shape analysis were performed to quantitatively evaluate global and regional cerebellar growth. The absolute volume of the fetal cerebellum showed a quadratic growth with increasing gestational age, while the pattern of relative volume changes revealed that the cerebellum grew at a greater pace than the cerebrum after 17 gestational weeks. Shape analysis was used to examine the distinctive development of subregions of the cerebellum. The extreme lateral portions of both cerebellar hemispheres showed the lowest rate of growth. The anterior lobe grew faster than most of the posterior lobe. These findings expand our understanding of the early growth pattern of the human cerebellum and could be further used to assess the developmental conditions of the fetal brain.

Los sistemas naturales y humanos de la Tierra soportan presiones dramáticas debido al cambio climático. Una gran cantidad de evidencia científica muestra que el cambio climático es, en parte, causado por actividades antropogénicas. El inicio de la revolución industrial, alrededor de 1750, intensificó la tasa de acumulación de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera terrestre. Este aumento de la concentración de GEI en la atmósfera, sin duda, ha acelerado los cambios en el clima del planeta, causando a su vez un aumento de las temperaturas globales del suelo, los océanos y el aire. Este aumento de la temperatura global afecta notablemente a los sistemas naturales y humanos por igual. Científicos, sectores interesados, personalidades sociales y políticas han exigido a los gobiernos y otras organizaciones locales, nacionales y supranacionales que acepten su responsabilidad y emprendan acciones decisivas para mitigar el cambio climático y sus impactos. Actualmente, uno de los principales objetivos de la humanidad, para minimizar o evitar desastres catastróficos relacionados con el clima, es mantener el calentamiento global por debajo de los 2∘ C en comparación con los niveles preindustriales. En consecuencia, la comunidad internacional ha respondido de diferentes maneras para mitigar y adaptarse a los impactos del cambio climático. Este artículo presenta un análisis de la literatura sobre la ciencia del cambio climático y la respuesta política global, proporcionando, además, una descripción del establecimiento de diferentes organizaciones científicas y políticas clave destinadas a mitigar el cambio climático. Abstract: Earth’s natural and human systems are enduring dramatic pressures due to climate change. A great body of scientific evidence shows that climate change is, in part, caused by anthropogenic activities. The start of the industrial revolution, around 1750, intensified the rate of growth of GHGs’ concentration in Earth’s atmosphere. The increased atmospheric GHGs’ concentration has, undoubtedly, accelerated changes in Earth’s climate, which in turn, caused an increase of global land, ocean, and air temperatures. This global temperature rise is noticeably impacting natural and human systems alike. Scientists, stakeholders, social and political personalities have demanded governments and other organizations at local, national and supranational levels to accept their responsibility and undertake decisive actions to mitigate climate change and its impacts. At present, one of the main goals of humankind, to minimize or avoid catastrophic climate-related disasters, is to keep earth’s warming below 2∘ C compared to pre-industrial levels. In this context, the international community has responded in different ways to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. This paper presents a brief review of the literature of the science of climate change and the global political response. Science and political response must go hand in hand to fight climate change and its impacts. This paper also provides an account of the establishment of different key scientific and political organizations aimed to mitigate climate change. Palabras clave: Cambio Climático, Ciencia Medioambiental, Política Medioambiental. Keywords: Climate Change, Environmental Science, Environmental Policy.

We are concerned with how the implementation of growth determines the expected number of state-changes in a growing self-organizing process. With this problem in mind, we examine two versions of the voter model on a one-dimensional growing lattice. Our main result asserts that the expected number of state-changes before an absorbing state is found can be controlled by balancing the conservative and disruptive forces of growth. This is because conservative growth preserves the self-organization of the voter model as it searches for an absorbing state, whereas disruptive growth undermines this self-organization. In particular, we focus on controlling the expected number of state-changes as the rate of growth tends to zero or infinity in the limit. These results illustrate how growth can affect the costs of self-organization and so are pertinent to the physics of growing active matter.

This note discusses metrics that have been used frequently during the coronavirus pandemic: (i) the growth in the number of cases and deaths; (ii) the time they take to double; (iii) the re-infection ratio, generally known as the reproduction ratio R; and (iv) the excess mortality above the norm. The analysis here compares the UK with other countries in Europe, and is based on the daily counts disclosed by the relevant government agencies. Compound daily growth rates are extracted from weekly changes in order to smooth out short-term fluctuations; the visualisation of doubling is made clearer with a log base 2 plot; and comparability is improved by weighting for population, by standardising starting times, and by accounting for excess deaths with respect to the previous year. It is shown how growth curves behave as they converge to zero, the point at which there will have been no new cases for an entire week. It is also shown how the effects of the epidemic peaked when the doubling time lengthened to about two weeks, and the rate of growth in the total number of deaths fell to about 5% per day. A simple benchmark for R is constructed as the ratio of this week's new cases to last week's new cases, which reaches zero when the number of confirmed infections stabilises.

We model a stable population that has experienced an important historical event and the declining proportion of the population that remembers that event, as time passes. The proportion is determined by the demographic characteristics of the population, including its age distribution, the natural rate of growth, the underlying birth rate, the life table probabilities to which the population is subject, and the effects of immigration and emigration under alternative assumptions about the nature of the event. (We distinguish between “local” and “universal” events.) It is determined also by the choice of an age of awareness of children at the time the event occurred. We preface development of the model by noting examples of major events of the kind we have in mind and, after development, explore the model’s sensitivity to different parameter specifications, by experimental simulation. The output of each experiment is a sequence of “remembering” proportions at successive decade intervals and the corresponding mean ages of the “rememberers” in relation to the overall mean age of the population.

Nineteenth-century classical economist Thomas Malthus predicted a bleak future for mankind because of his argument that population growth had a natural tendency to outpace growth in food supplies. Interest in the ideas of Malthus was reawakened by the explosion in international food prices during the 1970s—the ‘World Food Crisis’—but this quickly subsided when prices fell and we entered an era of ‘cheap food’. However, international food prices exploded again in 2008 and since then have remained relatively high and volatile. This time, the cause may have been a major shift in the long term balance between supply and demand for food on world markets. Although most experts predict a gradual decline in the rate of growth in the world’s population, this still means many more mouths to feed by the end of the century. In principle, there can be enough food, but more enlightened international policies will be required if global inequality does not lead to a Malthusian future.

As China’s economy goes into the new normal, hard constraints such as resources, environment and climate variation will slow it down. However, the great potential for economic development and the inertia for economic growth will still keep China’s economy growing at a medium-to-high speed. It is predicted that China’s GDP will maintain a growth rate of 6.5–7% in 2016–2020 and a medium-high rate of growth in 2020–2030 (see Fig. 2.1).

Meningiomas are benign tumors that arise from the meningo-epithelial cells of the arachnoid dura and account for approximately one-third of all adult intracranial tumors. With the evolution of diagnostic imaging and the average life span increasing, meningiomas are being detected more frequently in an older population. In the elderly population, defined by patients aged 60 years or older, meningiomas are the most incidentally detected benign primary brain tumor. As a patient ages, the rate of growth of the meningioma decreases, while comorbidities increase, making the elderly population a unique group when it comes to decision-making for treatment. Treatment options for intracranial meningiomas in the elderly include surgery, radiosurgery, or observation. Although age may have some part in treatment considerations, comorbidities, overall state of health, and tumor characteristics play a more significant role in patient outcome. This chapter will investigate the incidence, evaluation, treatment, and outcomes of intracranial meningiomas in the elderly population.

IntroductionGrowth impairment has often been described in children who develop coeliac disease (CD). Based on data from the multicentre, longitudinal PreventCD study, we analysed the growth patterns of infants at genetic risk of CD, comparing those who developed CD by 6 years of age (CD ‘cases’, 113 infants) versus those who did not develop CD by 6 years (no CD ‘controls’, 831 infants).MethodsWeight and length/height were measured using a longitudinal protocol. Raw measurements were standardised, computing z-scores for length/height and weight; a linear mixed model was fitted to the data in order to compare the rate of growth in the two cohorts.ResultsNeither cases nor controls had significant growth failure. However, when the mean z-scores for weight and height were analysed, there was a difference between the two groups starting at fourth month of life. When the growth pattern in the first year was analysed longitudinally using mixed models, it emerged that children who develop CD had a significantly lower growth rate in weight z-score (−0.028/month; 95% CI −0.038 to −0.017; pConclusionThe growth of children at risk of CD rarely fell below ‘clinical standards’. However, growth rate was significantly lower in cases than in controls. Our data suggest that peculiar pathways of growth are present in children who develop CD, long before any clinical or serological signs of the disease appear.

International audience; This note aims at analyzing Bulgaria’s high inflation regime during the 1990s. Two competing causes of high inflation are explored: changes in the rate of growth of the money supply in the economy and changes in the foreign exchange rate. Both correspond to traditional theoretical explanations: the monetarist view and the balance of payments approach. Evidence suggests that a variation in the exchange rate is significant in explaining the high inflation regime in Bulgaria whereas monetary growth appears to be insignificant. Consequently, the paper underlines the importance of stabilizing the exchange rate in the short run in order to avoid high inflation.

The purpose of this chapter is to propose a model where trade has a direct and positive impact on growth rate of two trading nations beyond the level effect. We use the idea of virtual trade in intermediates induced by non-overlapping time zones and show how trade can increase the equilibrium optimal rate of growth. In this structure the trade impact goes beyond the level effect and directly causes growth. Typically standard models of trade cannot generate an automatic growth impact. Virtual trade may allow production to continue for 24 × 7 in separated time zones such as between US and India and that can lead to higher growth for both countries. Later we extend the model to incorporate accumulation of skill which becomes necessary for sustaining steady state growth.

We know that the extent of resection is the greatest predictor of long-term survival. However, the potential tradeoff for gross total resection in difficult locations is diminished quality of life. Benign subtotally resected or small incidentally discovered meningiomas may be followed clinically especially in the elderly. In addition, radiosurgery plays a role in the treatment of meningiomas as a primary treatment modality, or as a salvage therapy. Decisions regarding management should be made with an understanding of the natural history and rate of growth. In this chapter we review the known meningioma epidemiology as well as the growth patterns of meningiomas based upon location.

On average about a third of the housing units in 59 large urban areas in the United States in 2010 were multifamily housing. The share was higher in the urban cores and lower in the suburban peripheries, but the suburbs still had a mean of over a quarter of the housing multifamily in 2010, with single-family detached housing constituting about three-fifths. The suburban areas saw the greatest changes from 1970 to 2010 with an increase of nearly 8 points in the average percent multifamily. But variation in both percentages and change across urban areas were very great. In 2010, mean percent multifamily in the urban cores was greatest for urban areas in the Northeast and, perhaps surprisingly, in the West, where the share had grown rapidly since 1970. The suburbs showed little difference by region. The share multifamily in the cores was significantly related to the size of the urban area and its rate of growth over the prior decades. Only the growth rate was related to the suburban percentage multifamily. Percentages of units of different housing types (single-family attached, multifamily, and mobile homes) significantly predicted the densities of the urban areas.

Resumen: Para probar si el desarrollo de una pequeña localidad puede ser impulsado por el turismo asociado a la presencia en su cercanía de un área silvestre protegida, se estudió el caso de Villa Cerro Castillo, en la Región de Aysén, Patagonia chilena. Para ello se hizo un reconocimiento de los emprendimientos turísticos en la localidad y se caracterizó a los prestadores de servicio en el lugar. Para evaluar la evolución de la dotación de servicios turísticos, se comparó la situación del año 2019 con la del año 2006. Como resultado pudo comprobarse que la existencia de servicios turísticos se multiplicó por 1,5 en los 19 años del presente siglo, manifestando, además, una mayor calidad y variedad. Este ritmo de crecimiento se aceleró a partir del año 2013, coincidiendo con un fuerte aumento de la llegada de turistas a la Región de Aysén y un incremento por el interés en el turismo de naturaleza. Además, se estimó que la actividad turística generó, para la localidad, 64 puestos de trabajo en la última temporada y un total anual de ingresos de 650 mil dólares. Palabras clave: Parques nacionales, economía local, comunidad portal, Patagonia chilena. Abstract: To prove if the development of a small town can be driven by tourism associated with the presence in its vicinity of a protected wild area, we studied the case of Villa Cerro Castillo, in the Region of Aysén, chilean Patagonia. With this purpose, tourism projects in the locality were recognized and local service providers were characterized. In order to evaluate the evolution of the provision of tourist services, the situation of 2019 was compared with that of 2006. As a result it was found that the existence of tourist services multiplied by 1,5 in the 19 years of this century, manifesting also a higher quality and variety. This rate of growth was accelerated from 2013, coinciding with a strong increase in tourist arrivals in the Aysén Region and an increase in interest in eco-tourism. In addition, it was estimated that the tourist activity generated 64 jobs for the town in the last season and a total annual income of 650 thousand dollars. Key words: National parks, local economy, local community, chilean Patagonia.

The rise of two Asian powers both in East and West, in this case Indonesia and Turkey is an inevitable necessity. These two forces have inspired many emerging forces to penetrate the same two forces. Inter-relations between Turkey and Indonesia in a way can be seen from the same comparison of indicators for two different countries. Some of the main indicators of comparison in both countries are the rate of growth per capita, the ratio of debt to GDP as well as the rate of population growth in both countries. Both countries have a history in common and currently the two countries are at the forefront of emerging countries. This article discusses the relationship of Turkey and Indonesia based on the pattern of trade in the two countries, which in this case focuses on the pattern of interrelation of stock trading in the two countries. Using the VAR methodology will try to parse the pattern of relations between the two countries in terms of inter relations in both trade and the real sector that are the mainstay of the two countries.

The current economic crisis has witnessed a strong deceleration in the growth of international trade. This has been even greater in the cases of the European Unionand the eurozone, where the rates of export growth have even reached negative figures. In this paper, the authors examine to which extent exchange rate volatility might account for the drop in the rate of growth of exports in the eurozone since the start of the crisis. To that end, they estimate export functions, augmented to include several measures of exchange rate volatility, for the four largest economies of the eurozone, i.e., France, Germany, Italy and Spain, for the period 1994:1–2014:4. In the empirical application, the authors make use of two alternative measures for exchange rate volatility, i.e., (i) the Standard deviation and (ii) the conditional variance from the GARCH methodology, of the change in the logarithm of the exchange rate, for both nominal and real exchange rates, and in the latter case computed using as deflators both Export prices and unit labour costs. The empirical results show no clear-cut evidence on the impact of exchange rate volatility on the exports of the countries analysed, suggesting that financial markets were developed enough so that exchange rate volatility does not hinder the evolution of exports.

The exploration and development of heavy oil reservoir have gained more and more attention. Thermal recovery should be applied in heavy oil reservoir because of the characteristics of high density, high viscosity and low mobility. And the injected fluid with high temperature and high pressure has a great impact on compressibility and other parameters of rock. In this paper, a tester which is self-designed is used to measure the compressibility of rock under high temperature and high pressure conditions. The results show that the compressibility of the rock is closely related to the stress state and temperature status. The compressibility of the rock decreases while the net effective cover pressure increases, and the amplitude decreases when the net effective cover pressure increases. The higher the temperature is, the larger the compressibility of the rock would be. And the rate of growth differs in different temperature. In low temperature (25–50 °C) the growth rate is not obvious; the largest rate appears when the temperature is in the range of 50–100 °C; then the increase rate becomes lower slightly when the temperature increases. The large compressibility of rock indicates that the change of pore volume rate in rock is large, which is useful for the single well production increase.

It has become well known that Japan experienced sustained economic growth before the Meiji Restoration in 1868. During the early modern Tokugawa era, the Japanese economy grew at an annual rate of 0.51% from 1600 to 1721 and 0.33% from 1721 to 1874 (Takashima 2017), comparable to the rate of growth of 0.41% of 12 Western Europe countries during the period 1500–1820 (Maddison 2007). It is important to note that Japan’s growth was attained under conditions of self-imposed isolation. In other words, Japan’s growth was purely domestic and hence an endogenous phenomenon, whereas the growth of the Occident owed much to the exogenous impacts on the expansion of foreign trade as a result of geographical discoveries and the development of new trade routes after around 1500.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an online affect management intervention on relationship conflict through the rate of growth of team resilience in virtual teams with diversity faultlines. Fifty-two 4-person teams participated in a randomized controlled trial design with repeated measures (i.e., three measurement occasions). Teams were randomly assigned to either an intervention designed to help them manage emotions in virtual teams or a control condition. Our findings showed that affect management can reduce the level of relationship conflict in virtual teams with diversity faultlines and that this effect can be explained by the pattern of change in team resilience in response to the intervention. This study contributes to past research on identifying ways to prevent or mitigate team conflicts arising from diversity faultlines.

The regionwise compound growth rates were estimated for the time periods i.e. pre-WTO period (1960-61 to 1994-95), post-WTO period (1995-96 to 2012-13) and overall period (1960-61 to 2012- 13). During the pre-WTO period the rates of compound growth in consumption of N, P and K at the overall level of Maharashtra were 6.06, 7.11 and 5.87 per cent per annum, respectively. The highest consumption of nitrogenous fertilizers was observed in Marathwada region (10.38 %) while highest consumption of phosphatic (10.38 %) and potassic (9.92 %) fertilizers were observed in western Maharashtra. During post-WTO period the consumption of nitrogenous, phosphatic and potassic fertilizers was lowest in Konkan region with the rate of growth of 0.99 per cent, 1.67 per cent and 2.02 per cent per annum, respectively. For the overall period (1960-61 to 2012-13), the consumption pattern of total fertilizers exhibits variation among all the regions in Maharashtra. The annual compound growth rates in phosphorus and nitrogenous consumption were substantially higher during pre-WTO period as compared to overall period and post-WTO period in Maharashtra State. Wide variations in NPK consumption in various regions was observed may due to variations in soil type, nature of cropping pattern, availability of irrigation, rainfed nature of crops and varied stages of agro-economic development.

Standards assume vibration discomfort depends on the frequency and direction of whole-body vibration, with the same weightings for frequency and direction at all magnitudes. This study determined equivalent comfort contours from 1.0 to 10Hz in each of three directions (fore-and-aft, lateral, vertical) at magnitudes in the range 0.1 to 3.5ms2 r.m.s. Twenty-four subjects sat on a rigid flat seat with and without a beanbag, altering the pressure distribution on the seat but not the transmission of vibration. The rate of growth of vibration discomfort with increasing magnitude of vibration differed between the directions of vibration and varied with the frequency of vibration. The frequency-dependence and direction-dependence of discomfort, therefore, depended on the magnitude of vibration. The beanbag did not affect the frequency-dependence or direction dependence of vibration discomfort. It is concluded that different weightings for the frequency and direction of vibration are required for low and high magnitude vibration.

Introduction. More than 1 million new cases of rectal cancer (RC) are annually detected worldwide, and together with colon cancer this tumor is the 4th most frequent cause of cancer death. Objective: To analyze short-term prognosis of RC incidence for certain population subgroups in the Arkhangelsk region, Russia. Material and methods . The data on all primary RC cases in the Arkhangelsk region in the time period from 2000 to 2015 were selected. Crude (whole population) and age-standardized incidence rates were calculated depending on gender and place of residence (urban or rural). The ARIMA model (autoregressive integrated moving average) was chosen to analyze the variations of the time series and to estimate prognosis. To transform the series to a stationary form and to reduce dispersion, the first or second differences of their values and the natural logarithms were taken. The incidence values for the period 2016–2018 were predicted on stationary series of RC incidence from 2000 to 2015. Results. Crude and age-standardized RC incidence rates in Arkhangelsk region increased from 14.4 and 11.4 in 2000 to 23.5 and 15.1 per 100,000 in 2015. Age-standardized RC incidence rates for males, females, urban and rural populations increased from 14.8, 10.1, 9.3 and 15.1 to 20.3, 12.6, 12.3 and 20.4 per 100, 000, respectively. Actual values of incidence rates among all population, male/female and rural/urban population in 2015 were within the confidence interval of the prognosis. The constructed prognosis model assumes an increase in the RC incidence among all population groups, which may cause the detection of 279 new cases by 2018; i.e. 16 cases (6%) more than in 2015. Conclusion. The incidence rates of RC have been steadily increasing in all population groups, and the rate of growth depends only partly on the population ageing. The number of new patients is expected to increase by 6 % in 2018.

This study carried out at Laboratory of Biology, Division of Food and Cultivated Plants Protection, Jayapura from January-June 2008. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of citric acid (CH3COOH) concentration on rate of growth and spore production of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. strain Wamena which grow in short grain rice (beras pera) media. Six different concentration of citric acid (CH3COOH) were 0; 0,025%; 0, 05%; 0,075%; 0,1% and 0,125% with 5 replicates for each concentration, complete random design were used. Result of this study showed that 0.05% of citric acid significantly affected spore production which mean potential for biological control agent. Key words: Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill Strain Wamena, rice medium, biological control agent.

The process of micro-coining has been widely applied in micro-forming as it is easy to realize the positioning and assembling of micro-parts. In this study, ultrasonic vibration-assisted micro-forming system was established whereby conventional coining (C-coining) and ultrasonic vibration-assisted coining (US-coining) of micro-cylinder of pure copper were carried out. In case of C-coining, the height-to-diameter ratio of the formed micro-cylinder essentially remained unchanged when the grain size and forming load were kept constant. There is an optimum height of the specimen was noted to obtain the highest micro-cylinder by keeping other conditions remain the same. On the other hand, in case of US-coining, the height of micro-cylinder increased after applying ultrasonic vibration under different grain sizes and diameters of micro-cylinder. The rate of growth in the height of micro-cylinder is directly proportional to the ultrasonic amplitude under different grain sizes. The application of ultrasonic vibration in US-coining has a great impact in the micro-coining of micro-cylinder when the ratio of the height of specimen to the diameter of micro-hole was less than 2, and the largest rate of growth is more than three times as compared to the process of C-coining.

The rate of growth population (LPP) becomes the main problem that is being faced by Indonesia today, one of them was East Java Province which increased 0.06 in 2000–2010 from 1990–2000 period. One effort to control LPP was family planning program by using contraception, especially Intra Uterine Device (IUD) to regulate the distance of pregnancy and to regulate birth spacing. Achievements of new Long Term Contraception Method (MKJP) acceptors especially IUD tend to decrease from 2013 to 2015 in Surabaya. The achievement of the proportion of new IUD acceptors in 2016 in Pusyan Gatra decreased by 6% became 34% from 2015 which is 40%. This study aimed to know and analyze the variables associated with the use of IUD in Pusyan Gatra in 2016 by using chi-square test. This research was an analytic quantitative research with cross-sectional design. This research data source were a new acceptor secondary data of MKJP in 2016. Population in this research were 270 new acceptors of MKJP from January to December 2016. The independent variables were age, educational level, employment status, and parity. The results from chi – square test were age (p = 0.002) and parity (p = 0.001) which related to IUD. Level of education and employment status of acceptors had no significant relationship with IUD in Pusyan Gatra. Therefore, the couple of reproductive (PUS) were >35 years old who had parity >2 and not using long–term contraception method yet, the counseling about using MKJP such as IUD must be improved.

This paper seeks to understand the dynamics behind a slow pace of employment growth in one of the key industries in India, viz. textile and clothing, in view of labour market rigidities. It begins with delineation of labour regulations and amendments undertaken by the Central and the respective state governments in the organised manufacturing. A derived labour demand equation is estimated to gauge the impact of labour regulations and other factors on employment. The analysis indicates that the organised textile and clothing industry has provided employment to nearly 2.5 million people in 2013–2014. However, the industrial firms have been increasingly hiring contract workers in place of regular workers, whose share in total workers has increased from 8.5 to 15% between 2000–2001 and 2013–2014. The share of contract workers in total workers is relatively higher in Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. This seems to be in a bid to escape the strict provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. We find a significant adjustment cost involved relating to hiring and firing of workers, which, in turn, may constrain the job-creating potential of this sector. The regulations under the Act make it difficult for the employer to adjust their labour input, in response to changes in technology. The states with relatively flexible labour regulations have performed better in terms of employment growth than those with rigid regulations though the rate of growth of contract labour has been high in almost all. The empirical analysis based on the random effect model estimated from 2000–2001 to 2013–2014 across 19 states validates that firms find hard to adjust employment to the desired or optimum levels immediately. Increasing wage rate and capital intensity also affect demand for labour in a significant way. While pushing reforms to revitalise output and export growth in this segment, the Textile Policy 2017 should also strive to bring the much needed amendments in labour regulations towards creation of gainful jobs.

The growth, the sequence of formation, and the features of the transitive states of skeletal elements (cranial bones and serial structures, such as teeth, gill rakers, fin rays and pterygiophores, vertebral bodies, predorsalia, and scales) have been studied in prelarvae, larvae, and fingerlings of the lacusrtrine-riverine morphs of the white charr Salvelinus malma complex from Lake Kronotskoe, Eastern Kamchatka, reared in a laboratory at a constant temperature and collected in the Uzon River, at a spawning ground and downstream. A comparative analysis of osteogenesis features in white charr and the original morph, the Northern Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma malma, has been carried out. A high variability in the rate of growth and development of white charr is noted. A delay in calcification of skeleton in prelarvae and a late onset of scale formation (at the end of the second and the beginning of the third year of life) and first annulus in otoliths (by the third year of life) have been revealed. The results indicate the high specialization of early ontogenesis in white charr, a fish endemic to Lake Kronotskoe.

It takes some time for changes to come in ecosystem services, and trade-offs occur in the process of changes. As opposed to a point in time, we use data spanning the years 2000&ndash, 2005, 2005&ndash, 2010, and 2010&ndash, 2015 to study this research. After quantifying types of ecosystem services, this paper uses spatial correlation analysis and root-mean square deviation (RMSD) method to explore the relationships among ecosystem services and calculate the degree of spatial trade-offs (DT). Results show that the construction land increased substantially albeit at a declining rate of growth, and the degree of trade-offs (DT) increased with nontrivial differences in space. The hotspots for trade-offs are spatially aggregated in some areas but have varying patterns between ecosystem service pairs. The increasing area (IA) of construction land does not promote increased DT until the former reaches a certain threshold. With the exception of land use changes, type of industrial development is one of the key factors that influence the trade-offs of ecosystem services in the research region. We apply the models and methods used in this research to practice and discuss the practical value of our results for planners and decision makers vis-&agrave, vis the design and instigation of appropriate development strategies.

The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest connective pathway in the human brain, linking cerebral hemispheres. There is longstanding debate in the scientific literature whether sex differences are evident in this structure, with many studies indicating the structure is larger in females. However, there are few data pertaining to this issue in infancy, during which time the most rapid developmental changes to the CC occur. In this study, we examined longitudinal brain imaging data collected from 104 infants at ages 6, 12, and 24 months. We identified sex differences in brain-size adjusted CC area and thickness characterized by a steeper rate of growth in males versus females from ages 6 to 24 months. In contrast to studies of older children and adults, CC size was larger for male compared to female infants. Based on diffusion tensor imaging data, we found that CC thickness is significantly associated with underlying microstructural organization. However, we observed no sex differences in the association between microstructure and thickness, suggesting that the role of factors such as axon density and/or myelination in determining CC size is generally equivalent between sexes. Finally, we found that CC length was negatively associated with nonverbal ability among females.

The purpose of this study is to examine the changes of the physical fitness of firefighters from 2011 to 2016 on each gender. The data of the six physical fitness tests (grip strength, back strength, sit and reach, standing long-jump, sit-up, and shuttle-run) were analyzed by using ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The results were statistically significant improvements in all physical fitness tests from past to recent (p

Population is a capital in a development of a country but on the other side, it is also a problem for the development if the population is not well managed. A big amount of population will be potential to provide human resources. Such a big amount will be a great market for the domestic production but it will need the provision of foods, shirts, houses, jobs, and facilities of education, health, etc. This thing happens in Bali because this island is an international popular destination. In the post-reform (reformasi Indonesia), Bali population growth in 1998 has increased. This is caused by several factors, namely: TFR increase, positive net migration, and decreased mortality. There are many potential negative impacts that can arise because of the population problems due to the increase in the rate of growth. Therefore, in development, the population must be paid more attention, because in essence in the development of the population is as the subject and object. The development should be able to improve the welfare of the inhabitants either inborn or in a just and sustainable way

Cyclic hydroxamic acids are the most considerable secondary metabolites in grasses and their main task is to protect these species from pathogens and pests. The cyclic hydroxamic acid content and common smut susceptibility were examined in our experiments. 27 maize hybrids were used for experimental plants in a climate room, where the plants were grown on a nutrient solution. An infiltration method was used for the inoculation of the plants. The total quantity of cyclic hydroxamic acids was determined and the ratio of infected plants and the ratio of inhibition was determined, too. Based on our results, on the basis of all hybrids’ data, the total hydroxamic acid content of the infected plants was higher than in the control. On the level of individual hybrids, only 9 of them had higher cyclic hydroxamic acid content in the case of infection. Increase in cyclic hydroxamic content induced by the fungus in this case is a tool for the fungus to suppress other pathogens and pests. Amongst the hybrids’ cyclic hydroxamic acid contents, significant differences were detected in the control and in the infected treatment, too. The so-called “sweetcorn” hybrids showed high level of cyclic hydroxamic acid content. According to the differences amongst hybrids, homogenous groups were created which groups differed in the case of control and infected treatment, because of the difference in increase of cyclic hydroxamic acid content. The examined hybrids showed different levels of infection and different rate of growth inhibition for the effect of inoculation. According to the infection caused damage hybrids were ranked. Infection caused notable damage for hybrids Prelude, Desszert 73, DKC5276 and DK440.

Mining has played an important role in the generation of economic wealth since colonial times in South America. However, the impact of historical mining on the environment has not been studied in detail. In view of this, and based on the analysis of archaeological and modern wood data, we discuss the impact of historical mining and human occupation on the woody vegetation of an arid region in the southern Andes. We present the results of the analysis of archaeobotanical charcoal remains recovered from the “Los Hornillos” mining site located in the Andean Precordillera, northwestern Mendoza Province, Argentina. The archaeobotanical materials date from the late 18th to the early 19th century. Based upon wood anatomy, 60% of charcoal fragments were associated with Adesmia cf. uspallatensis, a shrub widely distributed there. We assessed the impact and legacy of human occupation on local and regional plant communities based on charcoal evidence, archaeological data and the age of living A. uspallatensis shrubs growing around the mining site. This analysis allowed us to determine the rate of growth of this species (1.22 mm per year) and mean maximum ages of around 70 years. Therefore, the current development of woody communities in this area is thought to be representative of recovery after historical mining and occupation across the Andean Precordillera and suggests that obtaining firewood for mining activities constituted an important factor influencing past natural vegetation dynamics.

Objective Recently, a multitude of new U.S. medical schools have been established and existing medical schools have expanded their enrollments. The National Residency Match Program (NRMP) reports that in 2016 there were 23,339 categorical residency positions offered in the match and 26,836 overall applicants with 17,789 (66.29%) of the total candidates being U.S. allopathic graduates. In view of the rapid growth of medical school graduates, the aim of this study is to determine if current trends suggest a shortage of residency positions within the next ten years. Design The total number of graduates from U.S. medical schools was obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) for 2005-2014 academic years and was trended linearly for a 10-year prediction for the number of graduates. The yearly number of categorical positions filled by U.S. graduates for calendar years 2006-2015 was obtained from the NRMP and was trended longitudinally 10 years into the future. Analysis of subspecialty data focused on the comparison of differences in growth rates and potential foreseeable deficits in available categorical positions in U.S. residency programs. Results According to trended data from AAMC, the total number of graduates from U.S. medical schools has increased 1.52 percent annually (15,927 in 2005 to 18,705 in 2014); with a forecast of 22,280 U.S. medical school graduates in 2026. The growth rate of all categorical positions available in U.S. residency programs was 2.55 percent annually, predicting 29,880 positions available in 2026. In view of these results, an analysis of specific residencies was done to determine potential shortages in specific residencies. With 17.4 percent of all U.S. graduates matching into internal medicine and a 3.17 percent growth rate in residency positions, in 2026 the number of internal medicine residency positions will be 9,026 with 3,874 U.S. graduates predicted to match into these positions. In general surgery, residency positions note a growth rate of 1.55 percent. Of all U.S. graduates, 5.6 percent match into general surgery. Overall this projects 1,445 general surgery residency positions in 2026 with 1,257 U.S. graduates matching. In orthopedics with a growth rate of 1.35 percent and a match rate of 3.75 percent, there are projected to be 827 positions available with 836 U.S. graduates projected to match. Conclusions Despite the increasing number of medical school graduates, our model suggests the rate of growth of residency positions continues to be higher than the rate of growth of U.S. medical school graduates. While there is no apparent shortage of categorical positions overall, highly competitive subspecialties like orthopedics may develop a shortage within the next ten years.

Local Taxis one ofregional revenue sources. Bintan Local tax regency contributionsinthe last four yearsmore than75% of theannual total regionalrevenue.This study aimsto analyzethe development trend, rate of growth, andeffectivenesscontribution of eachlocal tax to regionalrevenuein Bintan regencyduring 2011-2014 period. Theseisdescriptivestudy with quantitative approach. The results isthe development ofLocal TaxesinBintanregencyduringthe period 2011-2014can be groupedinto three levelsof tax revenuewhich arethe tax revenueincreasing, fluctuating, anddecline. The average rate of growth Bintan Local Tax ranging from the biggest are parking tax, BPHTB, street lighting tax, hotel tax, restaurant tax, entertainment tax, advertisement tax and Non Metallic Minerals Tax and Rock / Tax Collection Minerals Group C.Tax Growth Rate Swallow's Nest and property taxes in rural and urban were not visible because tax collect recently implemented in 2014. However, the Ground Water Tax was not visible because Bintan district does not had a tax object of Groundwater. All of Bintan Local Tax mostly have beeneffectivewith an averagevalue ofeffectivenessabove 90%.Nevertheless, there isoneLocal Taxwhichgrades belowaveragevalue ofeffectiveness 90%,thatwas advertisement tax. The largest local tax averageagainstPADishotel taxand the smallest isparking tax. The local governmentis expected toimprove employee performances, socializationof taxespayment, and conduct surveysandassess theRegional Taxreturn objects.. Keywords: Local Taxes, Regional Revenue, Contributions, Effectiveness.

Aim. To analyze the work of prenatal diagnosis im Perm and Perm Krai for the period of 2012–2016. Materials and methods. Statistical forms 32 for Perm and Perm Krai (PK) over the period of 2012–2016 were analyzed. Results. During 2012–2016, in Perm Krai there was observed decrease in the absolute number of women with completed pregnancy by 6.3 %, whereas in the city of Perm this index raised by 1.8 %. Positive dynamics concerning complex screening coverage during the first trimester was detected. Calculation of index from the number of women with completed pregnancy in Perm Krai demonstrated a basic rate of growth 63.6 %, in Perm – 77.2 %. The analyzed absolute and relative indices showed increase in the number of the revealed CM in Perm Krai and Perm by 80 %. Conclusions. Centralization of prenatal diagnosis in Perm and Perm Krai permitted to improve preventive measures for detecting congenital malformations in the early terms of pregnancy.

Recent findings suggest that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are larger in size for head circumference (HC), height, and weight compared to typically developing (TD) children; however, little is known about their rate of growth, especially in height and weight. The current study aimed to: (a) confirm and extend upon previous findings of early generalized overgrowth in ASD; and (b) determine if there were any differences in the rate of growth between infants and toddlers with ASD compared to their TD peers. Measurements of HC, height, and weight were available for 135 boys with ASD and 74 TD boys, from birth through 3 years of age. Size and growth rate in HC, height, and weight were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Infants with ASD were significantly smaller in size at birth for HC, body length, and weight compared to TD infants (all P 0.05). The results confirmed that male infants and toddlers with ASD exhibit skeletal growth dysregulation early in life. Autism Res 2018, 11: 846-856. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay summary Recent findings suggest that infants with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are smaller in size at birth compared to typically developing infants but grow larger than their peers during the first year. Little is known about their rate of growth, especially for height and weight. Our findings confirmed that infants with ASD are smaller in size at birth for head circumference (HC), height, and weight, but grow at a faster rate in HC and height than their peers from birth to 3 years.

We consider the problem of learning in single-player and multiplayer multiarmed bandit models. Bandit problems are classes of online learning problems that capture exploration versus exploitation tradeoffs. In a multiarmed bandit model, players can pick among many arms, and each play of an arm generates an i.i.d. reward from an unknown distribution. The objective is to design a policy that maximizes the expected reward over a time horizon for a single-player setting and the sum of expected rewards for the multiplayer setting. In the multiplayer setting, arms may give different rewards to different players. There is no separate channel for coordination among the players. Any attempt at communication is costly and adds to regret. We propose two decentralizable policies, $\tt E^3$ ( $\tt E$ - $\tt cubed$ ) and $\tt E^3$ - $\tt TS$ , that can be used in both single-player and multiplayer settings. These policies are shown to yield expected regret that grows, at most, as $O(\log ^{1+\delta } T)$ (and $O(\log T)$ under some assumption). It is well known that $O(\log T)$ is the lower bound on the rate of growth of regret even in a centralized case. The proposed algorithms improve on prior work where regret grew at $O(\log ^2 T)$ . More fundamentally, these policies address the question of additional cost incurred in decentralized online learning, suggesting that there is, at most, an $\delta$ -factor cost in terms of the order of regret. This solves a problem of relevance in many domains and had been open for a while.

International audience; Gazelles create greater share of new jobs in comparison with other businesses operating on the market. These are young businesses of various sizes, but mainly small businesses. They generate a high rate of growth of production within a short time, which is based on the use of innovation, they are also the bearers of innovation. They are characterized by effective use of creativity and human resource capacities. They may be found in all sectors of economy, but to the greatest extent in the services sector and within that sector mainly in business services characterized by high knowledge intensity, high dynamics and continuous growth in employment. Gazelles of business services in the Slovak Republic intensively use all types of innovation. Management ability to optimize innovative processes according to needs of the enterprise seems to be of importance. Human resources and performance is considered to be the most important area of innovation influence. With its innovative activity they act as the accelerator of economy and changes in the thinking and culture of both enterprises, as well as the whole company toward sustainable growth.

The Korean missionary movement keeps growing, but its rate of growth has declined. Korean missionaries are working in 159 countries through 159 mission agencies. At the end of 2017 the total number of Korean missionaries was 21,220, a yearly increase of only 145. There are more concerns, however, about qualitative maturation than about quantitative growth in the Korean missions circle. To facilitate maturation, efforts are needed to apply and integrate educational expertise. Domestic ministerial needs point to the strategic integration of missiology and education, and also to that of formal, nonformal, and informal educational aspects in mission education.

Since the late 1990s, mergers have been pursued by a large number of national university systems. The mergers have been justified as a way of increasing research performance. This paper examines the impact of mergers on one vital measure of university research performance, the production of publications, for 29 Chinese university mergers and 8 Nordic university mergers. Using Web of Science counts of research articles before and after a merger while controlling for the university inputs of R&D funding and research personnel, it was found that Chinese universities exhibited a small but significant increase in the rate of growth of articles following a merger. The Nordic performance was less clear cut. Our findings support the belief that mergers of similarly sized institutions usually have little impact on research performance. In contrast, mergers between a large comprehensive university and much smaller universities have a positive impact on overall publications. We also show that cases in which the merger was between a comprehensive university and a medical school resulted in significantly improved performance in terms of scholarly publications. We attribute the improvement to synergies between the basic biological research in the comprehensive university and the more practical research undertaken in medical schools. We conclude with suggestions for policy-makers aiming to create synergies through mergers.

The recent development of Mobile Cloud Computing has helped in solving numerous real-life problems. The rate of growth of mobile devices has been increasing at a very high pace. Mobile devices have made substantial contributions in managing emergency situations. Owing to the mobility of mobile devices, cloudlets, and their intermittent connectivity, it may become very difficult to handle emergency situations. To address this problem, a transmission model is proposed for mobile cloudlet systems, where a mobile device is used to designate a cloudlet by using the Borda scores Method and the mobile device can offload a part of its application to this cloudlet. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed work makes a significant comtribution toward alleviating the problems associated with emergency situations.

International audience; The aim of this research is to develop an algorithm to simulate droplets nucleation and growth during dropwise condensation in order to study the droplets spatial distribution. The proposed algorithm starts with droplets distributed based on the Poisson point process and investigates the spatial distribution of droplets using Ripley's L function method. Also, the effects of substrate temperature (Tw) and initial density (ND) on the percentage of area occupied by droplets (&934) are studied. Good agreement between model predictions and experimental data for the rate of growth and changes in droplets density (Nt ) as well as spatial distribution of droplets verifies the validity of the simulating model.

The past three decades have witnessed a sharp reduction in the rate of growth of public research funding, and sometimes an actual decline in its level. In many countries, this decline has been accompanied by substantial changes in the ways that such funding has been allocated and monitored. In addition, the institutions governing how research is directed and conducted underwent significant reforms. In this paper we examine how these changes have affected scientists’ research goals and practices by comparing the development of three scientific innovations (one each in physics, biology, and educational research) in four European countries, namely Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Sweden. We find that the increased number of actors exercising authority over research goals does not necessarily lead to a greater diversity of interests funding research. A narrowing of goals and frameworks is especially probable when the increasing importance of external project funding is combined with reductions in state financing of universities and public research institutes. Finally, the growing standardisation of project cycle times and resource packages across funding agencies and scientific communities make it more difficult for researchers to pursue projects that deviate from these norms, especially, if they challenge mainstream beliefs and assessment criteria.