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BACKGROUND: In 2017, a mumps outbreak was identified in a cohort of 18–34 year olds in Toronto, Canada. OBJECTIVE: To describe a large community mumps outbreak in an urban centre from January 2017 to February 2018 among young adults. METHODS: A broad range of interventions were implemented in an attempt to reach the target audience; including case and contact management, vaccination clinics at schools and clinicians’ offices, school exclusions, bar inspections, traditional communication strategies (including health care provider updates and posters) and newer communication strategies (including three sequential social media campaigns). RESULTS: A total of 143 cases of mumps were identified. Although cases’ ages ranged from three to 72 years, most (76%) were 18–34 year olds, many of whom had frequented bars and local food establishments in downtown Toronto. 84% (n=120) of the cases were community-acquired. Only 16% (n=23) of the cases reported exposures in schools and post-secondary school institutions. Of those, 39% (n=56) of cases had an unknown vaccination history; 34% (n=49) were either not vaccinated or partially vaccinated with one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine; and 27% (n=38) had received the recommended two doses of mumps vaccine. Determining vaccination status was a challenge, in part due to the lack of a registry. Vaccination was recommended when subjects were known to have had fewer than two doses of vaccine or had an unknown vaccination status. A social media campaign, emphasizing the risk of social activities if not protected from the mumps, yielded over 500,000 impressions from Facebook and Twitter messages and ads and an impressive engagement rate of between 1% and 10x%. CONCLUSION: This was the largest mumps outbreak in Toronto in over 20 years. Among young adults, ongoing social media and traditional communication campaigns can contribute to the control of community mumps outbreaks. Encouraging vaccine uptake is desirable, but without a vaccine registry it is difficult to assess vaccination coverage among adults. Susceptible cohorts of young adults who were not adequately vaccinated pose a risk for future outbreaks. Given that almost 30% of the mumps cases were fully vaccinated with two doses of mumps-containing vaccine, even two doses may not provide complete protection.

This paper examines Joseph Smith's construction of a racialized theology, which drew upon conceptions of Abrahamic lineage and the possibility of “racial redemption” for peoples of African descent through conversion to Mormonism. This ran against the grain of his Protestant and Catholic contemporaries’ religious understandings of race. He expanded upon earlier iterations of his ideas with the introduction of new rituals and liturgy related to LDS temples. Smith's wife may have invited a person of African descent to participate in this new liturgy before his murder in June 1844. The views he expressed about peoples of African descent before his death are inchoate, although high-ranking Mormons related to Smith seemed to have agreed with the possibility of racial redemption. After Smith's death, Brigham Young and other Mormon leaders framed the LDS temple and priesthood restriction in terms of Smith's liturgy rather than any of Smith's varied teachings on race. This paper also argues that Mormonism's racial restriction arose from its roots in the sealing ritual rather than ecclesiological power structures. Mormonism's racial doctrine has often been described as a “priesthood ban,” referring to ecclesiastical authority. However, this discounts the religious contexts in which it arose and excludes the experiences of women and children, who were not allowed to participate in the endowment or sealing ordinances. This paper places Mormonism's temple liturgy at the front and center of the LDS Church's priesthood and temple restriction.

Opioids may influence inflammation. We compared genes associated with pain and inflammation in patients who consumed opioids (3-120 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day) with those who did not for differential expression. White blood cells were assayed in 20 patients presenting for total lower extremity joint replacement. We focused on messenger ribonucleic acid expression of complement proteins. We report that the expression of a complement inhibitor, complement 4 binding protein A, was reduced, and the expression of a complement activator, complement factor D, was increased in opioid-consuming patients. We conclude that opioid consumption may influence expression of complement activators and inhibitors.

Summary A new method is presented that uses transient well testing to determine the in-situ absolute permeability of the formation when three phases of fluids are flowing simultaneously in the reservoir. The method was verified through simulation using synthetic data, and its applicability and practicality were confirmed through application to field data. Determining the absolute permeability over the reservoir scale using readily available transient testing data will have major benefits in accelerating history matching and improving reservoir-performance prediction. A recently developed method (Kamal and Pan 2010) to determine the in-situ absolute permeability under conditions of two-phase flow extended the applicability of transient well testing and has been adopted in commercial software. In this study, We extend the analysis method to determine the absolute permeability and fluid saturations when three phases are flowing in the reservoir. We show that an optimization procedure is needed to obtain the required results in this case. We show that the theoretical bases for the method presented to determine absolute permeability from transient tests under multiphase-flow conditions are the same as those used in obtaining relative permeability relations from core analysis and predicting reservoir performance in reservoir-simulation studies. The method presented in this study uses surface flow rates and the fluid properties of the three phases. It also uses the same relative permeability relations used in the simulation models, thus ensuring that the same permeability values calculated from field data are used in history matching and predicting the performance of the reservoir. It is assumed that the fluid saturations are relatively uniform in the region around the well at the time of the transient test. The method was verified by comparing the input values with the results obtained from analyzing several synthetic tests that were produced by numerical simulation. Data from a deepwater field were also used to test the practicality and validity of the method. For the field case, the method was verified by matching reservoir production and pressure using the calculated absolute permeability. Excellent agreements were obtained for both synthetic and field cases.

Herein, we describe the synthesis of N-aryl phthalimides by metal-free coupling of potassium phthalimide with unsymmetrical aryl(TMP)iodonium tosylate salts. The aryl transfer from the iodonium moiety occurs under electronic control with the electron-rich trimethoxyphenyl group acting as a competent dummy ligand. The yields of N-aryl phthalimides are moderate to high and the coupling reaction is compatible with electron-deficient and sterically encumbered aryl groups.

Objective: To evaluate myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in relation to clinical features of epithelial ovarian cancer, histologic subtypes, and overall survival. Patients and Methods: We conducted centralized immunohistochemical staining, semi-quantitative scoring, and survival analysis in 5263 patients participating in the Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis consortium. Patients were diagnosed between January 1, 1978, and December 31, 2014, including 2865 high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs), with more than 12,000 person-years of follow-up time. Tissue microarrays were stained for MyD88 and TLR4, and staining intensity was classified using a 2-tiered system for each marker (weak vs strong). Results: Expression of MyD88 and TLR4 was similar in all histotypes except clear cell ovarian cancer, which showed reduced expression compared with other histotypes (P

The effect of the azide ion N3− on the yield of molecular hydrogen in water irradiated with 60Co γ-rays (∼1 MeV Compton electrons) and tritium β-electrons (mean electron energy of ∼7.8 keV) at 25 °C is investigated using Monte Carlo track chemistry simulations in conjunction with available experimental data. N3− is shown to interfere with the formation of H2 through its high reactivity towards hydrogen atoms and, but to a lesser extent, hydrated electrons, the two major radiolytic precursors of the H2 yield in the diffusing radiation tracks. Chemical changes are observed in the H2 scavengeability depending on the particular type of radiation considered. These changes can readily be explained on the basis of differences in the initial spatial distribution of primary radiolytic species (i.e., the structure of the electron tracks). In the “short-track” geometry of the higher “linear energy transfer” (LET) tritium β-electrons (mean LET ∼5.9 eV nm−1), radicals are formed locally in much higher initial concentration than in the isolated “spurs” of the energetic Compton electrons (LET ∼0.3 eV nm−1) generated by the cobalt-60 γ-rays. As a result, the short-track geometry favors radical–radical reactions involving hydrated electrons and hydrogen atoms, leading to a clear increase in the yield of H2 for tritium β-electrons compared to 60Co γ-rays. These changes in the scavengeability of H2 in passing from tritium β-radiolysis to γ-radiolysis are in good agreement with experimental data, lending strong support to the picture of tritium β-radiolysis mainly driven by the chemical action of short tracks of high local LET. At high N3− concentrations (>1 M), our H2 yield results for 60Co γ-radiolysis are also consistent with previous Monte Carlo simulations that suggested the necessity of including the capture of the precursors to the hydrated electrons (i.e., the short-lived “dry” electrons prior to hydration) by N3−. These processes tend to reduce significantly the yields of H2, as is observed experimentally. However, this dry electron scavenging at high azide concentrations is not seen in the higher-LET 3H β-radiolysis, leading us to conclude that the increased amount of intra-track chemistry intervening at early time under these conditions favors the recombination of these electrons with their parent water cations at the expense of their scavenging by N3−.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an essential tool in the fight against climate change. Any prospective storage site must meet various criteria that ensure the effectiveness, safety and economic viability of the storage operations. Finding the most suitable site for the storage of the captured CO2 is an essential part of the CCS chain of activity. This work addresses the site selection of a second site for the Acorn CCS project, a project designed to develop a scalable, full-chain CCS project in the North Sea (offshore northeast Scotland). This secondary site has been designed to serve as a backup and upscaling option for the Acorn Site, and has to satisfy pivotal project requirements such as low cost and high storage potential. The methodology followed included the filtering of 113 input sites from the UK CO2Stored database, according to general and project-specific criteria in a multi-staged approach. This criteria-driven workflow allowed for an early filtering out of the less suitable sites, followed by a more comprehensive comparison and ranking of the 15 most suitable sites. A due diligence assessment was conducted of the top six shortlisted sites to produce detailed assessment of their storage properties and suitability, including new geological interpretation and capacity calculations for each site. With the new knowledge generated during this process, a critical comparison of the sites led to selection of East Mey as the most suitable site, due to its outstanding storage characteristics and long-lasting hydrocarbon-production history, that ensure excellent data availability to risk-assess storage structures. A workshop session was held to present methods and results to independent stakeholders; feedback informed the final selection criteria. This paper provides an example of a criteria-driven approach to site selection that can be applied elsewhere., Project ACT-Acorn is gratefully thanked for funding this study. ACT Acorn, project 271500, received funding from BEIS (UK), RCN (Norway) and RVO (Netherland), and was co-funded by the European Commission under the ERA-Net instrument of the Horizon 2020 programme. ACT Grant number 691712. J. Alcalde is funded by MICINN (Juan de la Cierva fellowship - IJC2018-036074-I). S. Ghanbari is currently supported by the Energi Simulation. Energi Simulation is also thanked for funding the chair in reactive transport simulation held by E. Mackay.

Aromatic rings are found in a wide variety of products, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials. Diaryliodonium salts are new reagents used to transfer aryl groups under both metal-free and metal-catalyzed reactions and thereby synthesize arene-containing compounds. This minireview focuses on recent studies in selective aryl transfer reactions from unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salts under metal-free conditions. Reactions reported from 2007 to 2017, which represents a period of significant growth in diaryliodonium salt chemistry, are presented and organized by the type of reactive intermediate formed in the reaction. Specifically, reactions involving λ3 -iodane, λ3 -iodane radical anions, aryl radicals, and arynes are discussed. Chemoselectivity trends in aryl transfer are compared and contrasted across reaction intermediates and translation to potential auxiliaries are posited.

A method to determine the effect of counter anions in metal-free arylation reactions of diaryliodonium salts is described. This approach avoids the independent synthesis of individual diaryliodonium salts and potentially enables assessment of a large number of different counter anions, including those that are synthetically challenging to install. Diaryliodonium tosylate salts serve as a general precursor for this approach, and an azide arylation reaction was used to develop this strategy. Further optimization and representative scope of azide arylation is demonstrated in yields that range from 74-95% (89% average). The use of this method as a screening tool has also been validated with arylation reactions of three different nucleophiles employing diphenyliodonium tosylate.

Although there are many theories of functional movement disorders (FMD), the causes and prognosis remain unclear, and there are no treatments with high-quality empirical support. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an acceptance-based behavior therapy which, via altering a process called psychological flexibility, aims to support behaviors that are consistent with a person’s overarching values—even in difficult, uncertain, or immutable contexts. It may, therefore, have pragmatic benefits in the context of FMD. We outline the theoretical basis for ACT and detail a case study of a brief (six session) intervention for increasing personally meaningful activity with FMD. The participant was in her early 20s and had been diagnosed with functional propriospinal myoclonus. ACT techniques including relational framing, defusion, and mindfulness exercises were used to increase psychological flexibility, with the goal of enabling effective functioning within the difficult context created by FMD. Following treatment, the participant showed a reliable change/clinical recovery in psychological flexibility (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II [AAQ-II]), FMD symptom interference (Work and Social Adjustment Scale [WSAS]; primary outcome), and mood (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation 10-item scale [CORE-10]; secondary outcome). This case study demonstrates an approach that focuses first on improving functioning with FMD, as opposed to eliminating or controlling symptoms.

This Article contains errors in the Reference list. Reference 3 is incorrectly listed as ‘Song, J. & Zhang, D. Comprehensive Review of Caprock-Sealing Mechanisms for Geologic Carbon Sequestration. 47, 9–22 (2012)’. The correct reference is listed below as ref. 1. Reference 16 is incorrectly listed as ‘Gilfillan, S. M. V. et al. The noble gas geochemistry of natural CO2 gas reservoirs from the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountain provinces. USA. 72, 1174–1198 (2008)’. The correct reference is listed below as ref. 2. Reference 20 is incorrectly listed as ‘Alcalde, J. et al. Quantifying geological CO2 storage security to deliver on climate mitigation (2018)’. The correct reference is listed below as ref. 3. Reference 32 is incorrectly listed as ‘Condit, C. D. & Connor, C. B. Recurrence rates of volcanism in basaltic volcanic fields: An example from the Springerville volcanic field. Arizona. 108, 1225–1241 (1996)’. The correct reference is listed below as ref. 4.

The infrared absorption spectra of two glycofuranosylacetamides and their perbenzoates, and of eleven glycopyranosylacylamides and eight esters thereof, are presented and discussed. For comparison, the spectra of thirteen 1,1-bis(acylamido)-1-deoxyalditols and eight esters thereof are also given and discussed. The useful correlations between structure and infrared absorption made by Barker and co-workers for certain carbohydrates, and by Nanasi and co-workers for some N-arylglycosylamines, cannot be extended to the 1-acylamido compounds we have studied. Certain of Verstraeten’s correlations may have some diagnostic value.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is proposed as essential in efforts to limit the effects of climate change. CCS is now recognised as “essential, not optional” on the pathway to recover already emitted CO2 and achieve net-negative industrial economies. All aspects of CCS have been established theoretically, experimentally and by pilot trials. The obstacle to deployment is political and economic understanding.

We describe a strategy for the iodane-guided functionalization of sterically congested C-H bonds, which is distinct from electronic, steric or proximity guided C-H functionalization methods. Readily accessible aryl(Mes)iodonium salts serve as the starting materials in these reactions and produce complex 1,2,3,4-substituted arenes via aryne intermediates. This approach is especially powerful when coupled with the innate C-H functionalization reactivity of simple arenes, to replace two C-H bonds with two C-C or C-heteroatom bonds while over-riding steric effects that typically inhibit such reactions. DFT stud-ies reveal a contribution of inductive, resonance, and steric effects on the regioselectivity of C-H cleavage and aryne generatation.

Audiovisual distraction (AVD) has been used to augment or replace procedural sedation. We investigated whether AVD in patients having total hip (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) under spinal anesthesia would reduce self-administered propofol consumption during surgery. 50 participants were randomized equally into a patient-controlled sedation (PCS) group or AVD group. All participants were given a spinal block and a propofol PCS device prior to surgery. In addition, Group AVD participants selected and watched a movie or documentary film on a tablet device with noise-cancelling headphones during surgery. The primary outcome of this study was total propofol consumption standardized as mcg/kg/min. Secondary outcomes evaluated increased supplemental oxygen use, rescue airway interventions, hypotension, disruptive movement events during surgery, sedation, and satisfaction with anesthesia scores. Historical clinician-controlled propofol usage at our institution over the previous 2 years were recorded. There was no significant difference in median propofol consumption between Groups PCS and AVD, 8.4 mcg/kg/min (1.6-18.9) vs 4 mcg/kg/min (0-9) (P = 0.29), respectively. Historical clinician-controlled usage of propofol demonstrated a median of 39.3 mcg/kg/min (29.2-51.2). There were few differences in the secondary outcome measures. The use of AVD did not reduce patient-controlled propofol consumption in patients having a THA or TKA surgery under spinal anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: In late 2016 and early 2017, a number of countries began reporting hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks involving person-to-person transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM), people using illicit drugs and homeless or underhoused persons. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology and public health response to an outbreak of HAV disproportionately affecting MSM in Toronto, Canada from January 2017 to November 2018. METHODS: Following an increase in the number of cases of HAV in MSM being reported in other countries, enhanced surveillance was performed for all non-travel-related cases of HAV reported from June 1, 2017 to November 1, 2018, including a retrospective analysis of cases reported from January 2017 to June 2017. Descriptive analysis and viral sequencing were performed to describe person-to-person transmission patterns and target interventions. Control strategies included interventions to promote the uptake of preexposure HAV vaccination, including social media campaigns geared to MSM, messaging to healthcare providers and vaccine clinics. RESULTS: Based on the outbreak case definitions, 52 confirmed and probable cases of HAV were identified. Over 80% of outbreak cases were male (n=43/52) and, among those for whom data were available, 64% (n=25/39) reported an MSM exposure. Data on hospitalization was available for 51 cases; 56% of confirmed cases (n=23/41) and 40% of probable cases (n=4/10) required hospitalization. Of the cases with serum samples that had HAV sequencing, 83% (n=30/36) had one of the three strains seen circulating in outbreaks among MSM internationally; 72% (n=26/36) were VRD_521_2016, which had been detected in recently reported European outbreaks among MSM. Targeted promotion of publicly-funded vaccination using social media platforms popular with MSM and targeted vaccine clinics were developed to promote HAV awareness and vaccine uptake among MSM. CONCLUSION: Outbreaks of HAV, attributed to person-to-person transmission of strains of HAV that disproportionately affected MSM and were likely to have been imported from international MSM outbreaks, have now occurred in Canada. Genetic sequencing of HAV, risk factor analysis of cases, monitoring trends of vaccine coverage in high-risk groups and initiation of vaccination campaigns that address barriers to HAV preexposure vaccine coverage in the MSM population may prevent future outbreaks.

OBJECTIVES To compare 3 common techniques for assessing femoral malrotation through a response analysis. METHODS Ten intact human cadaveric pelvis-to-knee specimens were used to create a fracture model. A mobile C-arm x-ray system was used to capture images of an intact control femur and a contralateral test femur on each specimen. A midshaft femoral osteotomy was created on the test femur and it was then internally and externally rotated in 5-degree intervals up to 20 degrees. Images were obtained and stored at each increment of malrotation. Eight surveys of 20-paired images each were generated and presented for surgeon review. Accuracy of predicting femoral malrotation using the true lateral technique (TLT), neck horizontal angle (NHA) method, and lesser trochanter profile (LTP) was measured. RESULTS Eighty-five surgeons completed a survey with 80 surgeons (94%) acknowledging the use of a described fluoroscopic method for assisting with rotational alignment. Surgeons correctly accepted a fracture rotated less than 20 degrees and rejected a fracture rotated 20 degrees or more 63% of the time. The ability to correctly identify 20 degrees of malrotation varied per technique used to assess rotation. With the LTP and NHA method, 67% of surgeons responded correctly. Surgeons performed significantly worse when using the TLT with only 53% providing correct responses (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Surgeons using described fluoroscopic methods to identify acceptable rotation in femoral shaft fractures are correct 63% of the time. The LTP and NHA techniques are equally reliable and more effective than the TLT at detecting clinically significant femoral malrotation.

We have developed a real-time graphical display that presents anesthetic pharmacology data (drug effect site concentrations (Ce) and probability of anesthetic effects including hypnosis, loss of response to tracheal intubation), improving a previous prototype. We hypothesized that the use of the display alters (1) clinical behavior of anesthesiologists (i.e., Ce of isoflurane and fentanyl at the end of anesthesia), (2) fentanyl dose during the first 30 min of recovery in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU), and that the response of clinicians to the display in terms of workload and utility is favorable. The display was evaluated in a two-group, non-randomized prospective observational study of 30 patients undergoing general anesthesia using isoflurane and fentanyl. The isoflurane-predicted Ce was lower in the display group (without-display: 0.64% ± 0.06%; with-display: 0.42 ± 0.04%; t

This repo contains the code and data needed to reproduce the figures in a forthcoming paper (see paper/camera-ready-paper.pdf) in Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction -- the new journal venue for the proceedings of the ACM conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (or CSCW). The entire study involved text analysis of copyrighted papers, which is not free to redistribute here. However, the notebook I used for processing the PDFs is available for reference at data-processing.ipynb. A data file containing all the quantitative statistics for each paper is at cscw-pages-notext.csv. This file is loaded by analysis-viz.ipynb, which processes it to produce the statistics and graphs presented in the paper. This notebook can also be run interactively for free in the cloud with Binder, so you can change various parameters or visualize it differently.

This repo contains the code and data needed to reproduce the figures in a forthcoming paper (see paper/camera-ready-paper.pdf) in Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction -- the new journal venue for the proceedings of the ACM conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (or CSCW). The entire study involved text analysis of copyrighted papers, which is not free to redistribute here. However, the notebook I used for processing the PDFs is available for reference at data-processing.ipynb. A data file containing all the quantitative statistics for each paper is at cscw-pages-notext.csv. This file is loaded by analysis-viz.ipynb, which processes it to produce the statistics and graphs presented in the paper. This notebook can also be run interactively for free in the cloud with Binder, so you can change various parameters or visualize it differently.

Aim: Opioid consumption and addiction are increasing worldwide, yet the USA stands out for its high addiction rates and opioid-related deaths. Considering that patient characteristics are comparable across western countries, physicians' prescribing modalities may influence opioid consumption. We conducted a pilot study to examine opioid-related beliefs and prescription habits of Dutch and American physicians. Methods & materials: A survey was administered to 488 physicians who routinely prescribe opioids for postoperative pain. Results: A total of 75 (16%) physicians responded to the survey. When deciding to prescribe opioids, Dutch physicians adopted a patient-guided approach, whereas most American doctors followed strict guidelines and protocols. Conclusion: This study identified significant differences between Dutch and American physicians’ attitudes and prescribing modalities.

The Kuiper Belt is a distant region of the Solar System. On 1 January 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft flew close to (486958) 2014 MU69, a Cold Classical Kuiper Belt Object, a class of objects that have never been heated by the Sun and are therefore well preserved since their formation. Here we describe initial results from these encounter observations. MU69 is a bi-lobed contact binary with a flattened shape, discrete geological units, and noticeable albedo heterogeneity. However, there is little surface color and compositional heterogeneity. No evidence for satellites, ring or dust structures, gas coma, or solar wind interactions was detected. By origin MU69 appears consistent with pebble cloud collapse followed by a low velocity merger of its two lobes., 43 pages, 8 figure

There are many recommendations of "best practices" for those doing data science, data-intensive research, and research in general. These documents usually present a particular vision of how people should work with data and computing, recommending specific tools, activities, mechanisms, and sensibilities. However, implementation of best (or better) practices in any setting is often met with resistance from individuals and groups, who perceive some drawbacks to the proposed changes to everyday practice. We offer some definitions of resistance, identify the sources of researchers' hesitancy to adopt new ways of working, and describe some of the ways resistance is manifested in data science teams. We then offer strategies for overcoming resistance based on our group members' experiences working alongside resistors or resisting change themselves. Our discussion concluded with many remaining questions left to tackle, some of which are listed at the end of this piece.

Turnover is a fact of life for any project, and academic research teams can face particularly high levels of people who come and go through the duration of a project. In this article, we discuss the challenges of turnover and some potential practices for helping manage it, particularly for computational- and data-intensive research teams and projects. The topics we discuss include establishing and implementing data management plans, file and format standardization, workflow and process documentation, clear team roles, and check-in and check-out procedures.

The purpose of this study was to compare failure and complication rates associated with short cephalomedullary nail vs long cephalomedullary nail fixation for stable vs unstable intertrochanteric femur fractures. This study included 201 adult patients with nonpathologic intertrochanteric femur fractures without subtrochanteric extension (OTA 31-A1.1-3, 31-A2.1-3, 31-A3.1-3) who were treated with a short cephalomedullary nail (n=70) or a long cephalomedullary nail (n=131) and had at least 6 months of follow-up. Treatment groups were similar in terms of age, sex, and comorbidities. In the stable fracture group (N=81), there was no difference in total complications (adjusted P =.73), failure (adjusted P =.78), or mortality (adjusted P =.62) between short cephalomedullary nails and long cephalomedullary nails. Unstable fracture patterns were more likely to be treated with a long cephalomedullary nail than a short cephalomedullary nail ( P =.01). In the unstable fracture group (N=120), there was no difference in total complications (adjusted P =.32) or failure (adjusted P =.31) between short cephalomedullary nails and long cephalomedullary nails. A cumulative mortality curve showed a trend toward increasing mortality in unstable fractures treated with short cephalomedullary nails. Traumatologists did not display a statistically significant preference between short cephalomedullary nails and long cephalomedullary nails when compared with nontraumatologists. [ Orthopedics . 2019; 42(2):e202–e209.]