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Purpose: The recent trend of switching from medical graduate school to medical school in Korea raises questions about the adjustments that students must make in medical education. We examined the perceptions of medical graduate students with regard to their adaptation in medical education. Methods: Sixteen semistructured, in-depth interviews were administered to medical graduate students who received their first degrees in foreign countries. The interviews addressed their perceptions of their experience in medical graduate school and on how well they adjusted to medical education. Results: Students perceived their adaptation to medical graduate school in two dimensions: academic achievement and cultural adjustment. In academic achievement, a limited student-teacher relationship was recognized by students. Students tended to be passive in the classroom due to an uncomfortable atmosphere. They also reported witnessing culture shock in relation to the paucity of information on entrance into medical graduate school. Freshmen voiced many difficulties in adjusting to the unique culture in medical graduate school, in contrast to upper classmen. However, only 32% of students experienced helpful mentoring for their problems. Conclusion: Students' perspectives should guide all decisions made about medical education in an altered educational system. Self-regulated learning and a good mentoring program can help prepare students for medical education and professional life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the example of a failed project, whose aim was to achieve consensus around constructing a memorial at the former Omarska camp in Bosnia and Herzegovina, to illustrate some of the dangers of transitional justice interventions involving victims of dislocation and violence, as well as the potential for hidden harms. It is based on nine years of ethnographic research into a small returnee community in Kozarac, in the municipality of Prijedor. Well-intentioned as the project undoubtedly was, it had unintended consequences for the social relations of the local community. Like other internationally led initiatives, it can be argued that it helped reinforce a victim-perpetrator dynamic that prevented rather than assisted progress. Although we cannot draw too many conclusions from one project, the issues highlighted by this initiative have been echoed on a smaller scale in much of the international involvement of transitional justice scholars and activists in the town since then. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines conjunctive and disjunctive social integrational processes (cooperation and conflict) in the western part of the Brod-Posavina county. The actors involved in the mentioned processes – queried in a questionnaire survey – included refugees-immigrants, returnee Croats, returnee Serbs and representatives of the institutions of the groups. In total, 180 war victims were surveyed. With the end of the war, the primary network of social relations in the liberated area is beginning to be renewed. At first after the return especially of Serbs there were conflicts and settlings of accounts between the members of the three groups of war victims. However, although the conflicts were present on the level of nationality (which is not surprising in view of the Serb aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and the marked stigmatisation of this national group), a shift can be noted from the psycho-emotional to the socio-economical levels. Although there is enmity in Croat–Serb relations, nevertheless the conflict is more pronounced between refugees-immigrants and returnee Serbs, despite what might be expected on the basis of the war events. Yet as opposed to returnee Croats, refugees-immigrants were not actors of the war events in this area, which may be (on the psychological level) a slight advantage in communicating with returnee Serbs. However, among them as well it is evident that conflicts occur mainly in the area of property, which is precisely the unresolved question between refugees-immigrants and returnee Serbs. Immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina have been settled mainly in houses of persons of Serb nationality, which is the source of intolerance, distrust as well as conflict between them. On the other hand, returnee Croats are relatively secure in this regard and do not have direct property relations with the Serb population. Memories of the war and the role of the Serbs is not negligible, but it is also noted that the people now in question are mainly elderly and did not actively participate in the war events. Coexistence is evolving on the level of primary social relations in a continuum from cooperation to conflict. In the present situation, after the end of the war, conflicts are being reduced, but cooperation is still burdened by traumas and reminiscences of the war. In the local community examined, even if slowly, the perspective of coexistence and regenerated networks of primary relationships is nevertheless becoming a part of the consciousness and behaviour of the people.

This study analyzes whether academics with advanced degrees from foreign universities are more research productive than their domestic counterparts in the three selected East Asian higher education systems - Korea, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. The three systems have relatively large proportions of foreign degree holders among their professoriates. The data for this study is drawn from the Changing Academic Profession survey. In our negative binominal regression analysis, we found that foreign degree holders are not more research productive than their colleagues with domestic degrees, and even slightly less productive than domestic degree holders in soft disciplines (arts, humanities, and social sciences) in Korea unless they have further foreign post-doc experience after their PhD. Furthermore, foreign degree holders are less productive in hard disciplines (natural sciences, engineering, and bio-medical sciences) in Malaysia. Finally, we discuss the findings and attribute them to contextual differences between the three localities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The returnee child-mothers who have survived abduction by the Lord's Resistance Army return to civilian communities in Northern Uganda as stigmatized outsiders. They are child-mothers with children who are not accepted by the community. Years after they have returned to civilian communities they are struggling for themselves and their children. This failure to access security on a social, economic and personal level is found to garner further insecurities including neglect and abuse, which prevail and are passed on to their children. The need to provide reintegration and reconciliation assistance is recognized by both the international community and the Government of Uganda; however, it is found that assistance is failing to help this group of formerly abducted people to reintegrate in communities. This article analyses the multi-faceted perceptions and experiences of reintegration, identifying root causes and gaps where assistance can provide security and integration to these returnees. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Migration Journal / Göç Dergisi is the property of Transnational Press London Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Silogismo is the property of Revista Silogismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using survey data for a sample of high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Zhongguancun Science Park in Beijing, we examine the impact of returnee CEOs on the innovation performance of SMEs. Based on both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we find that firms with returnee CEOs are not more innovative than firms without returnee CEOs. However, returnee CEOs do have a positive impact on firms' innovation performance when they work in publicly owned firms, when they have ties with government agencies, and when their tenure as CEOs is relatively long. The findings have important implications for governments in developing countries that aim to increase their countries' innovation capability through attracting returnees and also for returnee managers who want to contribute to the innovation performance of their firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adopting a knowledge-based perspective and embeddedness theory, this study examines the impact of reverse knowledge spillovers from local Chinese firms to foreign firms using a sample of high-tech firms in Zhongguancun Science Park in China. It also investigates whether returnees in foreign firms help bridge knowledge gaps between local firms and foreign firms. The results show that the presence of returnee CEOs and returnee employees enhances the impact of reverse technological and marketing spillovers on the innovation and financial performance of foreign firms. The findings call for more studies on the social dimensions of knowledge spillovers across international boundaries and have important theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese international students who studied in the United States received "double stigmatization" from American and Chinese authorities because of the "political othering" tactic during COVID-19. The research used a phenomenological approach to examine why and how specifically the transnational identity of Chinese international students in the United States shifted during the double stigmatization. The researcher conducted a total of three rounds of interviews with 15 Chinese international students who studied in the United States and returned to China between 2018 and 2020, which culminated in 45 interviews through a longitudinal study to probe the transnational identities of this population before and during the double stigmatization; the study also examined how the mindsponge mechanism worked during the identity shifts and the interplay among stigmatization, transnational identity shifts, and the mindsponge mechanism. The study concluded that before COVID-19, Chinese international students had been stigmatized in both China and the United States. And there were three identity clusters for international students' transnational identity: homestayers, wayfarers, and navigators based on four dimensions: intercultural competence, relocation of locality, diaspora consciousness, and attachment between China and the US. The study concluded that during the double stigmatization, Chinese international students in all three identity clusters took individualism into their core values, whereas Chinese traditional values, such as nationalism, collectivism, and obedience to authority waned. In addition, the study corroborated the trust evaluator's gatekeeper role and substantiated the validity and effectiveness of cost-benefit analysis on an individual's decision to accept or reject new information and values., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Jin and Wang.)

Afghan returnees from industrialised countries are expected to contribute to development and peace-building in Afghanistan. However, which category of returnee is expected to bring what kind of change often remains under-defined.

To explore the relations between identity and development in a post-colonial context, also means to put into perspective small states identity strategies in the Caribbean region. In the Commonwealth of Dominica, personalities from the political, economical, cultural and educational sectors interviewed in 2004 on this issue, proposed through their views, an idea of progress based on the coherence between identity and development. To shed light on the role of the diaspora in the cultural and economic project of the young Dominican nation (1978), is to ask how returnees can contribute to the evolution of ideological representations of progress in former colonies which are legitimately seeking welfare. The article focuses on that concern of the third millennium which humankind has to face: how can science and technological advancement be used for the development of men and women in order to first and foremost secure their welfare?

During the 1990s, the former Yugoslavia became synonymous with ethnic cleansing, internal displacement and refugee movements. Two decades later, significant problems and challenges remain. This article focuses on two important issues confronting post-conflict Croatia – namely Serb returnees and Croat settlers. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate that in the case of both returnees and settlers, (re)integration has been heavily neglected and must now be a priority. Arguing that returnees and settlers will not enjoy fully normal lives in Croatia until they have been (re)integrated, the threefold purpose of this article is to explore some of the problems that both groups continue to face; to reflect on ways of facilitating their (re)integration; and to draw much-needed attention to the settler issue, including how it impacts upon inter- and intra-ethnic relations. The article is based on fieldwork in and around Knin, in western Croatia, in April 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A significant part of the field of migration studies has been built around a debate, not merely academic, over distinct political models of the incorporation of migrants in host societies. However, the main analytical proposals (whether they are more close to the assimilationist, to the multiculturalist or even to the more recent interculturalist perspective) tend to focus, broadly, on the assessment of certain characteristics and skills of the migrant and on an expected value of those features to evaluate and even predict its trajectories. But the need to find sociologically relevant variables that can adjust to common sense stereotypes about the imagined regularities of national categories of migrants, sometimes enunciated as (homogeneous) communities, and that often make its way into academic conclusions, has hampered analysis that try to study the impact of structural measures (or the lack of) over migrant populations. The objective of this article is to consider the role of the State, as the main agent designing the framework that will determine the conditions according to which migrants will be allowed to incorporate themselves, and its consequences to the development or dilution of group and ethnic identities. To accomplish this problematization we will resort to the coinciding trajectories of two populations that 'arrived' in Portugal at the same time: the population that became known as the 'returnees'; and the Indian origin migrants that were settled in Mozambique until its independency. Simultaneously, we reclaim the idea of the emergence and consolidation of the Welfare State in Portugal as a consequence of the public policies aimed at facilitate the reincorporation of the white population that was returning from the liberated colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than two million people have had to leave their original homes, and more than one million people have left Bosnia-Herzegovina altogether, as a result of the war in that country. Although large groups of refugees returned to the country in the late 1990s, the majority of refugees have resettled permanently in the receiving countries. In addition, tens of thousands of Bosnians migrated after the Dayton Peace Agreement was signed. Yet refugee migrations do not dominate present migration flows from Bosnia-Herzegovina. Current migrations are diversified comprising transnational practices and various forms of economic migration. In this article, we analyse the dynamics of migration flows from Bosnia-Herzegovina and return migrations from the 1990s to the present day. In addition, we discuss prospects for future migrations and identify some emerging new categories of Bosnian migrants and transnationals that were not identified in the previous studies. A review of relevant public documents, research, and basic statistics is used in an attempt to illustrate how the dynamics of migrations interplay with the actions of migrants and with different aspects of refugee and migration policies within host countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study sought to investigate issues arising during the post-conflict recovery period in northern Uganda as differentiated by gender. The study was exploratory and descriptive, employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches, and the theoretical framework of Greenberg and Zuckerman (2004, 2009) predominantly guided it. The key finding was that needs of citizens during recovery varied by gender and the time that had elapsed since the conflict. A plethora of agencies participated in the post-conflict recovery efforts and many challenges affect the mainstreaming of gender issues into these programmes, especially in a patriarchal society such as the study area. In practical terms, during post-conflict recovery efforts, all stakeholders need to effectively consider analysis of need by gender in their programmes if sustainable PC-PPP (post-conflict, peace, participation and prosperity) is to be realised. This research has contributed to the continuous debate on, and search for, a gender-sensitive post-conflict recovery theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the migration–development nexus in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from the perspective of the development policies vis-à-vis returnees and refugee migrants from 1995 onwards. In order to understand the link between the two, the paper elaborates on the Center for Local Development and Diaspora (CLDD) model established between the City of Stockholm and six municipalities in BiH. The key question is how ‘development’ can be understood under the complexities of the economic and social transformation processes in BiH. The empirical evidence – based on interviews with individuals conducted in BiH and Sweden in 2012 – suggests that the meaning and implications of ‘development’ recommended by the CLDD model differ from how returnees and refugee migrants perceive these. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper highlights how returnees and knowledge diaspora are important sources for China's human resources development, identifying push and pull factors that also contribute significantly to innovation in the higher education sector. By outlining China's key projects and schemes for recruiting international professional workers, the paper argues that bringing advanced knowledge and skills back to a country of origin through international education and experiences is neither new, nor limited to China. At the same time, the rise of a large, worldwide Chinese knowledge diaspora is now of global importance in promoting transnational scientific and business networks that underpin both research and development, and the quest for world-class universities. China's size and weight, its determination to boost development and improve its higher education system, as well as the willingness of both diaspora and returnees to contribute, constitute its advantages. However, there remain limitations to its success, notably a lack of high-quality research, reservations regarding new ideas, low awareness of international collaborations, too much attention given to material rewards and quick results, corruption, and too many administrative controls and government regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the return of the Western Somaliland diaspora to the independent yet internationally unrecognised Republic of Somaliland. It focuses on one particular group of returnees, a relatively well-educated group of ‘professionals’, who position themselves as modern political subjects through a critique of the mild stimulant khat which is consumed daily by the large majority of Somaliland adult males. The paper shows how the unregulated and widespread consumption of khat is used by ‘professionals’ to pinpoint the shortcomings of the political leadership and to present themselves as more legitimate political leaders of Somaliland. Moreover, khat is used by ‘professionals’ to disqualify consumers as legitimate political subjects and citizens of Somaliland, as it nurtures clan identities and leads to passivity—seen as incompatible with the ideals of the nation-state. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose – Drawing on career and self-initiated expatriation/repatriation literatures, this paper aims to examine the career experiences of Chinese self-initiated repatriates after their return to China. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted an exploratory, qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 20 Chinese individuals who returned to China after spending at least three years living, studying and/or working in a range of "host" countries. Findings – This study shows that the career agency of Chinese returnees reflects both independent and interdependent factors. It provides specific empirical support for Tams and Arthur's argument that career agency is impacted by both individual and contextual factors. Research limitations/implications – The findings indicate the central role played by individual proactivity and contextual influences during self-initiated repatriation. The small sample size allows for rich data, but limits the generalizability of the findings. Practical implications – Managerial practices that address the unique career values and expectations of self-initiated repatriates can facilitate the application of skills and knowledge acquired abroad to the local context. Policy makers should provide more institutional support to encourage and facilitate the return of overseas Chinese. Originality/value – This study is among only a small number to explore the experiences of self-initiated repatriates in developing countries. Recent research has addressed the importance of recognizing and identifying the boundaries that constrain and enable global careers. This study identifies a number of such boundaries and also adds to the understanding of the challenges and difficulties of repatriation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to political conflict, insurgency, and the COVID-19, the number of displaced households in need of humanitarian support in Iraq has increased. This study investigated factors related to desire of displaced households to receive humanitarian information. Data from the eighth round of the Iraq Multi-Cluster Needs Assessment was used. We classified the household displacement status, identifying levels and types of humanitarian information that the households sought, together with whether the households were impacted by COVID-19. We identified safety and security, housing, water and electricity services, education, health care, and levels of humanitarian assistance resulted in significant differences between internally displaced person (IDP) and returnee households in terms of interest in receiving humanitarian information. The desire to receive humanitarian information was related to whether household members were unemployed due to COVID-19, displacement status, and walking time to reach the nearest health care facility and marketplace. Returnees and IDPs in Iraq are facing a new crisis. Their individual, structural, and environmental vulnerabilities are increasing commensurately. New strategies such as strategies using online or mobile communication that provide humanitarian information are needed to provide humanitarian information to vulnerable groups such as those who have lost jobs due to COVID-19, female heads of households, and those with health problems. In addition to traditional cash and voucher support, the use of the latest technologies such as smartphones and mobile clinics in humanitarian settings would be new strategies.

Silence is a form of communication as multifaceted as speech and as such conveys a broad range of contextually situated social meanings. Often silence is understood as a form of denial and inherently detrimental to processes of reconciliation, but it may help create a sense of ‘normality’ and facilitate encounters between former foes. This article enquires into the role and meanings of silence as tacit forms of communication in postwar social processes and everyday life among people of different ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina, particularly as used by the displaced and returnees. It argues that in these contentious settings, everyday social interaction employs silence in ways that empower by communicating respect and even trust, thus forming and sustaining relations important to viable local life. Silence can be used to affirm family continuity and protect close relationships. Silent claims may also ‘speak’ from a marginalized position in relation to hegemonic narratives and make moral claims. Silence may thus be understood as a pragmatic and at times successful strategy for coexistence even when reflecting continued division in the larger society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine performance differences between new ventures led by returnees and those led by their local counterparts in China. We argue that while, compared with locals, returnees have the advantages of higher education and overseas experience, they also have disadvantages in their home country in terms of lack of both local connections and local knowledge. Since returnees' effect on venture performance is the net effect of their advantages and disadvantages, contextual factors that can help them overcome their disadvantages should improve their ventures' performance. With a sample of new technology ventures in China, we find strong support for this argument. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Returning to Afghanistan in 2002 and 2005, the authors revisit the places in the north of the country where they undertook research in the 1970s and observe the ruptures and the continuities in the society after 30 years of crisis and conflict. They comment also on their own changes of perspective brought about by the elapsed time and their return. Finally, they tackle the question of the return and reintegration of the refugees, as well as the concept of the village and the advent of new national and international actors on the Afghan scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to investigate the developmental impact of labour migration in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan in the context of National Human Resource Development (NHRD). Several theoretical propositions, ranging from personal experiences of migrant workers to their remittances and new skills acquired in migration, were identified before the data collection. A case study design with qualitative data was used in this research. Interview analyses of 14current migrant workers in Russia and 14 returnees in Kyrgyzstan revealed thefollowing categories: challenges and benefits of migration; developing new skills; use of remittances; reasons to return; employment or self-employment; remittances as investment and government assistance for returnees' business activities. Based on the research findings, it was concluded that labour migration has developmental impact that falls under the NHRD framework. This is especially prominent in regard to remittances and new skills that migrant workers brought back to Kyrgyzstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the links among identity, belonging and cultural practices within the context of migration, and pays particular attention to the cultural assets accumulated by a group of Argentine migrants to Spain and returnees. Relying on the asset accumulation framework, we analyse 49 interviews conducted in the cities of Barcelona and Buenos Aires. Both the quantitative and qualitative data presented in this paper suggest that, for Argentine migrants, 'language and culture' represents a significant reason for choosing Spain as destination. These findings lead us to introduce the notion of cultural assets to refer to investments and savings in cultural capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)