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The article comments on the High Arrest Neighborhoods to Decrease Disparities in Survival (HANDDS) initiative in the U.S. Topics covered include the use of the Health Belief Model in the program and focus on encouraging patients to make healthy choices. Also mentioned are health issues addressed by the program such as childhood malnutrition and condom use.

Aims to widen the scope of the researcher's view of potential research problems and to provide practitioners with a better basis for interpreting the results of various research findings in relation to social change and public policy in rural United States during the 1970. Important trends in rural society; Key aspects of social change; Roles of the researcher and practitioner in analyzing and solving rural development problems; Problem areas where research and data are needed.

The article offers information on the plans of the European Commission (EC) for the Horizon Europe. Topics discussed include information on the Horizon Europe as the research and innovation programme that provides the strategic underpinning for the next decade of scientific and technological progress in the European Union (EU); and discussions on the funding research for improving living standards and prosperity and strengthening global health security.

The article reports on the amount of advertising in the years between 1928 and 1940. The total expenditure in advertising is noted, and a breakdown of trends in magazine and radio advertising is provided. Readership surveys and pre-evaluation of advertisements is reported as having caused the quality of ads to rise. The goals of advertising are being recognized by a larger share of the population; they are to provoke buyers either through persuasion or facts. The use of research in advertising is becoming more common; along with the economics of advertising.

The authors argue on the need to change the paradigm for drug development as it becomes increasingly inefficient, risky and expensive. They believe that an open innovation partnership would transform the drug development process by integrating capabilities and expertise among a diverse collective of internal and external stakeholders. The authors also cite numerous signs that the traditional pharmaceutical research and development is no longer sustainable.

The article presents the editor's reflections on the relationship between publishers and academic researchers, the topics of the 2011 Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers conference, and "unintended consequences" in scholarly publishing. Additional issues addressed include the page charge system and access to information versus awareness of resources.

The Madrid Declaration is being promoted by representatives from seven nationally funded mental health research networks, along with leaders of ongoing European Union-funded mental health projects. It advocates the creation of a Network of Excellent Networks, based on a dynamic and adaptive cross-European network of distinctly qualified research centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author discusses aspects of the significance of science for the development of Africa. The author mentions that scientific education and research is improving on various African countries even though slow translation for important technological improvements is observed. It examines various initiatives and programs for scientific research which were organized by African scientists like the African School on Electronic Structure Methods and Applications (ASESMA).

The article discusses the difficulty of assessing what economic and social impacts the 2009 American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) will have on the U.S. in future years. While it has been posited that jobs will be created and scientific research will be bolstered, predictable results are difficult to quantify. It is suggested that investments in scientific discovery and technological innovations are directly tied to economic growth. Institutions such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recognize basic research as a critical component for productivity and employment growth. The author examines the ecology of innovation and elucidates empirical challenges to economic progression.

The article discusses the results of the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), that is used to measure the quality of academic research in Great Britain. The RAE is used to calculate funding for research. More than half of the research analyzed was graded as "internationally excellent," including research from Oxford and Cambridge University. A large improvement was seen in the areas of medicine and life sciences, placing Great Britain ahead of Europe and behind the U.S. The REA drives improvement by encouraging schools to evaluate its systems, restructure and retain high quality researchers.

Despite many European Union (EU) conferences on fighting microbial resistance, rates of resistance in Europe continue to increase. Although research is catching up with discovery, the development of new antimicrobials is threatened by economic factors, in particular the need for a return of investment via high-volume sales. The EU should invest in independent research into the economic and business aspects of antibiotic development. Multidisciplinary input from the fields of finance, law, marketing, sociology and psychology will inform a broad agenda for change at the regulatory, academic and commercial levels and identify new options for novel anti-infective research and development, as recently recommended by the Science Academies of Europe (EASAC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An impactful clinical trial will have real-life benefits for patients and society beyond the academic environment. This study analyses case studies of cancer trials to understand how impact is evidenced for cancer trials and how impact evaluation can be more routinely adopted and improved.Methods: The United Kingdom (UK) Government allocates research funding to higher-education institutions based on an assessment of the institutions' previous research efforts, in an exercise known as the Research Excellence Framework (REF). In addition to each institution's journal publications and research environment, for the first time in 2014, allocation of funding was also dependent on an evaluation of the wider, societal impact of research conducted. In the REF2014, impact assessment was performed by evaluation of impact case studies. In this study, case studies (n = 6637) submitted by institutions for the REF2014 were accessed and those focussing on cancer trials were identified. Manual content analysis was then used to assess the characteristics of the cancer trials discussed in the case studies, the impact described and the methods used by institutions to demonstrate impact.Results: Forty-six case studies describing 106 individual cancer trials were identified. The majority were phase III randomised controlled trials and those recruiting patients with breast cancer. A list of indicators of cancer trial impact was generated using the previous literature and developed inductively using these case studies. The most common impact from a cancer trial identified in the case studies was on policy, in particular citation of trial findings in clinical guidelines. Impact on health outcomes and the economy were less frequent and health outcomes were often predicted rather than evidenced. There were few descriptions identified of trialists making efforts to maximise trial impact.Discussion: Cancer trial impact narratives for the next REF assessment exercise in 2021 can be improved by evidencing actual rather than predicted Impact, with a clearer identification of the beneficiaries of cancer trials and the processes through which trial results are used. Clarification of the individuals responsible for performing impact evaluations of cancer trials and the provision of resources to do so needs to be addressed if impact evaluation is to be sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open access refers to unrestricted online access to and ability to reuse scholarly papers free of any publisher-imposed access charge, but the publishing cost is often transferred to the authors. Most journals charge fees for the publication to be made immediately ("gold") open access. GRAPH Footnotes 1 In I Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology i , open access fees can be waivered for researchers from LMICs, after consultation with the editorial team, the publisher, and the authors. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Recently, patients who received induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma were found to have survival advantages compared with those receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in two large randomized trials. Based on these two trials, we present a cost-effectiveness analysis to compare gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP) versus cisplatin, fluorouracil, and docetaxel (TPF) for induction chemotherapy to treat locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods: We constructed a Markov model to compare the cost and effectiveness of GP versus TPF. Clinical data including the frequency of adverse events, recurrence and death obtained from two randomized phase III trials were used to calculate transition probabilities and costs. Health utilities were estimated from the literature. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, expressed as dollars per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), were calculated, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios less than $27,534.25/QALY (3 × the per capita GDP of China, 2018) were considered cost-effective. One-way sensitivity and probabilistic sensitivity analyses explored the robustness of the model.Results: Our base case model found that the total cost was $53,082.68 in the GP group and $45,482.66 in the TPF group. The QALYs were 6.82 and 4.11, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio favoured the GP regimen, at an incremental cost of $2,804.44 per QALY. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis found that treatment with the GP regimen was cost-effective 100% of the time at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $27,534.25‬/QALY.Conclusion: In this model, GP was estimated to be cost-effective compared with cisplatin, fluorouracil, and docetaxel for patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma from the payer's perspectives in the China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on university spin-off companies. The author feels that the gap between university research and industrial commercialization may be filled by spin-off companies. The author also discusses different aspects of these companies like funding, benefits of affiliation with university, challenges for scientists, and concludes that the companies can enhance their strength while maintaining their flexibility.

Discusses matters related to the disclosure of study findings to participants in research. Rationale for offering to disclose research results; Factors that influence the cost of such a practice; Approach for researchers and funding agencies to consider when developing or assessing research grant applications.

Reports on the conflict of interest policies between academic research and private enterprise. Issue on scientific objectivity; Insignificance of a disclosed author conflict; Result of disclosure policy compliance.

The article reflects on the 2018 federal budget of Canada dedicated to science and health care research. Research investments in the budget include a national pharmacare plan, making progress on addressing health inequalities experienced by Indigenous communities, and the opioid crisis, as well as funding for Canada Foundation for Innovation. It also notes some doctors praising the health research budget, including Art McDonald, Anne Wilson, and Michael Schull.

Discusses the growth in the field of biomedicine, and the problems associated with it. Benefits of the field for society; Growth in support; Funds spent on biomedicine in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany; Growth in numbers of scientists; Rise in costs; Government expenditure; Improving European competitiveness.

Describes the development of venture businesses in research in Asian countries. Impact of the Asian economic crisis on governments' attitudes toward start-up businesses in science; Role of Asian scientists trained in the West; Survey of activity in Singapore, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and China. INSETS: Singapore aims to become a hot spot for life sciences;China's scientists tap offshore funds;Taiwan targets biotechnology.

Discusses how universities should account for the money they receive from governments. Demand for increased transparency in science spending, especially in the United States; Need to account for the indirect costs of research; Intertwining research and teaching; Reality of indirect costs; Cost sharing. INSET: Comparing US and UK costs.

Focuses on the research universities of United States. Low pay for postdoctorates as the key to US research productivity; Comparison of pay to graduates in science with those who have business or law degrees; Statistics on the source of support for first postdoctoral appointment; Outlook.

Evaluates the job market for postdoctoral students in the United States. Experiences of Tony Mendez, who has a doctor of philosophy degree in nuclear physics; Statistics on the employment of postdoctoral students by the National Science Foundation; Expectation of graduate students to do a postdoctorate in fields like life science; Sources of job advice for graduates; A 1997 list of top schools for postdocs; Outlook.

Discusses the involvement of Eastern European countries in the European Union's new research program called Framework 5. Gamble the countries are taking by becoming involved; Costs of Framework 5 subscriptions; Importance of Framework 5 involvement for countries to be accepted into the European Union (EU); Underfunding of research in many post-communist countries; Basic versus applied research in such countries. INSET: Will the Euro Help Grants Flow?.

The article discusses the possibility of budget cuts to scientific research during the negotiations for the U.S. 2018 budget.

This article discusses the relationship between scientometrics and the production of intellectual research. The author comments on the impact of economic and political conditions on research methodology and assessment. The influence of these factors on academic corruption, scholarly publishing, and research output is also explored.

The article discusses the impact of research on the develeopment of the economic and social condition of the country and its citizens. The relationship between development and research is considered. Research requires understanding problems and finding solutions to them and results of research are usually published in journalsand whereas Development aims to build complete solution to aproblem within fixed time-frame.

The article presents a letter from the president of the Academy of Management on the topic of the financial support of management research. The author notes that much of the money given to support research is concentrated in the areas of behavioral and quantitative research rather than operational objectives and much is directed towards individuals rather than organizations. The author proposes an audit of the quality of research and the teaching of management and asks members to share their thoughts on the most significant writings since 1900 in the field of management.