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Tamil Pattiyal Grammar Works are Grammatial text (Sitrilakkiyam) for literature that originated from the lives of Tamil Speaking people. Pattiyal Grammar text are thought to be an alternative to the long-time grammatical tradition. Follow such a tradition Tamil Paattiyal Grammar state the monolingual principles for the four types of births of the god, people, naragar, animal. These grammar text created a unique identity for itself. This is because of the authors of the book wrote their own ideas as grammatical principles. This is the Hypothesis of the article. This review article is based on the criteria for Descriptive performance, Sociological performance and Comparative performance.

Chemical sensors of homogenous particles, act as active centres, are envisaged for adsorption/desorption of water molecules. The adsorption/desorption of water molecules are lined up with surface of the sensor device. The sensor material was prepared via efficient chemical co-precipitation method. The ruthenium-doped nickel ferrite sensor endows ultra-sensitivity for humidity i.e. 4.04 and 4.37 4.04 MΩ/% relative humidity at low- and mid-range, respectively with rapid response/recovery time of 35/148 s.

Three-dimensional nanomaterials of desired structural/morphological properties and highly porous with a high specific surface area are important in a variety of applications. In this work, glycerol-mediated self-growth of 3-D dandelion flower-like nickel chloride (NiCl2) from nickel-foam (NiF) is obtained for the first time using a room-temperature (27 °C) processed wet chemical method for electrocatalysis application. Glycerol-mediated self-grown NiCl2 flowers demonstrate an excellent electrocatalytic performance towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which is much superior to the NiF (303 mV) and NiCl2 electrode prepared without glycerol (208 mV) in the same electrolyte solution. With a Tafel slope of 41 mV dec−1, the NiCl2 flower electrode confirms improved reaction kinetics as compared to the other two electrodes, i.e., NiF (106 mVdec−1) and NiCl2 obtained without glycerol (56 mV dec−1). The stability of the glycerol-based NiCl2 electrode has further been carried out for 2000 cycles with the overpotential diminution of just 8 mV, approving an electrocatalyst potential of glycerol-based NiCl2 electrode towards HER kinetics. This simple and easy growth process involves nucleation, aggregation, and crystal growth steps for producing NiCl2 nanostructures for electrocatalytic water splitting application through the HER process.

The important electrochemical measurements of reduced graphene oxide-titanium oxide (rGO)/TiO2) electrodes for the application of a glucose sensor are reported in the proposed work. Investigating the sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility of sensor electrodes that were made and used to evaluate the concentration of glucose in the serum is one of the novel aspects of this work. This study presents the use of citrus limetta (sweet lime) fruit peel waste to synthesize a green reduction of graphene oxide (rGO). The rGO/TiO2 composite obtained using the microwave heating method is applied for measuring the structural and morphological properties by various means. A conducting fluorine-tin oxide substrate is used to modify the enzymeless glucose sensor electrode. The electrochemical measurements of rGO/TiO2 sensor electrodes are carried out using the technique of cyclic voltammetry. The rGO/TiO2 sensor electrode exhibits a high sensitivity of 1425 µA/mM cm2 towards glucose concentration in the range of 0.1 to 12 mM. The sensor was found to be extremely stable and repeatable with a response time of 5 s along with a minimum detection limit of 0.32 muM of glucose. The rGO/TiO2 sensor shows relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.14%, 1.34%, and 1.3% which reveals its excellent stability, repeatability, and reproducibility respectively. The sensor was used for glucose level detection in natural blood serum and shows an RSD of 1.88%. which is in good agreement with the commercial glucose sensor values. The authors sincerely thank the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R370), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for financial support.

Current research work deals with screening of secondary metabolites and antibacterial potential of Rhizoma zingiberis, Cuminum cyminum L., Curcuma longa L., Piper nigrum L. and Cinnamomum tamala the Indian spices. Ethanol and water were used for preparation of test extracts. The present Indian spices found rich in secondary metabolites and shown presence of significant antimicrobial properties. The ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa, aqueous extract of Cuminum cyminum, Cinnamomum tamala and Piper nigrum yielded more phytochemicals while for Rhizoma zingiberis both the solvents found effective. Ethanolic extract of Piper nigrum and Rhizoma zingiberis found more effective antibacterial among all the spices. The results obtained may support the use of the spices in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases and in drug developments. Keywords: Indian spices, Secondary metabolites, Antibacterial. REFERENCES Patil R. S., Godghate A. G. and Sawant R. S. (2014). Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial activity of leaves of Homonoia riparia L . Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci, 5(2): 352-356. Nanasombat, S., Prasertsin, V., Graisin, K., Shain, H. and Thanaboripat, B (2002). Efficacy of New Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Rapid Detection of Salmonella in Foods. Government Pharmaceutical Organization Report, Bangkok, 51: 53-57. Praveen, T. and Nazia, M.A.C. (2006). Bactericidal Activity of Black Pepper, Aniseed and Coriander Against Oral Isolates. Pakistan J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19(3): 214-218. Indu, M. N., Hatha, A. A. M. and Abirosh, C. (2006). Antimicrobial Activity of Some of the South-Indian Spices Against Serotypes of Escherichia Coli. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 37:153-158. Godghate, A. G. and Sawant, R. S. (2014). Secondary Metabolites Determinations Qualitatively from Bark of Butea monosperma and Eucalyptus globules. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 3(2): 497-501. Damodaran Ashokan and Manohar Sandhya (2012). Herbal Tech Industry, 11-13. Patil R. S. and Bhise K. K. (2015). Evaluation of phytochemicals and in vitro antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract from seeds of Ricinus communis Linn. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 3(3):19-23. Harborne J. B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Chapman and Hall. New York, pp. 279. 3rd Edn. Sawant R. S. and Godghate A. G. (2013). Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Rhizomes of Curcuma Longa Linn. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, (2)4: 634 – 641. aPatil R. S., Harale P. M., Shivangekar K. V., Kumbhar P. P. and Desai R. R. (2015). Phytochemical potential and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Piper betle Linn. leaf extracts Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7(5):1095-1101. Sofowora A. (1993). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicinal in Africa. 2nd Ed. Sunshine House, Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Book Ltd; pp. 134-156. bPatil R. S., Desai A. B. and Wagh S. A. (2015). Comparative Study of Antimicrobial Compounds Extracted From Leaves of Nicotiana Tabacum and Cigarette. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(3): 1511-1518. Baez D. A., Vallejo L.G.Z. and Jimenez-Estrada M. (1999). Phytochemical studies on Senna skinneri and Senna wishizeni. Nat. Prod. Lett., Berks, 13: 223-228. Ogundipe O. O., Moody J. O., Houghton P. J. and Odelola H. A. (2001). Bioactive chemical constituents from Alchormea laxiflora (benth) pax and hoffman. J. Ethnopharmacol., Lausanne, 74: 275-280. Xu HX and Lee S. F. (2001). Activity of plant flavonoids againstantibiotic-resistant bacteria. Phytother. Res., London, 15: 39-43. Harborne J. B. and Willians C. A. (2000). Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry, Oxford, 55: 481-504. Lin LU, Shu-wen L, Shi-bo J and Shu-guang W. (2004). Tannin inhibits HIV-1 entry by targeting gp 41. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 25(2): 213-218. Akiyama H, Kazuyasu F, Yamasaki O, Oono T and Iwatsuki K. (2001). Antibacterial action of several tannins against Staphylococcus aureus. J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 48(48): 487-491. Funatogawa K, Hayashi S, Shimomura H, Yoshida T, Hatano T, Ito H and Iría Y (2004). Antibacterial activity of hydrolysable tannins derived from medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. Microbiol. Immunol. 48(4): 251-261. Venkanna Lunavath and Estari Mamidala (2013). Preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial studies of the leaves of Eclipta alba (l). Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013 July; 4(3): (B) 380 – 384 G. Krishna, M.A Singara Charya and V. Pranitha. 2014. Evaluation of antibacterial and anifungal activity of fruiting body extracts of Trametes versicolar. Biolife. 2(4). 1181-1184 &nbsp

The present research work deals with assessment of drinking water quality of 30 villages from Gadhinglaj tahsil; carried out during the year 2013-2014. The physico-chemical and Microbial parameters were assessed to check either the water is suitable or not for drinking purpose. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total hardness, Ca, Mg, Chloride, Total alkalinity, pH and EC were analyzed as per standard methods. The microbial parameters like MPN, SPC, Total and Fecal coliforms were carried out. The investigation has confirmed a significant number of fecal coliform in all the samples and it found significantly higher than the WHO limit (0) for drinking water. So all the water samples may raise concern on the safety of the water for human health may cause the various water borne and gastro-intestinal diseases so, proper hygiene and purification techniques should be recommended. Keywords: Water, Physico-chemical and Microbial parameters. REFERENCES APHA, AWWA and WPCF (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and waste water, 21st edition, American Public Health Association, New York. BIS (1991). Indian standard for drinking water, Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi, India, 1-9, 179. Chapman, D. V. (1996). (Ed) “Water quality assessments, a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring”. 2nd Ed. Spon Press, Abingdon. EPA (2007). Invalidation of total Coliform positive samples. Total Coliform issue paper. Office of Ground water and Drinking water. Greenberg AE, LS Clesceri, AD Eaton (eds). (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water. Amer. Public Health Assoc. Washington, D.C. Indian standard for drinking water , Bureau of Indian standard (1991), New Delhi, India, 1-9, 179. Jadhav, S. D., Sawant, R. S., Godghate, A. G., Patil, S. R. and Patil, R. S. (2012). Assessment of ground water quality of Ajara Tahsil from Maharashtra. Rasayan J. Chem, 5( 2): 246-249. Jhingram (1982). Fish and fisheries of India. 2nd Edition. Hindustan Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, India. Michigan Water Science Center (2007). Fecal indicator Bacteria and sanitary Water Quality. http://mi.water.usgs.gov/BactHoweb.html Oram Brain (2011). water testing bacteria, Califonia, Nuisance Bacteria, Viruses and pathogen in drinking. Water Research Center, Dallas. Patil, R. S., Sawant, R. S., Patil, S. R. and Chougale, S. R. (2015). Water Quality of Dug Wells from Samangad Fort and Adjoining Area, Western Maharashtra, India. European Academic Research, 3(3): 2893-2902. Patil, S. R., Sawant, R. S., Patil, S. S., Sathe, T. V. and Patil, R. S. (2013). Avian fauna and Physico-chemical Parameters of Gajargaon Pond of Ajara Tahsil, Kolhapur (M. S.). Rasayan J. Chem. 6(1):76-79. Solanki, A. S. (2013). Study of various water quality parameters with reference to human health- A case study of Bikaner city of Rajasthan. Rasayan J. Chem, 6(1):44-46. Swarnalatha, N. and Rao, A.N. 1998. Ecological studies of Banjara lake with reference to water pollution. J. Envi. Biol.,19 (2) : 179-186. Trivedi, R. K. and Goel, P. K. (1984). Chemical and Biological methods for water pollution status. Environmental publication, Karad (India). WHO (1984). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Recommendation world health organization, Geneva. Volume 1, 130.