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In order to fill the knowledge gap on the reduction of losses and waste of bread and other bakery and confectionery products (BBCP) in the selected retail level, studies have been conducted to estimate the scale of waste of this type of food at retailers, cause of occurrence of such losses have been determined, along with methods of limiting and preventing this phenomenon. Data about the scale of losses have been collected by monitoring diary from the sample of small shops (N = 5), bakeries with own shops (N = 5). Additionally data from a retail network (N = 29 shops) taken from the cash register system. The qualitative data came from 9 individual in-depth reviews with trade experts. The analysis of the data shows that the total volume of losses in BBCP trade in small shops was around 2 kg/week (excluding goods returned for reprocessing). Based on the value BBCP’s losses in the retail network accounted for 42% of the total losses. Moreover, they reach 20% of the bakery & confectionery department turnover. The BBCP returns from trade to reprocessing were recorded at 8-10% of the average daily order value. The 3 main categories of causes behind this phenomenon have been identified: related to the organisation of the bakery section at the retailer, the manner of displaying products and human errors. The ways of preventing losses and waste in the examined product category have also been named. The obtained results can be used for developing programs and strategies to limit trade losses in bakery & confectionery sections. The examined product category should be understood to be the main goal of indexation programs and other steps aiming to limit food waste.

Introduction. Transport in cities has a huge impact on the environment, the quality of life of people, their health, road safety, etc., which is the subject of a fairly large number of scientific publications. It is obvious that measures aimed at shifting transport demand from a private car towards the use of public transport are extremely relevant. One way to develop such measures could be through a survey of users of transport services.This article reveals patterns in the transport preferences of the inhabitants of the city of Gomel by analysing the results of their transport survey.The purpose of the work is to obtain data on the transport preferences of the inhabitants of the city of Gomel. Materials and methods. When writing the article, materials obtained during the transport survey of residents of the city of Gomel were used. At the same time, graphical analysis methods, crosstabulation tables, Chi-square test (when comparing differences in independent samples of nominal variables), analysis of variance (when comparing differences in independent samples of nominal and numerical variables, depending on the law distributions within groups) implemented in a specialised software product.Results. Based on the results of the article, information was obtained about the transport preferences of the inhabitants of the city of Gomel.Discussion and conclusion. The obtained results of the analysis of the transport survey are the basis for the subsequent justification of measures aimed at shifting transport demand from individual cars towards the use of regular public transport.

AbstractIn Reason and the Heart, William Wainwright defends a kind of religious evidentialism, one that takes int consideration the promptings of the heart, provided the heart is a virtuous one; and he claims that this view is able to avoid relativism. Here, Wainwright’s evidentialism is examined in relation to other views that have gone by that name. Wainwright’s position is briefly stated together with an expression of doubt about its ability to fend off relativism. Following this, an outline of the history of evidentialism is presented. It is concluded that Wainwright’s view is not really a form of evidentialism at all. Evidentialism may be weakened in two ways: (1) redefining “evidence” to include elements that are not recognized by objectifying inquiry; (2) allowing subjective factors, such as religious emotions, to govern the interpretation of the evidence. Wainwright describes his view as a form of evidentialism because it does not avail itself of (1); but it is only misleadingly called “evidentialism” because of (2). After making this case, several reasons are presented for rejecting evidentialism. It is argued that evidentialists focus attention of what the evidence is to determine whether beliefs are justified or rational, while how the evidence is treated is of no less importance when beliefs are supported by reasons. Furthermore, there are beliefs the justification of which is a practical matter of commitment to a more general framework rather than inference from some body of evidence. It is suggested that some religious beliefs may fall into this category.

Objective The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the scientific framework of studies related to karate injuries and to provide a comprehensive review of the previous studies. Methods The search for articles was performed in specialized databases and articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The study showed that most injuries in karate occur in the head and neck. Most of these injuries are contusions and bruises. It was also found that most of the reported injuries occurred during practice, but these injuries are generally mild. The study also showed that the full-contact of kicks and punches, opponent’s technical foul and long training are the most important causes of injuries in karate. Conclusion The study showed that most injuries in karate occur in the head and neck. Most of these injuries are contusions and bruises. It was also found that most of the reported injuries occurred during practice, but these injuries are generally mild. The study also showed that the full-contact of kicks and punchs, opponent’s technical foul and long training are the most important causes of injuries in karate.

Classroom interaction is identified to engage students in responding and interacting with teachers and other students. However, one problem that usually interferes with teacher-student interaction is unpredictable students’ reactions in interpreting the teacher’s utterances. The present research investigated several reasons for students’ responses to teachers’ directive utterances. To reach the objective, a case study was applied. Three eighth-grade students in a Yogyakarta lower secondary school were selected to participate in this study. The data were collected through observation and interviews. Meanwhile, the data analysis was based on Miles’ interactive model. The results of this study show that internal and external variables affect the students’ responses during English classes. A lack of vocabulary and needing extra time to guess are the internal variables to understanding the teacher’s intention. Meanwhile, unfavorable classroom atmospheres resulting from noisy students, noisy next-door classes, and noisy vehicles outside are the external variables that disturb the students’ attention and understanding of the teacher’s directive utterances. The results of this research reveal significant implications for students’ attitudes, as they rarely develop their interaction due to internal and external factors. Thus, the condition requires the teacher’s role as an active language user.

Background: Unsafe abortion, even though it is preventable, remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity among women in the developing world. It has always been a dilemma for researchers to explore the reasons for unsafe abortion in communities due to the sensitive nature of the subject. As a result, the aim of this study was to explore the reasons for unsafe abortion in women of reproductive age in western Ethiopia, 2022. Methods: A qualitative study with a purposive sampling technique was used to explore the reasons for unsafe abortion. The sample size was determined by the data theoretical saturation. Thematic data analysis was used to analyse the data, which was aided by Open Code 4.03 software. Results: Five thematic categories were drawn from the collected data. The categories were: lack of knowledge of safe abortion policy and services; socioeconomic conditions; safe abortion as a real religious and cultural taboo; stigma of unplanned pregnancy; and a desire to pursue education. Conclusion: The obtained evidence in this study revealed that lack of knowledge, poor socioeconomic conditions, cultural and religious beliefs, stigma of unplanned pregnancy, and a desire to pursue education were quoted by participants as reasons to unsafe abortion practices. As a result, it is critical to improve family planning education, raise awareness about safe abortion services, and educate young women about the consequences of unsafe; abortion to reduce the rate of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion-related complications.

Supporters of paternalistic policies argue that interference with risky or dangerous choices for citizens' own good is permissible, as long as those choices are caused by cognitive irrationality or ignorance. Yet, some liberal thinkers argue that despite human irrationality, paternalistic policies are still wrong because they fail to respect citizens as moral equals. I argue that actually both views are mistaken about what respect for citizens requires, because they conceptualize the citizens' interests from the wrong standpoint. In order for citizens to be respected as equals, I argue that citizens' interests must be defined from a joint (second-person) standpoint which is constructed through a dialogical process between policymakers and citizens oriented towards mutual understanding. Furthermore, I argue that engaging citizens in such a dialogue is a distinctive paternalistic intervention in its own right, which unlike other kinds of paternalistic intervention, is compatible with respect for citizens as equals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Action-First theorists, like Jonathan Dancy, reasons for action explain reasons for intentions. According to Intention-First theorists, like Conor McHugh and Jonathan Way, reasons for intentions explain reasons for action. In this paper, I introduce and defend a version of the Action-First theory called "Instrumentalism." According to Instrumentalism, just as we can derive, using principles of instrumental transmission, reasons to ψ from reasons to ϕ (provided there's some relevant instrumental relation between ψ- ing and ϕ- ing), we can derive reasons to intend to ϕ from reasons to ϕ (provided there's some relevant instrumental relation between intending to ϕ and ϕ- ing). After providing some defense of Instrumentalism, I turn to two recent, important arguments for the Intention-First theory advanced by McHugh and Way, and I argue that neither of them succeed. I conclude that we should reject the Intention-First theory and that we have grounds for optimism about the Action-First theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the reasons why students cheat in exams. It also explored the techniques of cheating used by students in the exam. In addition, it studied the consequences of exam cheating, which were experienced by students. A total of 185 undergraduate students were involved in this study. A questionnaire was devised and administered to the participants. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 to answer the research questions. The results revealed that the most common reasons for students cheating in the exam were getting a higher position in the class and the difficulty of the courses. The most common cheating techniques which were using constantly by students were cheat sheets in the exam and taking notes in the palm of their hands. The findings also stated that losing self-respect among other classmates and losing position in the class were the two most frequent and noticeable consequences of cheating in the exam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines the issue of dismissal from service (from the ranks of the NPU). Issues related to organization, legal regulation and social consequences are considered. It is noted that there are three stages of dismissal from the ranks of the NPU. The first stage is the adoption of a decision on dismissal, where the question of the admissibility of termination of service relations is decided. The II stage consists in the collection and coordination of the documents necessary for the dismissal of the employee. At this stage, draft orders are prepared, which contain information about the reasons for dismissal, personal data of the employee and the relevant clause of the law. The third stage includes registration of the fact of termination of relations with the National Police body, which involves the exclusion of the employee from the personnel lists, signing of the bypass letter and carrying out a financial settlement. The organization of dismissal from service in the ranks of the NPU is based on the relevant legal acts regulating the dismissal procedure and the grounds for making such a decision. A detailed study of these regulations allows you to understand the rights and obligations of the parties involved in the dismissal process, as well as to determine the procedure for its implementation. The article pays special attention to the legal regulation of the dismissal procedure. It has been analyzed that the norms are defined by legislation and highlight the order of their application. This analysis is based on the provisions of laws regulating the activities of the National Police. A separate part of the article is an analysis of the social consequences of dismissal from service. Dismissal can have a serious impact on the psychological state of the employee, his social status and financial stability. As a conclusion, it is said that the procedure for the dismissal of police officers includes several consecutive stages that ensure the legality and formality of this process. Each stage has its own important role in ensuring the correct termination of service relations and compliance with the established requirements of the law. This article analyzes in detail the organization of dismissal, its legal regulation and social consequences, which makes it interesting and useful for researchers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient-centered research has emerged as critically important for understanding the impact of treatments on key stakeholders. The subjective experience of quality of life (QOL) is increasingly recognized as fundamental to delineating treatment goals. The present study utilized content analysis of qualitative data and quantitative analysis to highlight important domains of disease burden and underlying reasons for their importance, and to characterize goals for new treatments for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Results: The study sample reflected the perspectives of DMD patients and caregivers representing ambulatory, transitional, and non-ambulatory stages of disability progression (n = 20 per category). Open-ended interviews were content-analyzed and non-parametric statistical tests were used to compare ambulation groups. As patients progressed in disability, the noted DMD burdens reflected some differences in functional areas. While daily functioning and sports/recreation remained the most important priority areas across ambulation groups, "health" became less prominent as the disability progressed from ambulatory to transitional to non-ambulatory phases of disability; whereas relationships became more prominent as one progressed to the non-ambulatory phase from the ambulatory or transitional phases (Kruskall Wallis H = 12.24 and 5.28, p = 0.002 and 0.02, respectively). When asked why their burdens were important to them and how it impacted their or their child's life, self-esteem/confidence was most important for ambulatory patients, and became less prominent for patients in the transitional and non-ambulatory phases of disability (Kruskall Wallis H = 9.46, p = 0.009). In contrast, independence was less important for ambulatory patients, and became increasing prominent for patients in the transitional and non-ambulatory phases of disability (Kruskall Wallis H = 7.35, p = 0.025). Emotional functioning was most prominent for all ambulation groups on their best and worst days. Goals for new DMD treatments focused on functional goals, general QOL goals, and concerns about safety, ease of use, and effectiveness. Conclusion: This study provides useful information about treatment goals for DMD from the perspective of patients and their caregivers. It highlights some consistent values across the disability trajectory, as well as introducing an evolution of priorities as the person with DMD becomes more disabled. Results provide a roadmap for patient-centered DMD drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we defend the semantic theory, Question Under Discussion (QUD) Contextualism about Reasons that we develop in our monograph Semantics for Reasons against a series of objections that focus on whether our semantics can deliver predictions for some common examples, how we defend the semantic theory, and how we assess it compared to its competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the received view, philosophy of action took a justified turn towards causalism because anti‐causalists failed the causalist challenge about efficacious reasons. This paper contests that view by examining the ways in which Georg Henrik von Wright responded to causalism in his later philosophy. First, von Wright attacked the subjectivism of causalism by arguing for an objectivist view that construes reasons not as subjective mental states but as external facts of the agent's situation. Second, von Wright fundamentally disagreed with the view of philosophical inquiry that underpinned causalism. For von Wright, the task of philosophy was conceptual: to explicate what one is looking for when one is looking for the real reasons for action. In contrast, for causalists the task was ontological: to determine what kind of item in the world the real reason for action is. Examining von Wright's account contributes to contemporary assessments of the metaphilosophical dimension of the reasons/causes debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims at determining the reasons for the students’ reluctance to enroll in the majors of Physics and Mathematics at the Faculty of Appliedand Educational Sciences in Al-Nadira, Ibb University from the point of view of the college students. To achieve the aim of the research, the descriptive analytic approach was followed. A questionnaire consisting of (25) items distributed on five fields was applied on a sample from the first-level students including (30) students. After collecting the data, the results showed that the level of achieving the reasons for the students’ reluctance was achieved with a general average of (1.61). The reasons related to the lack of school awareness of the majors of Physics and Mathematics were ranked first, with an average of (1.69). Reasons related to the difficulty of studying in the majors of Physics and Mathematics were ranked second, with an average of (1.66), and reasons related to fields of work, and completion of postgraduate studies after graduation were ranked third, with an average of (1.63). Reasons related to the student’s tendencies and desires were ranked fourth with an average of (1.55). The [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Prophet's (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) words are among the most eloquent and sweetest of all because God has given him the knowledge that no one else has. His hadiths (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) are extremely important in terms of their words and meanings, as well as the rulings, religious teachings, and intended meanings they carry with them. The goal of this research is to achieve reflection on the Prophet's words (may God bless him and grant him peace) as well as to learn the honorable rhetoric of prophetic discourse. Our research included two sections, the first included three demands. The first was the definition of the manifestation, the second was the definition of his book, and the third was the definition of the cause and the expression. Emphasis on the number and sixth statement of the word for confirmation. It was preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. This method shows us how important the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) are and his care to put each word in its appropriate place to indicate the intended meaning. Affirmation is one of the methods that carries significant meanings. Sometimes the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) confirms by repeating the same word or number, or by mentioning an expression that means affirmation or emphasis with a different pronunciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that Reason Responsiveness (RR) accounts of rationality, proposed for example by Benjamin Kiesewetter and Error Lord, fail to explain structural irrationality (i.e., the irrationality involved in holding incoherent attitudes). Proponents of RR hold that rationality consists in correctly responding to available reasons. Structural irrationality, they argue, is just a "by‐product" of incorrect reason‐responding. Applying this idea to cases of means–end incoherence, this paper shows that RR accounts must rely on a certain transmission principle. Roughly, this amounts to the principle that necessarily, if (1) A has decisive available reason to intend to E and (2) A has decisive available reason to believe that intending to M is necessary for E‐ing, it follows that (3) A has decisive available reason to intend to M. By considering an example, this paper argues that even the most plausible version of this transmission principle does not hold true. It follows that one can correctly respond to one's available reasons while being means–end incoherent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authors introduce the psychological aspects of pretending orgasm. In most cases this deceptive behaviour is caused by sexual dysfunction. The prevalence of this phenomenon is discussed as well as the methods of pretending and other findings based on previous studies in this area. An individual may be motivated to pretend by circumstantial, internal, and relational factors, thus the authors discuss various reasons leading to this behaviour. Furthermore, associations of pretending orgasm with adult attachment, communication between partners and sexual satisfaction are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I provide an answer to the question "what is it for a reason to be the reason for which a belief is held?" After arguing against the causal account of the reason-for-which connection, I present what I call the rationalization account, according to which a reason R a subject S has for a belief P is the reason for which S holds P just in case R is the premise in S's rationalization for P, where the argument from R to P becomes S's rationalization in virtue of her endorsing it. In order to bring explicitly into view the version of the rationalization account I aim to argue for, I draw two distinctions, one between occurrent and dispositional endorsement and the other between personal and public endorsement. I show that the version of the rationalization account thus clarified receives intuitive support from various cases and survives some formidable objections that might be tempting to level against it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes, theoretically, what money laundering is and how it is done following some partnered activities over time. This paper also looks for electronic money laundering and finds related and predefined functions completed using electronic gadgets and the Internet. To give a clear view on money laundering, the author thinks it is necessary to make it clear first about the characteristics of money laundering, the reasons behind it, and how it negatively impacts the business and economy of a country. Money laundering is a crime in most nations, and economically developed countries built a strong fortress against money launderers, but laundering is not stopped. So, this paper tries to find out what the launderers do and find innovative (legally unaccepted) ways to make their illicit money legal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a dilemma for the additive model of reasons. Either the model accommodates disjunctive cases in which one ought to perform some act $$\phi $$ just in case at least one of two factors obtains, or it accommodates conjunctive cases in which one ought to $$\phi $$ just in case both of two factors obtains. The dilemma also arises in a revised additive model that accommodates imprecisely weighted reasons. There exist disjunctive and conjunctive cases. Hence the additive model is extensionally inadequate. The upshot of the dilemma is that one of the most influential accounts of how reasons accrue to determine what we ought to do is flawed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Experiencing some sort of guilt is a common phenomenon in adulthood. As feeling guilty is usually unpleasant and may even lead to further negative psychological consequences like depression, the aim of this study was to provide comprehensive information on the reasons for such feelings in adults. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted between May 2019 and April 2020, collecting qualitative information on reasons for feeling guilty in n = 604 adults (mean/SD age = 45.3/16.4 years; n = 346/57.3% women, n = 255/42.2% men and n = 3/0.5% adults without identification with a particular gender). Stated reasons were inductively classified into (super-)/categories, and information on frequency and percentage (total, gender- and age-specific) for each of these (super-)/categories was provided. Results Participants altogether stated 1515 reasons for feeling guilty that were classified into 12 supercategories and 49 categories. “Telling lies/withholding truth/information” followed by “Not spending (enough) time with family (members)/Not taking (enough) care of family (members)/not being there for family (members)” were the most frequent categories of reasons for feeling guilty in the sample. Guilt feelings explicitly referring to “religious beliefs” or a “subjectively perceived more general responsibility’” (e.g., for society, humankind, problems of the world), by contrast, were of minor importance. Male and female participants as well as participants of different ages showed similarities but also several differences in stated reasons for feeling guilty. Female participants, for example, more often experienced feelings of guilt related to family members, children and to some kind of general responsibility for the wellbeing of others, whereas male participants felt guilty more often because of some kind of misconduct/mistakes being made or because of difficulties in marriage/relationship. Conclusions Adults can feel guilty for a wide variety of different reasons. Most reasons seem to be rather concrete (e.g., related to concrete negative self-attributions/flaws or to concrete social situations with concrete individuals). There also seem to be some age- and gender-related differences in reasons for feeling guilty.

Abstract Background Unfinished Nursing Care (UNC) concept, that express the condition when nurses are forced to delay or omit required nursing care, has been largely investigated as tasks left undone, missed care, and implicit rationing of nursing care. However, no summary of the available evidence regarding UNC antecedents has been published. The aim of this study is to identify and summarise antecedents of UNC as documented in primary studies to date. Methods A systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted. MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and PROSPERO databases were searched for quantitative studies reporting the relationships between antecedents and UNC published after 2004 up to 21 January 2020. The reference lists of secondary studies have been scrutinised to identify additional studies. Two reviewers independently identified studies and evaluated them for their eligibility and disagreements were resolved by the research team. The quality appraisal was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools, according to the study designs. A data extraction grid was piloted and then used to extract data. The antecedents that emerged were thematically categorised with an inductive approach. Results Fifty-eight studies were included; among them, 54 were cross-sectional, three were cohort studies, and one was a quasi-experimental study. They were conducted mainly in the United States and in hospital settings. The UNC antecedents have been investigated to date at the (a) unit (e.g., workloads, non-nursing tasks), (b) nurse (e.g., age, gender), and (c) patient levels (clinical instability). Conclusions At the unit level, it is highly recommended to provide an adequate staff level, strategies to deal with unpredictable workloads, and to promote good practice environments to reduce or minimise UNC. By contrast, at the nurse and patient levels, there were no clear trends regarding modifiable factors that could decrease the occurrence of UNC. The map of antecedents that emerged can be used to design interventional studies aimed at changing research from merely descriptive to that which evaluates the effectiveness of interventions.

The primary objective of this study is to discover the challenges faced by social media users. To this end, the researchers first designed a scale and then asked 272 individuals from Indonesia and Oman to take it. Frequency, percentile distribution, and weighted mean were used to analyze the data qualitatively. The findings reveal that the respondents in two countries spent five hours on their social media, and with its use, they got more than one hundred online friends. Facebook and YouTube were found to be the most common social media platforms used by the two groups, and keeping in contact with their family and friends was the reason that was common to them. While Indonesian respondents highly rated the majority of the positive effects of social media use, the Omani respondents showed that the use of social media affected a lot on their sleeping patterns. In closing, the two groups of respondents had common ideas in some of the indicators utilized in this study.

Background: By explaining the reasons for non-compliance with the protocols of the National Anti-coronavirus Headquarters, we can help respond better, make better decisions, and control the risks and outcomes of coronavirus in the future. This study aimed to explain the reasons for the public’s non-compliance with the National Anti-coronavirus Headquarters measures from the perspective of academics. Materials and Methods: The present qualitative study uses a contractual content analysis approach. The study participants were 19 professors and experts of the University of Medical Sciences with the necessary and sufficient information and experience on the subject. A purposive sampling method with maximum diversity in characteristics such as age, gender, education, the field of study, and work experience was used to select the participants. The study data were obtained through semi-structured interviews until data saturation and analyzed simultaneously. Results: From the content analysis of the interviews, 5 main themes and 7 subthemes emerged: 1) normalization and simplification of coronavirus risk with 5 subthemes of learning weakness, inconsistency in received information, misperception of coronavirus, perceived harms due to the observance of protocols, and the impracticality of some policies and approvals of the National Anti-coronavirus Headquarters, 2) weak communication, trust and low acceptance of the people by the procedures of the Anti-coronavirus Headquarters, 3) lack of sufficient motivation in people to comply with, 4) family-cultural conditions with two subthemes of the emotionality of Iranian families and the received cultural sediments, and 5) weakness in supervision and compassion in the use of force. Conclusion: The study results showed that from the point of view of academics, there are reasons for people not observing the recommendations of the National Anti-coronavirus Headquarters, which leads to more ineffective control of coronavirus and consequently human, economic, and social damages to the country. Given the importance of coronavirus control in promoting community health and prevention of this disease and its dangers, further understanding of the reasons for non-compliance with the procedures and recommendations of the National Anti-coronavirus Headquarters to plan and carry out effective interventions seem necessary.

This paper defends the doctrine that moral requirements are categorical in nature. My point of departure is John McDowell’s 1978 essay, “Are Moral Requirements Hypothetical Imperatives?”, in which McDowell argues, against Philippa Foot, that moral reasons are not conditional upon agents’ desires and are, in a certain sense, inescapable. After expounding McDowell’s view, exploring his idea that moral requirements “silence” other considerations and discussing its particularist ethos, I address an objection that moral reasons, as McDowell conceives them, are fundamentally incomplete in ways only a full-bloodedly Kantian appeal to pure practical reason can remedy. I conclude that the objection fails: ordinary moral reasons do not stand in need of a grounding in Reason. There is no prospect of deriving them from a supreme principle of morality or other canons of rationality. Ordinary reasons are sufficient in themselves, though their significance can be elucidated and illuminated by various strategies — some broadly Aristotelian, some drawing inspiration from Kant’s formula of humanity — in ways that can strengthen and vindicate them. Notwithstanding the failure of the objection, I conclude by reflecting on how Kantian insights can yet play a significant role in a McDowellian view of moral deliberation and moral education.

Introduction: In Peru, a high proportion of fully immunized people against COVID-19 has been achieved, which has mitigated the severity of the disease. Thus, under the recommendation of experts, the Peruvian government issued Supreme Decree 118-2022-PCM, which indicated that the use of masks is optional in open and ventilated enclosed spaces as of October 1, 2022. Objective: The aim of the present study was to find out the reasons why people continued to wear masks even though it was not mandatory in outdoor environments. Methods: A total of 335 people participated, with an average age of 26.11 years (73.1% women). A data collection form was prepared where sociodemographic and health information was requested; in addition, the question "Why do you continue to wear mask despite it being optional in open and closed ventilated spaces?" was included. The data obtained from the last open question of the instrument was analyzed by means of a discursive textual analysis (DTA) and an exploratory analysis through IRAMUTEQ. Results: Results indicate that people continue to wear masks, despite the lifting of the restrictions, to avoid contagion of COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases. In addition, the prevention of possible infection and transmission of the virus also focused on the family and vulnerable people. Discussion: It is concluded that the practice of wearing masks may be influenced by individual perceptions of risk and interpretations of responsibility and solidarity towards others.

Introduction: Unfinished nursing care (UNC), as the care required by patients that delayed or not delivered, has been investigated mainly from the perspective of nurses, while little is still known from the side of patients. Some studies have involved patients to measure which elements of care are mostly unfinished (e.g., mouth care), whereas a few studies have investigated the reasons for UNC as perceived by them. Their involvement in understanding the reasons for UNC is crucial to advance the knowledge and co‐develop possible strategies to prevent or minimize UNC. Methods: This is a descriptive qualitative study performed according to COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research guidelines in 2022. A purposeful sample of Italian hospitalized patients in two medical and two surgical units was involved. A face‐to‐face semistructured interview was used to merge reasons for UNC. Qualitative content analysis was conducted to merge subthemes and themes as factors leading to UNC according to the experience of patients. Results: A total of 23 patients (12 surgical and 11 medical) were involved (12/23 male) with an age average of 66.2 years, educated mainly at secondary school, and with previous hospitalizations (20/23), and dependent on nursing care in daily activities (14/23). Reasons for UNC have been identified at four levels: (1) 'New health‐care system priorities' and 'Pre‐existing frailty of health‐care facilities' were reasons identified at the health‐care system level; (2) 'Lack of resources attributed to wards', 'Ineffective ward organization' and 'Leadership' were identified at the unit level; (3) 'Nurses' attitudes and behaviour' were reported at the nurses' level and (4) 'Increased nursing care expectations' were pinpointed at the patient level. Conclusion: Patients can be involved in identifying UNC, but also in recognizing the underlying reasons. Engaging them in such investigations might broaden our understanding of the phenomenon and the possibility of identifying strategies to minimize and prevent UNC. Patient or Public Contribution: Patients from four hospital units (two medical and two surgical) were involved in face‐to‐face interviews to merge the reasons perceived by them as triggering UNC. All factors (as themes and subthemes) have derived from their words, thus enhancing the evidence available from the side of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Occupational science and occupational therapy typically perceive occupations as promoting health and well-being. However, this perspective overlooks the many occupations that are viewed as illegal, unhealthy, or risky, such as drug use. Due to its negative association with health, drug use is perceived as not holding significance or meaning in people's lives. Objective: This study explores how individuals perceive and describe the meaning of their cannabis use in the context of their lives, from an occupational perspective. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using Levac et al.' modifications to Arksey and O'Malley's framework. To examine the peer-reviewed literature, 7 databases were searched using terms related to cannabis and meaning. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the selected studies, and reflexive thematic analysis identified cross-study themes. Results: Fourteen studies were selected. Most studies have been published since 2008, with 5 published in the last 2 years. Four themes were identified across the studies: (a) preserving life; (b) navigating the routines of everyday life; (c) understanding the self, identity, and belonging; and (d) expanding the view of the world. Conclusions: Cannabis use was revealed in this study as a support for navigating occupational routines and enhancing occupational repertoires and engagement, feelings of belonging, and collective user identities. As such, substance abuse treatment practices, including those provided by occupational therapists, should recognize the potential significance of cannabis use within people's lives. Using a harm reduction approach, occupational therapists can acknowledge the ways in which clients use cannabis to manage their daily routines, while also focusing on supporting clients to reduce the ill-effects of cannabis. As individuals become more engaged in occupations that are significant in their lives, their need for and meaning of cannabis use may change leading to a possible reduction in its use and a shift in their identity construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This bottom-up study applied a corpus-driven approach to extract the major lexicalization models of English intransitive verbs (EIVs) through an analysis of their meanings under the Ideal Motion Event Category inspired by Talmy. A 710-photo specialized multimodal corpus of EIVs was constructed for this purpose. Data analysis showed that the major lexicalization models of EIVs include [Motion + Patient], [Motion + Manner], [Motion + Path], [Motion + Result], [Motion + Location], and [Motion + Purpose]. In-depth analysis of these models identified three major possible reasons why EIVs cannot originally take direct objects: the incorporation of [Patient], the inheritance of the intransitive feature, and the internalization of the actions expressed by EIVs. By comparing Chinese learners’ most misused EIVs with their corresponding Chinese verbs, the current study provides empirical data to illustrate why transitive misusages of EIVs might occur among Chinese learners. The findings of this study will help English learners and users better apply EIVs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In The Sources of Normativity, Korsgaard argues for what can be called "The Universality of Humanity Claim" (UHC), according to which valuing humanity in one's own person entails valuing it in that of others. However, Korsgaard's reliance on the claim that reasons are essentially public in her attempt to demonstrate the truth of UHC has been repeatedly criticized. I offer a sentimentalist defense, based on Adam Smith's moral philosophy, of a qualified, albeit adequate, version of UHC. In particular, valuing my humanity, understood as (my awareness of) my perspective and the reasons determined from within it, entails valuing your humanity, understood as (your awareness of) your perspective and the reasons determined from within it. Given Korsgaard's emphasis on the publicity of reasons in her argument for UHC, I also discuss the role of reasons in my account. I argue that the relative weights of at least some of an agent's reasons are determined from within a shared evaluative point of view, namely, the standpoint of what Smith calls "the impartial spectator." These reasons have normative authority over and constrain the agent's private reasons, that is, those that are determined from within her own particular evaluative point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns acting for reasons and how this can inform debates about the metaphysics of time. Storrs-Fox (2021) has argued against the A-theory of time on the grounds that it cannot adequately account for the explanation of actions. Storrs-Fox assumes that explanation is forever. He argues that this is incompatible with the A-theory because the reasons people act for are the explanantia of their actions, though according to the A-theory these reasons, that is facts, often do not obtain forever and therefore nor do the explanations. I will argue that many particular explanatory relations are not forever because reasons for actions must often fade as a person cannot now have a reason to do something at an earlier time. Generally, people cannot affect the past and therefore cannot have rational obligations to do so. Therefore, the A-theory does not face the problem Storrs-Fox suggests. In fact, the A-theory says what ought to be said and accounts for the wider phenomena of responding to reasons better than the B-theory. It is often the case that an agent acts rationally only if that agent acts on the basis of a present tensed belief. This implies that present tensed beliefs capture facts that no tenseless beliefs do, because the rationality of an action is determined by the reasons an agent acts for, not the beliefs through which the agent is aware of these. However, the B-theory, unlike the A-theory, denies there are any facts thus uniquely captured by present tensed beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text aims to clarify what and what kind of commitments are acquired by a speaker in assertion; assertive commitments are characterized as practical attitudes directly related to reasons. The text has three moments: in the first one, the development of the idea of assertion as a speech act is presented and it becomes evident that from its first conceptions, the speaker's commitment plays an important role; in the second one, by means of a comparison with promise, it is clarified what kind of commitments a speaker acquires when making an assertion-the notions of primary and secondary commitments are introduced and applied specifically to the case of assertive commitments-; finally, in the third one, it is shown how assertive commitments can be understood as practical attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and type of supplements used among university students, level of knowledge in this respect, reasons to supplement their diet, and the sources for information about dietary supplements. A sample of 100 students at the American University of Beirut were surveyed through a questionnaire composed of 22 questions and divided into four sections: socio-demographic, anthropometric, dietary supplement (DS) knowledge, DS intake and reasons. Descriptive statistics were conducted to determine the frequency of respondents for each variable and appropriate statistical tests were used for associations according to variable type and data. A total of 100 participants were included in the study of which 49 (49.0%) were males and 51 (51.0%) were females. Sixty-eight participants were dietary supplement users, of which 27 (39.7%) were males and 41 (60.3%) were females. Supplementation reasons differed: 53 consumed supplements to improve energy and vitality, 22 to enhance cognitive performance, 22 to promote hair, skin and health, and 13 to prevent or treat cold. A significant association was observed between dietary supplements use and female gender (OR = 5.66, 95% CI: 1.60-20.10). No significance was found between consuming dietary supplements and smoking status, BMI, living conditions, medical condition, age, exercise, major, dietary knowledge, and side effects. More than half of the participants are dietary supplements users with females being more likely to use them. The main reason for both genders to resort to dietary supplement use is to improve their energy and vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to explore the forcefulness of the adoption challenge to procreative parenting. After framing the challenge, I consider two of the most developed attempts to respond to it, due to Luara Ferracioli and Elizabeth Brake. I argue that neither strategy is a promising way to vindicate the permissibility of procreative parenting. I then present several reasons to value procreative parenting that are underappreciated in the recent literature. Though these considerations deserve more philosophical attention, I'm agnostic about whether they are strong enough to overcome the adoption challenge. I explain why this agnosticism is reasonable, and the debate about permissibility arguably intractable, in the context of prevailing deontological assumptions structuring discussions of procreation. I conclude by arguing that an independently interesting metaethical thesis, which I call deontic fictionalism , may give us some perspective on this debate and others like it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School dropout and failure are problems that directly affect and impact upon higher education students, the higher education system and, consequently, society, since in the perspective of an economy increasingly supported by knowledge and innovation, higher academic qualifications are given relevance. The purpose of this article is to provide and reflect on a number of possible factors that may lead to dropout in higher education (including vocational issues, school failure, perceived employability difficulties, economic difficulties, professional reasons, difficulties in the integration process), as well as a possible strategy that higher education institutions can use to combat it - volunteering. We believe that, more important than the idea of combating the consequences of dropping out, it is important to realize that prevention (through measures and strategies) is the first step towards reducing the numbers of dropouts and increasing the success and well-being of students in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tópicos is the property of Asociacion Revista de Filosofia de Santa Fe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología is the property of Fundacion Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginekologia i Perinatologia Praktyczna is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Where does normativity come from? Or alternatively, in virtue of what do facts about what an agent has reason to do obtain? On one class of views, reason facts obtain in virtue of agents' motivations. It might seem like a truism that at least some of our reasons depend on what we desire or care about. However, some philosophers, notably Derek Parfit, have convincingly argued that no reasons are grounded in this way. Typically, this latter, externalist view of reasons has been thought to enjoy the advantage of extensional adequacy—that is, the ability to account for all the reasons we intuitively think people have. This paper provides a novel argument against this assumption by considering a type of case wherein the relative strengths of the agent's reasons can only be adequately explained by reference to what she cares about. Adding some further assumptions yields that there are at least some internally sourced reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen the rise of fittingness-first views, which take fittingness to be the most basic normative feature, in terms of which other normative features can be explained. This paper poses a serious difficulty for the fittingness-first approach by showing that existing fittingness-first accounts cannot plausibly accommodate an important class of reasons: reasons not to believe a proposition. There are two kinds of reasons not to believe a proposition: considerations that are counterevidence; and considerations that count against believing the proposition without indicating that it is false. I will argue that the fittingness-first accounts have trouble accommodating reasons of the latter kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the prevalence of medication non-adherence (MNA) and to explore the reasons that influenced MNA among diabetes patients. Design: This study used the explanatory mixed-method design. Phase one comprised of a cross-sectional study followed by phase two of a qualitative study. Setting: This study took place at two public hospitals in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Participants: About 427 diabetes patients were recruited and 399 of them completed the study. The inclusion criteria were those with age more than 18 years and above, Malaysian citizen, able to understand Malay or English, and were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus for more than one year. The exclusion criteria were those with an intellectual disability and pregnant women. Phase two involved 12 participants recruited from non-adherent patients in phase one of the study. Results: About 46.6% of the patients failed to adhere to the medication. Malays (OR: 1.66, 95%CI: 1.09 to 2.51, p = 0.017), single/widow or divorced (OR: 1.79, 95%CI: 1.05 to 3.05, p = 0.031) and poor HbA1c (OR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.61 to 4.10, p = < 0.01) were associated with medication non-adherence. Five main categories emerged as the reasons for medication non-adherence, including perceived benefit of Complementary and Alternative medicine, attitude towards drawback of western medication, poor healthcare providers and patients' relationship, undesirable emotional response towards medication intake, as well as restraints in daily routine and cognitive function. Conclusions: There are many reasons for patients' non-adherence to their anti-diabetes medication. These findings are important in identifying the factors that influenced non-adherence to recommend reliable patient-centred care strategies in improving medication non-adherence among patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Conducted in a regional emergency centre in the Western Cape, South Africa. • Provides an insight into the prevalence of the palliative care population in an African context, specifically with the high burden of HIV and TB. • Informs about unique challenges that are faced by emergency centers in the sub Saharan region. : Globally, emergency centers (ECs) face increasing patients with palliative care (PC) needs. This is also true for South Africa. Factors include an increasingly older population, rising rates of non-communicable and infectious diseases. A paucity of data exists on local rates and reasons for patients with life limiting conditions presenting to ECs. PC and emergency medicine are established specialties, but little is known how they interface in clinical practice. This study describes the contribution of patients with life limiting conditions to the case load of an EC in a regional hospital in the Western Cape. : This was a prospective, descriptive study. All patients entering the EC over 3 months were assessed using a validated PC identification tool, developed for low-and-middle-income countries. All patients entering the EC were captured in an electronic database. Those identified to have life limiting illnesses and potential PC needs received a secondary ICD-10 code. These files were extracted and statistically analysed. Variables included diagnosis, demographics, reason for visit, and disposition. : A total of 426 patient visits (4.24%) were identified. Cancer (25.8%), neurological (19.7%) and HIV (17.4%) were the most frequent diagnoses. Patients with HIV and TB were significantly younger. Physical symptoms were the most common reasons for attendance (87%), followed by social (11%) and system issues (10%). Most patients were discharged home (55%), 26% were admitted, and 13% died in the EC. : ECs in Africa are under-resourced and uncomfortable places for patients with life limiting illnesses. System-related visits could be avoidable, as most were due to patients running out of medication or requiring procedures such as urinary catheter changes, which could be done at the local clinic. Some attended EC due to social reasons, usually due to caregivers feeling overwhelmed. Patients requiring PC make up a significant percentage of EC visits. Optimizing health systems and community home-based care could alleviate EC pressures and improve the illness experience of patients with life limiting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science is a collaborative effort to produce knowledge. Scientists thus must assess what information is trustworthy and who is a competent and honest source and partner. Facing the problem of trust, we can expect scientists to be vigilant. In response to their peers’ vigilance scientists will provide reasons, not only to convince their colleagues to adopt their practices or beliefs, but also to demonstrate that their beliefs and practices are justified. By justifying their beliefs and practices, scientists also justify themselves. Reasons in science thus do not only function as tools of persuasion but also to manage reputation. This analysis strongly suggests that science constitutes a moral system, which has implications for the study and philosophy of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show that the meaning and significance of legal evidence is being constituted throughout the course of a singular instance of legal proceedings. This is to be achieved by describing what legal agents do while appealing to different propositions of fact and inferring from them throughout the course of legal proceedings. The authors claim that the process of applying the law is ultimately rooted in the inferential discursive practices of exchanging reasons on the part of the participants of legal proceedings. Therefore, they set forth a model of legal proceedings that consists of an interplay between three types of reasons, which are exchanged by the participants of legal proceedings: i.e. legal reasons, epistemic reasons and stake reasons. To illustrate this interplay, the authors deploy a metaphor of law as a game, and provide a description of legal proceedings as a particular instance of playing a game of law. The conclusion is that the legal concept of evidence is (at least in part) constituted by the role that evidence plays in affecting which reasons for action the participants to legal proceedings choose to act on. The other final assumption of this paper is metatheoretical: authors want to show that when analyzing what legal evidence is, one should begin from the perspective of a singular instance of legal proceedings, rather than from the perspective of law in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

God can only reach out to us in ways that do not reveal God's nature and thereby bypass our capacity to reject God. If God creates with the moral goals that Hick and Stump posit, then God occasionally does not realize his intentions. God may act in mysterious ways, but God's action cannot be a mystery to God. Keywords: Creation; Reasons; Suffering EN Creation Reasons Suffering 825 838 14 12/15/22 20221201 NES 221201 Introduction Why does God create? The Traditional Debate The question of why God creates has two traditional answers.[4] The necessitarian line claims that God necessarily creates because of an aspect of his nature requires it. [Extracted from the article]