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Background: Foundational literature demonstrates that racial residential segregation results in poorer health outcomes for Black people than white people due to a variety of social determinants of health. COVID-19 vaccine uptake is important for better health outcomes, regardless of race. The COVID-19 pandemic has elevated concerns about racial health disparities but with little discussion of racial residential segregation as a predictor of disparate health outcomes. This paper investigates the relationship between racial residential segregation and COVID-19 vaccine uptake using county level data from the State of Georgia (USA). Methods: Using publicly available data, regression analysis is conducted for 138 of the 159 counties in Georgia USA, using a dissimilarity index that describes county level differences in racial residential segregation. The primary independent variable is Black-white differences in vaccine uptake at the county level. The analytic methods focus on a spatial analysis to support information for county level health departments as the basis for health policy and resource allocation. Results: Constructing a variable of the difference in vaccination rates between Black and white residents we find that Black-white differences in COVID-19 vaccination are most notable in the 69 most segregated of the 159 counties in Georgia. A ten-point lower segregation index is associated with an improvement in the Black-white vaccination gap of 1.5 percentage points (95% CI -0.31, -0.00). Income inequality and access to health care resources, such as access to a primary care physician, also predict Black-white differences in vaccination rates at the county level. Suggested mapping approaches of publicly available data at a state county level, provides a resource for local policy makers to address future challenges for epidemic and pandemic situations. Conclusion: County level and geospatial data analysis can inform policy makers addressing the impact of racial residential segregation on local health outcomes, even for pandemic and epidemic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To measure associations of area-level racial and economic residential segregation with severe maternal morbidity (SMM). We conducted a retrospective cohort study of births at two Philadelphia hospitals between 2018 and 2020 to analyze associations of segregation, quantified using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), with SMM. We used stratified multivariable, multilevel, logistic regression models to determine whether associations of ICE with SMM varied by self-identified race or hospital catchment. Of the 25,979 patients (44.1% Black, 35.8% White), 1381 (5.3%) had SMM (Black [6.1%], White [4.4%]). SMM was higher among patients residing outside (6.3%), than inside (5.0%) Philadelphia (P <.001). Overall, ICE was not associated with SMM. However, ICE race (higher proportion of White vs. Black households) was associated with lower odds of SMM among patients residing inside Philadelphia (aOR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80–0.94) and higher odds outside Philadelphia (aOR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.95–1.31). Moran's I indicated spatial autocorrelation of SMM overall (P <.001); when stratified, autocorrelation was only evident outside Philadelphia. Overall, ICE was not associated with SMM. However, higher ICE race was associated with lower odds of SMM among Philadelphia residents. Findings highlight the importance of hospital catchment area and referral patterns in spatial analyses of hospital datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigate residential segregation and prenatal depression in a non-Hispanic (NH) Black and Hispanic North Carolina pregnancy cohort. Demographics, prenatal depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale ≥ 16), and residence from the 2006–2009 Newborn Epigenetic Survey were linked to Census-tract levels of racial and economic segregation (Index of Concentration at the Extremes) from the American Community Survey 2005–2009 5-year estimates. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) for prenatal depression compared living in Index of Concentration at the Extremes tertiles 1 and 2 (higher proportion NH Black or Hispanic and/or low income) to 3 (higher proportion NH white and/or high-income), accounting for neighborhood clustering, age, education, employment, parity, and marital status. Among the 773 survey participants (482 NH Black and 291 Hispanic), 35.7% and 27.2% of NH Black and Hispanic participants had prenatal depression, respectively. For NH Black participants, depression prevalence was 17% lower for tertile 1 versus 3 for the NH Black/white (aPR=0.83; 95% CI=0.62–1.10), low/high income (aPR=0.83; 95% CI=0.62–1.11), and low-income NH Black/high-income NH white (aPR=0.82; 95% CI=0.61–1.09) measures. For Hispanic participants, estimates were weaker in the opposite direction for the Hispanic/NH white (aPR=1.02; 95% CI=0.71–1.47), low/high income (aPr=1.14; (95% CI=0.76–1.69), and low-income Hispanic/high-income NH white (aPR=1.12; 95% CI=0.78–1.60) measures. Residential segregation's impact on prenatal depression may differ by race/ethnicity and level of segregation, but findings are imprecise due to small sample sizes. Longitudinal research spanning greater geographic areas is needed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, researchers have grappled with the phenomenon that public demand for redistribution has not systematically increased in response to rising inequality. Meritocratic beliefs have been suggested as an explanation for this observation, because they can help legitimize inequalities. Past research has identified local-level inequality, segregation, or diversity as important factors for how these beliefs might be formed and maintained. Different theoretical approaches have been advanced and tested to determine the direction and extent of these effects, producing mixed results. We put these theories to the test by focusing on a country in which changes in the level of inequality have indeed been met with equal changes in justice perceptions: Germany. Furthermore, we broaden the scope by focusing on local segregation between different socioeconomic status groups, rather than income inequality. To do so, we utilize geocoded individual-level data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), microm data, and relevant geospatial indicators from the INKAR database. We find some indication that residential segregation of status groups and isolation of high status groups is associated with less support of meritocratic beliefs, contradicting previous work. Additionally, we find evidence of urban–rural differences in the effects of segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we build on a long research effort aimed at identifying the specific conditions, functional and structural characteristics of urban areas, that produce different levels of residential segregation across cities. We explore segregation levels in Poland's 87 largest cities, cities with more than 50,000 residents, by measuring indices of dissimilarity relating to socio‐professional status. We then proceed by examining core structural determinants of the revealed segregation levels, including city size, and housing market characteristics. The results suggests that the structural characteristics of urban regions are indeed significant predictors of the level of socio‐spatial disparities in urban Poland. As expected, larger cities are more segregated than the smaller ones; higher shares of public housing also appear to contribute to more pronounced socioeconomic spatial divisions. Intriguingly, the share of new housing stock alone is not related to strong residential segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

10 "A City Within a City: Great Growth of a Favored District", I New York Tribune i , June 17, 1892; W.E.B. Du Bois, I The Philadelphia Negro i (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 5; James Weldon Johnson, "The Harlem Gold Mine", I New York Age i , December 24, 1914; James Weldon Johnson, "Harlem: The Culture Capital", in I The New Negro i , ed. Historical Interpretations of Federal Urban Policy", I City & Community i 9, no. 1 (2010): 13-22; Sulemain Osman's, I The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn i (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011); Mary Rizzo's, I Come and Be Shocked: Baltimore Beyond John Waters and The Wire i (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020); Zawadi Rucks-Ahidiana's, "Race and Class in the News: How the Media Portrays Gentrification" (Working Paper Series 2016-2017.82, Institute for the Study of Societal Issues at the University of California, Berkeley, 2018); Carla Shedd's, I Unequal City: Race, Schools, and Perceptions of Injustice i (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2015); and Lynell Thomas's, I Desire and Disaster in New Orleans: Tourism, Race, and Historical Memory i (Durham: Duke University Press, 2014). 3 Adrienne Brown, I The Black Skyscraper: Architecture and the Perception of Race i (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017); "Appraisal Narratives: Reading Race on the Mid-Century Block", I American Quarterly i 70, no. 2 (2018): 211-34. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: The study tried to test three existing explanations on residential segregation through spatiotemporal modeling: (1) spatial assimilation, (2) racial prejudice and discrimination, and (3) residential preferences. Since residential segregation is fundamentally a spatial and longitudinal phenomenon, the analysis is expected to provide a fresh perspective on residential segregation. Method: The study used a spatiotemporal modeling through integrated nested Laplace approximation, which is a Bayesian approach to very complex regression modeling, and the data came from the American Community Survey data from 2005 to 2019 at two different spatial levels—Public Use Microdata Area and census tracts. Results: The findings of this study showed that: (1) socioeconomic variables, including income, unemployment, and poverty, have meaningful impacts; (2) housing‐related variables do exert a significant impact on black household concentration; (3) the ratio of Asian and Hispanic populations turns out to be important predictors in a negative direction; and (4) even with the predictors, the non‐trivial temporal and spatiotemporal effects are discovered. Conclusion: The study reveals that a reductionist approach to residential segregation is unlikely to offer meaningful insights into the problem and that proper understanding is possible only when careful consideration of the spatiotemporal context is taken, including the spatial level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant literature argues that ethnic minority representation in plurality systems will benefit from the presence of sizable co-ethnic populations. I argue that the threshold for election depends not only on a minority population's group size but a district's level of segregation. I show that residential segregation can facilitate the increased representation of ethnic minority populations. Contrary to the prevailing literature, however, I find that increased segregation levels in cities with sizable minority populations decrease the percentage of co-ethnics elected to office. I support this argument with evidence from an original dataset on the local representation outcomes of Muslims in England between 2011 and 2021, which covers 434 district council elections. Using threshold modelling, I introduce the concept of the population threshold, above which increases in segregation level decrease Muslim representation. This article contributes to the electoral geography literature on ethnic minority representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study geographic political representation and geographic distribution of local public goods within local jurisdictions with at-large proportional representation elections. We use detailed geo-coded data on politicians, the electorate, and elementary schools. Descriptive analysis reveals that poorer neighborhoods are underrepresented and that local politicians have a strong support base in their home neighborhoods. Based on randomized election outcomes due to personal vote count ties, geographic representation has a causal effect on school closures. The probability of closure is cut in half when a candidate living close to the school is randomly elected. High-income residents react to closures by moving away from the neighborhood, thus reinforcing segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hate crimes generally have severe victim outcomes compared to other crimes, and therefore warrant further investigation. These types of crimes can often happen in neighborhoods where people from various cultures, socioeconomic backgrounds, religions, etc. meet. Understanding how neighborhood tensions impact the level of hate crimes is important in reducing hate crimes and building community. The current study investigates neighborhood level predictors of hate crimes in a borough of New York City (NYC). Using symbolic threat and defended neighborhoods frameworks, we consider how 311 noise complaints and land use rezoning data can be predictors of hate crimes. We use data from the New York City Police Department (NYPD) and NYC Land Use Tax Output. We find that hate crimes are more likely in the neighborhoods where the noise complaints and land use rezoning are higher than the median. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a doctoral thesis in Geography that analyzes segregation in the Gran Resistencia Metropolitan Area in Argentina. The author uses mixed methodologies and census data from the years 1991, 2001, and 2010 to study territorial configurations and urban inequality in the region. The study examines segregation from a critical perspective, relating it to the contradictions inherent in the capitalist system. Symbolic and socioeconomic residential segregation in the metropolitan area is addressed, highlighting centrifugal growth towards different peripheries in the northeast and southwest. It is concluded that the area is organized into a central area occupied by the upper class and different peripheries with imbalances and inequities, with the south-southwest sector being the most affected by segregation. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Legado de Arquitectura y Diseño is the property of Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GRID - Architecture, Planning & Design Journal is the property of GRID - Architecture, Planning & Design Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study how historic district programs impact residential segregation in Denver. We find that homebuyers are more likely to be White within historic districts, but official historic designation has no effect on this probability. More specifically, we calculate that the predicted probability of having a White homebuyer increases from 77 to over 80 percent when the home is located within a historic district. Similarly, we find that most transactions flow from White sellers to White buyers, regardless of official designation. Thus, while historic districts tend to be more segregated, official designation does not seem to amplify this existing problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes patterns of residential segregation for many nationalities in Barcelona and Madrid during the 2008–2018 period. In the first year, the financial bubble burst, halting the exponential growth of immigrants and in the second, after the great recession, the arrival of immigrant population resumes. The multilevel analysis for the dissimilarity index is applied for the first time to Spanish cities. Complementing the results of global indices with the multilevel framework provides a richer and more detailed profile of segregation patterns. Based on these results, a typology of segregation patterns by nationalities was carried out. Global indices show higher segregation in Madrid than in Barcelona, and multilevel results evidence increasing and extending areas of high concentration of immigrants and mixing neighbourhoods. The cluster analysis demonstrates that, in this case, segregation patterns are not the same for continents or income levels of countries of origin. The results provide nuanced empirical evidence of place stratification and ethnic enclave models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo examine mediation and moderation of racial/ethnic all-cause mortality disparities among Veteran Health Administration (VHA)-users by neighborhood deprivation and residential segregation.Data sourcesElectronic medical records for 10/2008-9/2009 VHA-users linked to National Death Index, 2000 Area Deprivation Index, and 2006-2009 US Census.Study designRacial/ethnic groups included American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN), Asian, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, and non-Hispanic white (reference). We measured neighborhood deprivation by Area Deprivation Index, calculated segregation for non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and AI/AN using the Isolation Index, evaluated mediation using inverse odds-weighted Cox regression models and moderation using Cox regression models testing for neighborhood*race/ethnicity interactions.Principal findingsMortality disparities existed for AI/ANs (HR = 1.07, 95%CI:1.01-1.10) but no other groups after covariate adjustment. Neighborhood deprivation and Hispanic segregation neither mediated nor moderated AI/AN disparities. Non-Hispanic black segregation both mediated and moderated AI/AN disparities. The AI/AN vs. non-Hispanic white disparity was attenuated for AI/ANs living in neighborhoods with greater non-Hispanic black segregation (P = .047). Black segregation's mediating effect was limited to VHA-users living in counties with low black segregation. AI/AN segregation also mediated AI/AN mortality disparities in counties that included or were near AI/AN reservations.ConclusionsNeighborhood characteristics, particularly black and AI/AN residential segregation, may contribute to AI/AN mortality disparities among VHA-users, particularly in communities that were rural, had greater black segregation, or were located on or near AI/AN reservations. This suggests the importance of neighborhood social determinants of health on racial/ethnic mortality disparities. Living near reservations may allow AI/AN VHA-users to maintain cultural and tribal ties, while also providing them with access to economic and other resources. Future research should explore the experiences of AI/ANs living in black communities and underlying mechanisms to identify targets for intervention.

Abstract Background Firearm fatalities are a major public health concern, claiming the lives of 40,000 Americans each year. While firearm fatalities have pervasive effects, it is unclear how social determinants of health (SDOH) such as residential racial segregation, income inequality, and community resilience impact firearm fatalities. This study investigates the relationships between these SDOH and the likelihood of firearm fatalities. Methods County-level SDOH data from the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality for 2019 were analyzed, covering 72 Wisconsin counties. The dependent variable was the number of firearm fatalities in each county, used as a continuous variable. The independent variable was residential racial segregation (Dissimilarity Index), defined as the degree to which non-White and White residents were distributed across counties, ranging from 0 (complete integration) to 100 (complete segregation), and higher values indicate greater residential segregation (categorized as low, moderate, and high). Covariates were income inequality ranging from zero (perfect equality) to one (perfect inequality) categorized as low, moderate, and high, community resilience risk factors (low, moderate, and high risks), and rural-urban classifications. Descriptive/summary statistics, unadjusted and adjusted negative binomial regression adjusting for population weight, were performed using STATA/MPv.17.0; P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. ArcMap was used for Geographic Information System analysis. Results In 2019, there were 802 firearm fatalities. The adjusted model demonstrates that the risk of firearm fatalities was higher in areas with high residential racial segregation compared to low-segregated areas (IRR.:1.26, 95% CI:1.04–1.52) and higher in areas with high-income inequality compared to areas with low-income inequality (IRR.:1.18, 95% CI:1.00–1.40). Compared to areas with low-risk community resilience, the risk of firearm fatalities was higher in areas with moderate (IRR.:0.61, 95% CI:0.48–0.78), and in areas with high risk (IRR.:0.53, 95% CI:0.41–0.68). GIS analysis demonstrated that areas with high racial segregation also have high rates of firearm fatalities. Conclusion Areas with high residential racial segregation have a high rate of firearm fatalities. With high income inequality and low community resilience, the likelihood of firearm fatalities increases.

We analyze the relationship between residential populations, school attendance zone boundaries (AZBs), and school enrollments in two large, countywide suburban districts, Fairfax County, Virginia, and Montgomery County, Maryland, from 1990 to 2010. A steep decline in white, school-age children and an increase in black, Hispanic, and Asian children in both neighborhoods and the schools that serve them suggests that white households reluctant to send their children to diversifying schools are exiting (or never entering) these districts entirely rather than sorting within them. AZB changes, often due to the opening of new schools, affect a large portion of both districts, but boundary changes are associated with only a small portion of increased segregation observed in both schools and neighborhoods between 1990 and 2010. Our findings speak to the complex, multidirectional relationships between demographic trends and AZBs in diversifying, growing suburbs.

This article examines the historical perspective of residential segregation in Belgrade and addresses the contextual factors responsible for the dynamics of this segregation. The article considers the decline in social status from the centre to the periphery as the main feature of citywide segregation in Belgrade, along with perpetuated peripheral informality. It also examines the impact of large-scale socialist estates, which were intended to contribute to an egalitarian society and counteract residential segregation. To examine the long-term patterns of residential segregation in Belgrade, we use a combination of sources and research approaches, due to the incomparability and lack of statistical data. Recent changes in segregation patterns during the first two decades of the post-socialist period were additionally analysed at the census-unit level, using data on the education of the population as a proxy for their social status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partisan sorting in residential environments is an enduring feature of contemporary American politics, but little research has examined partisan segregation individuals experience in activity spaces through their daily activities. Relying on advances in spatial computation and global positioning system data on everyday mobility flows collected from smartphones, we measure experienced partisan segregation in two ways: place-level partisan segregation based on the partisan composition of its daily visitors and community-level experienced partisan segregation based on the segregation level of places visited by its residents. We find that partisan segregation experienced in places varies across different geographic areas, location types, and time periods. Moreover, partisan segregation is distinct from experienced segregation by race and income. We also find that partisan segregation individuals experience is relatively lower when they visit places beyond their residential areas, but partisan segregation in residential space and activity space is strongly correlated. Residents living in predominantly black, liberal, low-income, non-immigrant, more public transit-dependent, and central city communities tend to experience a higher level of partisan segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely assumed that post-industrial societies are characterized not only by growing economic inequalities and social polarization but also by increasing spatial segregation. This paper does not address residential segregation (i.e., "intra-city" inequalities), but instead investigates how social classes are distributed over different settlement types and whether class differences in places of residence have increased between 1996 and 2018. Based on microcensus data and applying the ESeC class schema, we focus on the question of whether members of the "new middle class" are increasingly concentrated in post-industrial metropolises while members of the "old middle class" largely reside in peripheral towns and regions. The results do not support the assumption that spatial disparities between classes have systematically increased in Germany. However, opposing trends in the likelihood of residing in the most dynamic cluster of the German metropolises are observed for the youngest age group of the new middle class and the oldest age group of the old middle class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inequality in homeownership is a major component of ethno‐racial stratification. Previous studies demonstrate large ethno‐racial differences in access and outcomes throughout the home buying process at both the individual and neighborhood levels. An underlying assumption in these studies is that neighborhood ethno‐racial disparities in lending are similar across neighborhood spatial types. However, mortgage lending disparities are unclear when examining the neighborhood's racial composition across urban, suburban, and rural communities. This paper draws on annual data from the American Housing Survey and the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) from 2018 and 2019 to assess loan outcome disparities by neighborhood type and racial composition. I show that applicant disparities in loan outcomes vary when factoring the neighborhood's spatial type and racial composition. Borrowers seeking a mortgage in predominantly minority rural communities are more likely to be denied a mortgage than borrowers applying across all other neighborhood type and racial composition. The trends for urban communities are similar to suburban communities across adverse loan outcomes. When comparing the community's racial composition and neighborhood type, the observed lending pattern provides evidence of constrained mortgage access in rural areas, especially among minority rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine geographic variation in preventable hospitalizations among Medicaid/CHIP‐enrolled children and to test the association between preventable hospitalizations and a novel measure of racialized economic segregation, which captures residential segregation within ZIP codes based on race and income simultaneously. Data Sources: We supplement claims and enrollment data from the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System (T‐MSIS) representing over 12 million Medicaid/CHIP enrollees in 24 states with data from the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project measuring racialized economic segregation. Study Design: We measure preventable hospitalizations by ZIP code among children. We use logistic regression to estimate the association between ZIP code‐level measures of racialized economic segregation and preventable hospitalizations, controlling for sex, age, rurality, eligibility group, managed care plan type, and state. Data Extraction Methods: We include children ages 0–17 continuously enrolled in Medicaid/CHIP throughout 2018. We use validated algorithms to identify preventable hospitalizations, which account for characteristics of the pediatric population and exclude children with certain underlying conditions. Principal Findings: Preventable hospitalizations vary substantially across ZIP codes, and a quarter of ZIP codes have rates exceeding 150 hospitalizations per 100,000 Medicaid‐enrolled children per year. Preventable hospitalization rates vary significantly by level of racialized economic segregation: children living in the ZIP codes that have the highest concentration of low‐income, non‐Hispanic Black residents have adjusted rates of 181 per 100,000 children, compared to 110 per 100,000 for children in ZIP codes that have the highest concentration of high‐income, non‐Hispanic white residents (p < 0.01). This pattern is driven by asthma‐related preventable hospitalizations. Conclusions: Medicaid‐enrolled children's risk of preventable hospitalizations depends on where they live, and children in economically and racially segregated neighborhoods—specifically those with higher concentrations of low‐income, non‐Hispanic Black residents—are at particularly high risk. It will be important to identify and implement Medicaid/CHIP and other policies that increase access to high‐quality preventive care and that address structural drivers of children's health inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential segregation gained a new momentum after the turn of the new century. The pace of urbanization that has been observed over the last two decades has been proceeding hand in hand with the increasing residential segregation in large cities and metropolitan areas. The international literature is flourishing with studies on residential segregation. This paper investigates residential segregation trends in the Metropolitan Region of Attica during the period 2004-2019. The analysis is based on a database combining individual household data from the EU-SILC, as well as data from official national sources. The paper applies the Dissimilarity Index for measuring residential segregation trends based on occupation, education and living conditions, before, during and after the economic crisis. We also use the Gini index for comparing income inequality with residential segregation trends. Our analysis shows that between 2004 and 2019, residential segregation intensified between the top and bottom socio-economic groups, whilst an inclusive trend has been recorded between middle-class groups and the other two categories. The results do not suggest any similar patterns between residential segregation and income inequality. The evidence derived from this study is relevant to public policy, inclusive growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unlike the situation in other immigrant-receiving countries, the impact of co-ethnic neighbourhoods on immigrants' life outcomes has been understudied in Australia. In addition, because of reliance on cross-sectional and sample survey data, existing Australian studies have not taken advantage of recent methodological progress that addresses selection bias. In that context, this paper estimates the impact of the size of co-ethnic neighbourhoods on labour force participation, employment, hours worked and income of immigrants using microdata from the 2006–16 Australian Census Longitudinal Dataset that spans three censuses. Drawing on this unique dataset, the paper applies a series of OLS regression models that address issues of individual and location sorting by applying individual-fixed effects, controlling for residential mobility, duration of residence and using an exogenous measure of co-ethnic neighbourhood size. We find a small significant negative effect on labour participation and wage, particularly for the non-tertiary educated and immigrants with low English proficiency. However, when we control for residential mobility, residence in co-ethnic neighbourhoods is no longer statistically significant, which highlights the importance of stringent methodological choices that control for settlement trajectories, while revealing that movement toward smaller co-ethnic neighbourhoods is associated with increased labour force participation. Our findings suggest that efforts by the Australian government to settle immigrants in regional areas with a limited migrant population should not affect the labour market outcomes of immigrants given that ethnic enclaves do not facilitate labour market integration in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a renewed interest in moving back into cities, which are close to business districts and offer affordable and unique housing. However, the available housing is limited and may require renovation as available housing close to the citycenter is often located in more economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Property repairs and upgrading contributes not only to the improvement of individual owners' properties, but the neighborhood overall. This influx of new residents and subsequent investment in housing can impact neighborhood crime, but the majority of the research on housing and crime has focused largely on home mortgage loans. The current study extends the housing investment literature by using an underutilized data source: home improvement and refinance loans, which signal physical improvement in the housing stock. This process may be different for neighborhoods that have a higher prevalence of minority residents as historically these residents have been subjected to inequitable lending practices. The current study examines how revitalization efforts in Cleveland, Ohio have influenced crime rates for the years 2007 through 2017 with special attention paid to the interplay of neighborhood racial composition and home improvement loans. Results from fixed-effects panel analysis reveal that home improvement loans are associated with an increase in property but not violent crime rates overall. Splitting neighborhoods into predominantly Black versus all other neighborhoods, however, results show that higher rates of home improvement loans are associated with lower violent crime rates, but the effect is tempered in Black neighborhoods. This suggests that the relationship between home improvement loans and violent crime is more complicated and varies by neighborhood composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, 50.9% of all Chilean children, measured by the "Nutritional Map" of the Ministry of Education, were categorized as overweight or obese, which is evidence of rising obesity rates in Latin America. Discussions on the subject revolve around the tension between agency-determining factors, such as eating and exercise habits, and structural ones, pointing to the correlations between high levels of obesity and poverty. However, there is also a territorial dimension that stands out, especially in cases with high levels of residential segregation, as is the case in many Latin American cities. Here there are potential clusters of more or less obesogenic food environments, where the socioeconomic level, the nutritional status of the sector, and the food supply of the place are correlated. In this article, the spatial dimensions of childhood obesity are mapped, arguing that the segregation of nutritional status overlaps with the nature of multidimensional inequalities in Chilean cities. The study was done by organizing and combining public databases and spatial analysis techniques to create diagnostic maps. The results show a trend towards higher obesity rates as the socioeconomic level of the neighborhood decreases, while food environments vary according to the availability of different combinations of supply (street markets, quantity and size of supermarkets, traditional channels) for each socioeconomic level, suggesting the presence of different types of food environments. The paper concludes with reflections on how the nutritional context has changed since the Covid-19 pandemic and opens a discussion on the role of urban planning in creating nutritional (in)equity conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: Black youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at heightened risk for suboptimal abstract glycemic control. Studies of neighborhood effects on the health of youth with T1D are limited. The current study investigated the effects of racial residential segregation on the diabetes health of young Black adolescents with T1D. METHODS: A total of 148 participants were recruited from 7 pediatric diabetes clinics in 2 US cities. Racial residential segregation (RRS)was calculated at the census block group level based on US Census data. Diabetes management was measured via self-report questionnaire. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) information was gathered from participants during home-based data collection. Hierarchical linear regression was used to test the effects of RRS while controlling for family income, youth age, insulin delivery method (insulin pump versus syringe therapy), and neighborhood adversity. RESULTS: HbA1c was significantly associated with RRS in bivariate analyses, whereas youth reported diabetes management was not. In hierarchical regression analyses, whereas family income, age, and insulin delivery method were all significantly associated with HbA1c in model 1, only RRS, age, and insulin delivery method were significantly associated with HbA1c in model 2. Model 2 explained 25% of the variance in HbA1c (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: RRS was associated with glycemic control ina sample of Black youth with T1D and accounted for variance in HbA1c even after controlling for adverse neighborhood conditions. Policies to reduce residential segregation, along with improved screening for neighborhood-level risk, hold the potential to improve the health of a vulnerable population of youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key question of research on crime control is whether the level of police strength in cities primarily represents citizens' collective interest in cutting crime, or whites' interest in exerting control over minority populations in a racially divided society. Minority threat theories maintain that whites and police authorities seek to protect their interests by mobilizing their political power to enhance police strength in cities with relatively large minority populations. Research testing this hypothesis examines the relationships of percent black and percent Hispanic to the strength of police departments. Studies of blacks support minority threat theories, but the limited research on Hispanics does not. We extend research on Hispanics by incorporating nativity and region into an analysis of cities of 100,000 or more population in 2010. Noteworthy findings include complex interactions involving those predictors. Percent native-born Hispanic has a stronger negative relationship with police strength at higher levels of Hispanic-white residential segregation, but only in southwestern cities. Percent black is associated with increased police strength at higher levels of black-white segregation, but only in non-southwestern cities. These findings indicate that nativity, segregation, and regional context may jointly shape the mobilization of coercive crime control, sometimes in unexpected ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After Black Lives Matter: Policing and Anti-Capitalist Struggle By Johnson, Cedric G. Verso, 2023 ISBN: 9781804291673 Graph It's been three years since the brutal murder of George Floyd at the hands of Minneapolis police in May 2020. B I [Johnson's] proposals are ambitious while still being modest enough that one could imagine beginning to build a real-life coalition to fight for them. i b Yet, I After Black Lives Matter i does not confine itself to criticism. Reflecting on both the theoretical underpinnings and organizing framework of current movements against the carceral state, Johnson offers potential pathways forward toward building a broader coalition that can strike at the root of the policing crisis. [Extracted from the article]

This article engages with affect theory and Black feminist interrogations of the human to examine the conflicting feelings evoked by the gentrification process. Black feminist theorists have long demonstrated how histories linger, shape, and make meaning in the present. Affect theory offers further insight into this process by illustrating how we imbue people, places, and things with meaning. This article links these perspectives to address how associations such as economic development/life, Blackness/death, and the uninhabitable/nonhuman shape public sentiments on gentrification and space more broadly. This discussion centers on two urban development projects in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a city that is, like many American cities, racially segregated. This analysis attends to how antiblackness circulates to imbue space and bodies with racialized meaning and resonance. I advance that while this circulation of affects is devastatingly powerful, antiblackness does not circulate uncontested or capture all elements of Black life and Black place-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age is an important known driver of residential sorting, yet little is understood about how age segregation is affected by housing unaffordability. This relationship is particularly pertinent given trends of increasing housing inequalities and population ageing, in Europe and elsewhere. Using harmonised population data for small areas linked with local house price statistics and household incomes in England and Wales, this paper examines the scale of, and links between, residential age segregation and housing unaffordability. The results reveal a strong association between increasing housing unaffordability (for sales and rentals) and increasing residential age segregation (beyond other local characteristics). This association is particularly marked in urban and rich (least deprived) areas. This points to increasing spatial polarisation along the intersections of wealth and age: not only are the wealthiest parts of the country, where housing is particularly unaffordable, becoming increasingly demarcated socio-economically but also by age. This implies that age-related life course processes are integral to the trends observed more broadly of increasing socio-spatial polarisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's labor market participation in Chile ranks among the lowest in Latin America. In a country where over 90 percent of the population lives in segregated cities, where employment opportunities cluster in affluent neighborhoods, residential sorting has surprisingly been neglected as an explanatory factor. This article addresses this omission by calculating the effects of residential segregation on labor market participation among less-educated caregivers. Using an OLS fixed effects model, the study finds that segregation entails adverse spatial mismatch effects on labor market participation. No other sub-population is affected in this manner. Hence, residential segregation contributes to the consolidation of three types of inequalities. First, it reproduces gendered inequalities within less-educated households. Second, in the context of increasing labor market participation among more-educated women, residential segregation further increases inequalities between low-income and affluent households. Finally, it deepens geographical inequalities between marginalized and non-marginalized households. HIGHLIGHTS Residential segregation has excluded less-educated caregiving women from paid work. Less-educated communities reside in regions with low job density. A spatial mismatch is a gendered phenomenon insofar as mobility is gendered. Segregation does not affect men's or more-educated women's labor force participation. Segregation aggravates economic, geographic, and gender inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African Americans suffer disproportionately from cancer compared to their White counterparts. Racism may be an important determinant, but the literature on its association with cancer screening is limited. We examine associations between racism and cancer screening among a sample of African Americans. Guided by the Public Health Critical Race Praxis and the Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, we conducted a multilevel, cross-sectional study using cancer risk assessment data collected from 405 callers to the 2-1-1 Texas helpline. We merged these data with contextual data from the U.S. Census Bureau. We assessed perceived racial discrimination using the Experiences of Discrimination Scale and racial residential segregation using the Location Quotient for Racial Residential Segregation. We used multilevel regression models to test hypothesized associations between each indicator of racism and four cancer screening adherence outcomes (Pap test, mammography, colorectal cancer screening [CRCS], and any cancer screening). Participants were 18–83 years old (mean = 45 years). Most (81%) were non-adherent to at least one recommended screening. Approximately 42% reported experiencing discrimination and 73% lived in a segregated neighborhood. Discrimination was non-significantly related to lower odds of mammography (aOR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.38-1.22), CRCS (aOR = 0.79; 95%CI: 0.41-1.52), and any cancer screening adherence (aOR = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.59-1.32). Segregation was related to greater odds of mammography (non-significant; aOR = 1.43; 95%CI: 0.76-2.68) and CRCS (significant; aOR = 2.80; 95%CI: 1.21-6.46) but not associated with any cancer screening. Neither indicator of racism was associated with Pap test screening adherence. Racism has a nuanced association with cancer screening among low-income, medically underserved African Americans. Specifically, discrimination appears to be associated with lower odds of screening, while segregation may be associated with higher odds of screening in certain situations. Future research is needed to better explicate relations between indicators of racism and cancer screening among African Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to normative debates about residential segregation and its relationship to inequality. It defends a position often disregarded in literature: that there is merit to advancing residential integration through some scenarios where advantaged individuals move to disadvantaged areas. It develops this case in dialogue with three other views. In relation to advocates of addressing the inequalities of residential segregation through redistribution, it defends integration as a means of tackling social and political factors that sustain injustice. It challenges those who defend relocating disadvantaged individuals to advantaged areas by highlighting the burdens and demand for cultural assimilation this imposes on the disadvantaged. It considers the worry that advantaged individuals relocating to disadvantaged areas harbours the problematic features of gentrification. It responds that these concerns, while important in some cases, do not arise in all scenarios of this kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redlining was a discriminatory housing policy in the United States that began in 1933 and denoted neighborhoods with high proportions of Black individuals as "undesirable" and a high risk for lending, which therefore excluded people from obtaining traditional insured mortgages to purchase a home. Simultaneously, realtors discouraged Black individuals from purchasing homes in predominantly non-Black neighborhoods. This resulted in decreased home ownership and wealth accumulation among Black individuals and neighborhoods with high proportions of Black individuals. This study investigated rates of visual impairment and blindness (VIB) in neighborhoods that at one time were graded for redlining. Secondary data analysis of American Community Survey data and historical grades for redlining. United States census tracts (CTs) from 2010 with historical grades for redlining. One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis test, chi-square test, and logistic regression modeling. The main outcome was CT percentage of residents reporting VIB and the association with historical grades for redlining. Grades were converted to numeric values (1 to 4, with higher values indicating worse grade) and aggregated over a CT based on the distribution of grades within to obtain a redlining score. Logistic regression was used to model the effect of redlining on the probability of having VIB. Eleven thousand six hundred sixty-eight CTs were analyzed. Logistic regression found that a 1-unit increase in average redlining score was associated with a 13.4% increased odds of VIB after controlling for CT measures of age, sex, people of color (any non-White race), state, and population size (odds ratio [OR], 1.134; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.131–1.138; P < 0.001). Similar results were observed for an additional model that adjusted for the estimated percentage of Black residents within a CT (OR, 1.180; 95% CI, 1.177–1.183; P < 0.001). Historical government-sanctioned residential segregation through redlining was found to be associated with higher proportions of people living with VIB in these neighborhoods today. Understanding how neighborhood segregation impacts eye health is important for planning improved mechanisms of eye care delivery to mitigate health disparities. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the emergence of Berbice Dutch, detailing the process of "creolization" of Dutch in Berbice and questioning the definition of creoles. Topics include arrival of the slave ship Sint Antony Galeij and the importance of timing and demographics, the antiexceptionalist position which suggests that morphological impoverishment; and evolution of language varieties and the changing definition of creoles for a reevaluation of a language.

Racial residential segregation is considered a fundamental cause of racial health disparities, with housing discrimination as a critical driver of residential segregation. Despite this link, racial discrimination in housing is far less studied than segregation in the population health literature. As a result, we know little about how discrimination in housing is linked to health beyond its connection to segregation. Furthermore, we need to understand how health impacts differ across different types of housing discrimination. This review aims to assess the state of the population health literature on the conceptualization, measurement, and health implications of housing discrimination. We used PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews and presented the data on 32 articles that met our inclusion criteria published before January 1, 2022. Nearly half of the articles do not define housing discrimination explicitly. Additionally, there is considerable variation in how housing discrimination is operationalized across studies. Compared to studies using administrative data for housing discrimination exposures, studies using survey data were more likely to report a detrimental association with health outcomes. Synthesizing and comparing the results of these studies helps bridge methodological approaches to this research. Our review helps inform the debate on how racism impacts population health. Given the changing nature of racial discrimination over time and place, we discuss how population health researchers can approach studying various forms of housing discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, there are Integrated Regions of Economic Development (RIDES) that are constituted by more than one state, and thus can be seen as a heterogeneous set in which large agglomerations of demographic, economic, social and political importance substantially differ. The general objective of this work was to characterize these Integrated Development Region of the Federal District and its Surroundings - RIDE/DF, considering the composition stated by Complementary Law 163/2018, in the political, spatial, and socioeconomic spheres. Through bibliographical and analytical research, It was possible to observe that the municipalities that constitute the RIDE/DF underwent a disorderly urbanization that was not caused by industrialization nor is linked to factors related to an egalitarian regional development. The RIDE/DF was characterized by centralization of economic functions, work opportunities, and residential segregation, caused largely by initial actions of the state, and which resulted in several problems, such as structural unemployment, housing deficit, urban violence, and socio-spatial inequality, which affect not only the DF, since this generates overflow effects for the other municipalities of the RIDE/DF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To stabilise the housing market during the great depression, the government-sanctioned Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) created colour-coded maps of nearly 200 United States cities according to lending risk. These maps were largely driven by racial segregation, with the worst graded neighbourhoods coloured in red, later termed redlined neighbourhoods. We sought to investigate the association between historical redlining, and trends in environmental disparities across the US over the past few decades. We characterised environmental exposures including air pollutants (e.g. NO2 and fine particulate matter), vegetation, noise, and light at night, proximity hazardous emission sources (e.g. hazardous water facilities, wastewater discharge indicator) and other environmental and social indicators harnessed from various sources across HOLC graded neighbourhoods and extrapolated census tracts (A [lowest risk neighbourhoods] to D [highest risk neighbourhoods]). Lower graded areas (C and D) had consistently higher exposures to worse environmental factors. Additionally, there were consistent relative disparities in the exposures to PM2.5 (1981–2018) and NO2 (2005–2019), without significant improvement in the gap compared with HOLC grade A neighbourhoods. Our findings illustrate that historical redlining, a form of residential segregation largely based on racial discrimination is associated with environmental injustice over the past 2–4 decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration flows and social inequalities reflect increased social and multi‐ethnic segregation in contemporary urban Europe. For a better understanding of these processes, the present study investigates the main strengths of the multi‐group residential indices, testing sensitivity and reliability under different metropolitan contexts in five European countries. These indices focus on different research dimensions and approach multi‐group residential segregation conceptually and mathematically in a different way. A multivariate exploratory data analysis was adopted to classify the observed segregation patterns into a few homogeneous types and to delineate the multivariate relationship between the indices. The results of principal component analysis demonstrate that the indices assessing uniformity and disproportionality of the social groups analysed (H and D) contribute largely to the diversification in today's multi‐ethnic communities, clarifying the importance of the dimension of evenness. Our results highlight how segregation is more evident in economically disadvantaged metropolitan regions with high levels of social vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid growth in metropolitan areas is associated with urban development and revitalization. However, neighborhood gentrification has negatively affected low income and communities of color by displacement and compounding structural and systemic inequities. Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and immigrants/refugee communities are burdened with negative health outcomes from adverse circumstances illustrated by disparities in the social determinants of health and health indicators, that is, chronic disease and COVID-19. To remediate the situation and restore health, the multisector response needs to be reframed and emphasize systemic, integrated, and aligned efforts. These include policy, systems and environmental change approaches, community involvement, improvement of data systems, and workforce development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sri Lankans constitute one of Italy's oldest foreign communities. A comparative geographic study of Sri Lankans' settlement patterns in three main municipalities of South Italy (Naples, Palermo, and Catania) is performed in the present work. The uniqueness of the analysis relies on the fact that, to the authors' knowledge, no other existing studies comparatively examine the spatial segregation of Sri Lankan communities in different southern European municipalities. Moreover, implementing a single geographic reference grid allowed the homogenisation of different areal unit arrangements and the comparison between urban contexts. Original results have emerged from the empirical analysis, detecting peculiar and similar residential behaviour in Sri Lankans' settlement patterns across the three municipalities analysed, jointly influenced by work specialisation and variations in the local cost of living. In particular, the high levels of Sri Lankan concentration detected in the wealthiest neighbourhoods revealed complex dynamics underlying the urban spatial segregation, beyond the mere centre-periphery dichotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have identified increasing residential diversity as a nearuniversal trend across the United States. At the same time, a wide range of scholarship notes the persistence of White flight and other mechanisms that reproduce residential segregation. In this article, we attempt to reconcile these findings by arguing that current trends toward increased residential diversity may sometimes mask population changes that are more consistent with racial turnover and eventual resegregation. Specifically, we show that increases in diversity occur nearly identically across neighborhoods where White populations remain stable or decline in the face of non-White population growth. Our findings demonstrate that, particularly in its early stages, racial turnover decouples diversity and integration, leading to increases in diversity without corresponding increases in residential integration. These results suggest that in many neighborhoods, diversity increases may be transitory phenomena driven primarily by a neighborhood's location in the racial turnover process. In the future, stalled or decreasing levels of diversity may become more common in these areas as segregation persists and the process of racial turnover continues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]