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The effect of soil loading on the dermal uptake of soil-borne contaminants was examined using an in vitro evaporation/penetration apparatus and abdominal skin from human cadavers. Dermal uptake of two 14C-labeled pesticides, lindane and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), was assessed at nominal soil loadings of 1, 5, and 10 mg/cm2. Sub-150-microns fractions of two soils with differing organic carbon contents were employed. Mean 24-h dermal absorption values ranged from 0.45 to 2.35% for lindane and from 0.18 to 1.64% for 2,4-D, depending upon soil load and type. Mean mass fluxes ranged from 8.8 to 32 pg/cm2/h for lindane and from 1.9 to 6.4 pg/cm2/h for 2,4-D. Results were aggregated as ratios of flux or percent absorption at 1 and 10 mg/cm2 to corresponding values obtained at 5 mg/cm2. Fluxes at 5 and 10 mg/cm2 did not differ significantly, but flux at 1 mg/cm2 was about one-half the value observed at the higher loadings. The most plausible explanation for this decrease in mass flux is incomplete (submonolayer) coverage of the skin. Evidence in the form of electron micrographs is presented in support of this conclusion. Relative percent absorption increased significantly with decreases in soil load from 10 to 5 and from 5 to 1 mg/cm2. This effect was inversely proportional to loading reduction in the former case, but was less than proportional due to the impact of contact area reduction (and, in the case of lindane, volatilization losses) in the latter. Percent dermal absorption data obtained in the laboratory require adjustment for differences in loading and coverage before application to assessment of exposure to contaminants in soils. Description of dermal absorption from soil in a manner comparable to that used to describe absorption from a liquid or vapor (i.e., using a driving force and a mass transfer coefficient) would reduce confusion on this point and is recommended.

The papers in this Symposium emerged from a one-day workshop held by the University of Southern California Law School on Gideon Yaffe’s Attempts in the Philosophy of Action and the Criminal Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). We are grateful to the USC Law School for arranging and hosting the event, to all who took part in the lively discussions, and of course to Gideon Yaffe himself for writing such an impressive and provocative book, for his constructive and good humoured participation in the workshop, and for writing a reply to the four critical papers that follow.

Introduction and Objectives Cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (BX) are chronic airway diseases with significant microbial involvement. The presence of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mPA) is associated with worse outcomes in these patients. We hypothesised that the presence of this organism would also influence the microbial community structure. We used high throughput sequencing to identify microorganisms present in sputum from these patients, and to associate culture data of mPA with this analysis. Methods Expectorated sputum was collected from 16 patients (9 CF, 7 BX) and DNA extracted using standard protocols. PCR of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and subsequent sequencing using a Roche 454 GS Junior sequencer was compared with standard clinical culture. Non-parametric t test was used to identify significant differential abundance of taxa in the molecular data (Bonferonni-corrected). Results In the pilot study, 35 000 high quality 16S rRNA sequences were generated and could be assigned to 240 different bacterial taxa. Both CF and BX samples were dominated by the γ-proteobacteria. The presence of culturable P aeruginosa in a sample had no significant effect on either community composition or structure. However, Principal Coordinate Analysis indicated that the presence of mPA in clinical culture was associated with a different community structure. Though there were no significant differences between the diversity of mPA positive samples (p>0.15), there were significant differences in the abundance of particular species; Achromobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. increased in relative abundance (p Haemophilus spp., Stenotrophomonas spp. and Staphylococcus spp. decreased in mPA positive vs mPA negative samples (p Conclusions Deep sequencing of sputum samples from CF and BX patients revealed a relationship between culture positivity for mPA and the presence of other known pathogens such as Achromobacter spp., suggesting an alternative mechanism for worse outcomes in these patients. This pilot has been extended to a larger cohort of 120 patients in order to confirm the result and data will be presented at the meeting.

1. In a factorial design of dietary treatments, male Ross broilers were given diets containing soyabean oil, hydrogenated soyabean oil (as a source of trans-fatty acids) or feed fat with either 0 or 300 micrograms of added D-biotin/kg. 2. Growth to 28 d was not influenced by the dietary treatments. 3. Length of tibiotarsal bones was reduced (P less than 0.05) and severity of leg bone cartilage lesions, characteristic of dyschondroplasia, was highest (P less than 0.05) in broilers fed on diets containing hydrogenated soyabean oil. 4. Feeding hydrogenated soyabean oil lowered (P less than 0.05) the concentrations of C20:4n6 and the ratios of C20:4n6/C18:2n6 in liver and growth plate cartilage. 5. Growth plate cartilage from birds affected with dyschondroplasia contained lower proportions of prostaglandin precursor fatty acids compared with normal growth plate. 6. It is speculated that an inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis brought about by the presence of trans-fatty acids might contribute to the occurrence of lesions similar to dyschondroplasia.

Using rat ventricular cells, we studied the actions of free fatty acids and their ability to modulate the ATP-sensitive K+ channel and to activate a new type of ATP-insensitive K+ channel previously identified in rat atrial cells. Perfusion of the cytoplasmic face of the membrane with unsaturated fatty acids (10-50 microM) such as arachidonic, linoleic, and eicosatrienoic acids inhibited the ATP-sensitive K+ channel almost completely; lysophospholipids also markedly inhibited this channel. Inhibition was due to decreases in the frequency and the burst duration of channel openings. Arachidonic acid activated the ATP-insensitive K+ channel with an outwardly rectifying property. Since the level of free fatty acids rises after longer periods of ischemia, we speculate that the ATP-insensitive K+ channel contributes to the late or secondary phase of extracellular K+ accumulation.

Although the hornworts (anthocerotes) are a relatively small assemblage of approximately 150 species, generic boundaries and relationships within the group are controversial. The four prevailing classification schemes are based mainly on morphology and show little congruency. Here we set the foundation for contemporary phylogenetic and taxonomic studies by presenting an historical overview of generic concepts within the anthocerotes. An overview of recent morphological and molecular studies that concentrate on hornworts points to intuitive, novel relationships and a degree of diversity hitherto unknown in the group. Phylogenetically informative characters at the morphological level are identified, with emphasis on newly acquired ultrastructural data. A recent molecular analysis based on rbcL sequences is presented and the levels of suitability of several molecular markers to answer phylogenetic questions within the group are explored. On-going intensive studies that sample a wider range of species and utilise multiple genes and comprehensive morphological data are likely to revolutionise interpretations of the taxonomic relationships and character evolution within hornworts.

A calcined pyritic gold ore concentrate was examined using both ion–milled and ultramicrotomed samples to determine the distribution of gold and the porosity of the matrix supporting the gold. Examinations of the same specimen prepared by different techniques yielded complementary information about the overall characteristics of the material.Figure 1 is a secondary electron image (SEI) of a piece of roasted pyritic ore. The particles are highly porous with morphology suggesting that the iron pyrite (FeS2) particles virtually exploded when labile sulfur was released during oxidative calcination. The particles produced by this process are not large enough to permit ordinary solid specimen preparation techniques. Therefore, a compacted bar of material was made by compressing the powder with a binder to form a disk which was subsequently impregnated with epoxy in a PARR bomb under isostatic pressure of a few thousand psi. From this dense material two types of specimen were prepared, one by diamond knife ultramicrotomy and the other by standard thin foil techniques. For the latter, the sample was sliced with a diamond saw, core–drilled into 3mm disks, polished to about 100μm, dimple ground, and Argon ion milled to perforation. This yielded specimens which show the porosity and connectivity of the iron oxide frameworks formed during calcination. Figure 2 is a 10,000X annular dark field (ADF) image of an ion–milled particle taken with a VG HB501 STEM. The channel structures evident in this image are easily related to the SEI image in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a 200,000X ADF image which illustrates the connectivity of individual iron oxide crystallites that form the skeletal structure. This sample was electron transparent only near the central perforation and did not have a large usable area. Also, the outer surfaces ot the particles may have been milled away during specimen preparation and therefore it is not easy to determine where the remaining structures were located in the original particles.

A Tortula ruralis cDNA Rps3a, encoding a predicted polypeptide with significant similarity to the small-subunit ribosomal protein S3a, was isolated from a desiccated gametophyte cDNA library. The deduced 248 amino acid polypeptide is approximately 28 kDa, with a predicted pl of 10.09, and shares extensive identity (> 75%) with S3a ribosomal proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and Helianthus annuus. The deduced polypeptide (RPS3a) contains three nuclear targeting signals, one of which is unique to the bryophyte S3a homologue, and is strongly predicted by PSORT to be nuclear localized (> 97% certainty). Northern blot hybridization using total and polysomal RNA demonstrated Rsp3a is constitutively expressed in moss gametophytes during a wet/dry/wet cycle. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence demonstrates T. ruralis RPS3a is most similar to S3a ribosomal proteins from Tracheophytes. Model plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana (Somerville & Meyerowitz 1994), have been powerful experimental tools for the elucidation of complex biological processes. However, the analysis of several important plant phenotypes, most notably the ability to tolerate extreme environmental conditions, has been difficult using these models because the traits are either not clearly expressed or entirely lacking. Bryophytes that exhibit many of these important tolerant phenotypes offer realistic models for the analysis of environmental stress-tolerance. Model bryophyte systems, such as the desiccation-tolerant moss Tortula ruralis, have proven extremely useful in the study of vegetative desiccation-tolerance and post-transcriptional gene control (Bewley 1979, 1995; Oliver & Bewley 1997; Oliver & Wood 1997; Oliver et al. 1997, 1998). Analysis of organisms from these ancient clades will provide greater insight into the stress induced cellular responses of plants (Oliver & Wood 1997) and may provide unique genetic material for the enhancement of stress-tolerance within economically important angiosperms. The desiccation-tolerance ability of T. ruralis is afforded by two integrated processes: a constitutive protection system and an active rehydration induced recovery mechanism apparently unique to ryophytes (Oliver & Bewley 1997; Oliver & Wood 1997). As such, we hypothesize that genes essential to recovery and cellular repair are prefe entially expressed upon rehydration of desiccated gametophytes, and genes that are essential to limiting cellular damage are expressed under wet, drying, and rehydration conditions (Oliver & Bewley 1997; Oliver & Wood 1997; Oliver et al. 1998; Scott & Oliver 1994). In order to gain a more complete understanding of the genes involved in desiccation-tolerance, we recently characterized 152 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from polysomal RNA isolated from desiccated T. ruralis gametophytes by the single pass sequencing of randomly selected clones (Wood et al. 1999). Seven of these ESTs encode either small (S) or large (L) ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) that are key structural components of a functional ribosome and contribute to the proper and efficient translation of mRNAs (Moore 1998). Plant r-proteins are categorized using a unified system of nomenclature that is based upon rat r-protein designations (BailleySerres 1998; Wool et al. 1991). There are estimated to be 78 r-proteins in rat, all with an apparent molecular mass 8.5 (Wool et al. 1995). Plant r-proteins have simPresent address: Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, U.S.A. 2 The nucleotide sequence data will appear in EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession number AFO 93109. 3To whom correspondence should be addressed: wood @plant.siu.edu 0007-2745/99/418-425$0.95/0 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.35 on Fri, 02 Sep 2016 04:04:49 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1999] DUFF ET AL.: TORTULA RURALIS cDNA 419 ilar biophysical properties. However, due to the lack of a systematic study within a single model plant, the number of r-proteins in angiosperms is estimated to range from 75 to 92 polypeptides (Bailley-Serres 1998). We describe the isolation and characterization of a cDNA from the bryophyte Tortula ruralis encoding a polypeptide with significant similarity to ribosomal protein S3a. The r-protein S3a has been demonstrated by cellular co-purification experiments to be associated with the 40S ribosomal subunit in Drosophila melanogaster (Reynaud et al. 1997) and similar plant cDNAs have been identified in A. thaliana (Newman et al. 1994), rice (Kidou et al. 1994) and Catharanthus roseus (Ito et al. 1991). To our knowledge, T. ruralis Rps3a is the first ribosomal protein cDNA described from a bryophyte system and as such we also present a phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid

Recent research in the genus Isoetes has included both a continued effort to locate and describe new and little understood taxa as well as a new effort to understand their population biology and mechanisms of speciation. Gel electrophoresis has only recently been used to aid in the latter research. Taylor et al. (1985) and Taylor and Luebke (1988) have compared North American taxa using several enzyme systems, and Hickey et al. (1989b) have used electrophoresis to examine species relationships and population biology in Isoetes. Although electrophoresis may be utilized to distinguish taxa of Isoetes, practical methods of species sorting and identification in the genus continue to utilize characters of spore morphology, habitat preference, and geographical location. The purpose of the present study was to utilize the techniques of gel electrophoresis to explore the relationship between I. engelmannii A. Br. var. engelmannii and var. caroliniana Eaton (1900a). Data gathered as part of this study were also used to better understand the population biology of both taxa and to investigate the usefulness of electrophoresis for examining relationships between presumably closely and more distantly related taxa. Braun (1846) originally described I. engelmannii (Engelmann's quillwort) from specimens collected by Engelmann in 1842 from a Missouri pond near St. Louis. Later Engelmann (1867, 1882) described several varieties of the species: var. valida from Pennsylvania and Delaware, var. gracilis for small plants from southern New England, and var. georgiana for extremely large and robust plants from Floyd County, Georgia. Eaton (1905) recognized var. fontana for plants with accessory bast bundles in the leaves, spotted sporangia, and larger spores with broken reticulations. Isoetes engelmannii var. caroliniana was described by Eaton (1900) from Mitchell County, North Carolina, based on a wide velum covering up to two-thirds of the sporangia and megaspores with jagged crests to a broken reticulate pattern. This variety of I.

Jerome Bickenbach has provided a fair and sympathetic account of my argument in Trials and Punishments, and has clarified some of the book’s obscurities - for which I am very grateful: I will focus my response on his main objection to my account of punishment, since I am not persuaded that the objection holds.Bickenbach argues that my ideal account of what punishment ought to be if it is to be adequately justified would actually show, if it succeeds, that criminal punishment (or at least punishment involving hard treatment) cannot be justified at all. ‘Criminal punishment, it would appear, is unjustifiable when it is needed, but justifiable only if it is no longer required’ (786). It would be justifiable if it was imposed on a criminal who shared the values embodied in the laws of the true community to which she belonged: but it would then be unnecessary, since in such cases ‘blame alone’ (or, one might add, a formal conviction or a purely symbolic punishment) would suffice for the communicative and persuasive purposes which punishment should ideally serve. It would be necessary if the criminal was a committed nonconformist who rejected the community’s values: but it would then be unjustifiable, since in such cases it could not serve the purposes which punishment should ideally serve.

Spectroscopic data from a var iety of analyt ical techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) can be obtained from small areas of samples (< 1 mm2) through the use of microscope sampling accessories. If provisions are made to scan or translate the sample, then a spectrum that is characteristic of each region of interest can be obtained. Alternatively, selective area detectors eliminate the requirement for scanning the sample. Extract ion of information about a specific energy band from each spectrum allows elucidat ion of the spatial distribution of the feature giving rise to that band. For example, the distribution of a compound could be imaged by extracting the intensity of an IR band or XRD peak due to that compound. Peak posit ion and peak width are other parameters that can be extracted as a function of posit ion. Similarly, elemental distributions could be obtained using SIMS and EDX.

Two preliminary studies investigating disopyramide, a new anti-arrhythmic agent, demonstrated successful control of a variety of cardiac arrhythmias.

In three adult dogs the cranial cruciate ligament of the right stifle was sectioned. The animals were examined at regular intervals over the following twenty-nine months and the clinical findings noted. Fluorochrome bone markers were injected at intervals of approximately six months. Following injection of barium sulphate and Berlin blue after euthanasia, the joint tissues of both stifles were examined for evidence of degenerative changes. The right stifles showed typical changes of osteoarthritis, while the left stifles revealed no abnormality.

Professor Williams has done much to explicate and defend the subjectivist account of mens rea, which makes conscious risk-taking central to the idea of recklessness. It is thus not surprising that he should be critical of the rulings in Caldwell and Lawrence; nor would I quarrel with many of his objections to those decisions. My concern here is with his own views on the proper definition of “recklessness,” and on the proper use of that definition, in the criminal law: for his Textbook of Criminal Law suggests, and his discussions of Caldwell show, that he is willing to extend the concept of recklessness beyond the strict limits of subjectivism. Such an extension is indeed warranted: but I will argue that it can be explained and justified only by a more radical revision of subjectivism than he seems to allow (I ignore Lawrence and reckless driving here: Professor Williams is willing to accept an objectivist account of recklessness as gross negligence in the context of reckless driving, so long as it retains a suitably subjective meaning in other criminal contexts (R.R. 273–275)).

Phosphonoacetic acid is a selective antiherpesvirus agent. More than 100 congeners of phosphonoacetic acid were evaluated in vitro and in vivo to understand structure-activity relationships in the hope of designing a superior analog. Results showed that the antiherpesvirus activity had highly specific structural requirements. Neither the carboxylic nor the phosphono groups could be replaced. The distance between these two groups is important. Increase of this distance caused complete loss of activity. However, if this distance was maintained, the addition of groups to the methylene carbon resulted in a reduction, but not loss, of activity. On the other hand, decrease of the carbon chain to formic acid did not deteriorate its antiherpes activity. All analogs tested had lower activity than the parent compound. However, some compounds with decreased activity in vitro appeared to have favorable pharmacological properties in vivo.

A Subjectivist holds that justice requires a 'subjective' definition of the various elements of mens rea; and that on a properly subjective definition of recklessness an agent is reckless as to a circumstance or consequence of his action only if he is aware that that circumstance might exist or that that consequence might ensue. By 1980 one could think that this doctrine had become an orthodoxy in English law: for it was by then accepted by most academic commentators, by the Law Commission and the Criminal Law Revision Committee,' by the Court of Appeal2 and perhaps by the House of Lords." Professor Smith thought in 1978 that 'subjectivism has triumphed'4 and Professor Williams had no doubt that in section 50 of the Criminal Law Act I977 'reckless driving' should mean 'knowingly taking risks in driving', since the courts had by then accepted 'the subjective meaning of recklessness'.5 The House of Lords' decision in Caldwell' (and, to a lesser degree, that in Lawrence7) shattered this confidence in the triumph of Subjectivism, for, on Lord Diplock's direction, a person is reckless as to an obvious risk created by his act if when he does the act he 'has not given any thought to the possibility of there being any such risk'." This spurns the Law Commission's views about the proper meaning of recklessness; it may also defeat the intention of Parliament, if we can identify that intention with the Law Commission's recommendations. Is it then one more example of the House of Lords' 'dismal record in criminal cases',9 marking 'the most serious injury inflicted on the developing criminal law since

MORALISTS have traditionally appealed to the Principle of Double Effect (PDE) in order to maintain certain absolute moral prohibitions, such as that against the intentional killing of human beings, in the face of situations which seem to reduce them to absurdity or incoherence. Mr Hanink ('Some Light on Double Effect', ANALYSIS 35.5, 147-15 ) believes that Mr Geddes' version of the PDE ('On the Intrinsic Wrongness of Killing Innocent People', ANALYSIS 333., 93-97) can, when expanded and modified, serve this purpose and be defended against my criticism that it generates sophistical and unacceptable conclusions and reduces both the PDE and the absolute prohibitions it is meant to support to vacuity ('Intentionally Killing the Innocent', ANALYSIS 34-1, 16-19). On Hanink's account (p. 15 o), we may perform a single act with both an intended good and a foreseen bad effect, so long as the act itself, apart from its bad effect, is legitimate; the bad effect is not intended, as an end or as a means; and the good effect outweighs the bad. These conditions are satisfied by a craniotomy performed to save the mother's life, and by the setting of an explosive charge under the man who is blocking the only exit from a flooding cave. But in each of the other four cases which I discussed-the cannibalistic killing of the cabin-boy; the use of a man's body for transplant surgery; Gerstein's co-operation with the S.S.; and the execution of a scapegoat-at least one condition is not satisfied: the act itself may be an illegitimate assault, apart from its fatal outcome; the good effect may not outweigh the bad; or the act which has the bad effect is not itself the act which has the justifying good effect but a means to it, so that we cannot outweigh the bad effect by any good effect of the same act.

The clinical and pathological features of four patients with intractable heart failure, due to myxomatous change in the mitral valve, are described. It is suggested that this change may represent a response of ageing connective tissue to mechanical stress.

When we remember that the Maoris volunteered no traditional information about the extinct moa (Dinornis) until Europeans had unearthed its bones, said nothing about the Chatham Islands until after their discovery by Europeans, only recalled dim memories of inhabitants before the Fleet of A.D. 1350 in response to persistent questioning by Europeans, and could not tell us whether Hawaiki was Tahiti or Samoa, we realize the always supine rôle of Maori tradition in aiding the researches of the culture historian.However the sheer mass and variety of these orally transmitted traditions prevented the student from realizing how irrelevant they were to his theme, and caused him to believe that the Maori purpose in transmitting traditions was like his—to satisfy an essentially academic curiosity about the past. The gradual cessation of the output of published traditions has given students the leisure to realize the limitations of those already recorded, and sobered us against the expectation that a Maori tradition current in the 19th century might include a description of a bird which lived perhaps in the 13th, or go into detail over the appearance and habits of the tribes whom his Fleet ancestors dispossessed in the 14th.Fortunately the need for the family to maintain its status within the clan, the clan within the tribe, and the tribe as against other tribes, did involve the careful transmission of family trees (Whakapapa). By comparing the number of generations in many lines back to a Fleet ancestor, the arrival of the Fleet was placed in the mid-14th century. By a brilliant application of the method beyond New Zealand, Percy Smith found a three generation name sequence immediately prior to the Fleet arrival common to Hawaii, the Society Islands, the Cook Islands and New Zealand. This established with reasonable certainty that the movement which brought the canoes of the Fleet to New Zealand originated in the Society Islands and simultaneously sent migrants to the Hawaiian and Cook groups. Traditions in New Zealand recorded with a significant unanimity the names of the canoes of the Fleet migration, their landing places, and the tribes which sprang from each. They noted the introduction by the immigrants of the sweet potato (kumara), the taro (Colocasia antiquorum), the gourd (Lagenaria), and the yam (uwhi), both by means of references to incidents of the voyage or by accounts of subsequent return trips to Hawaiki to fetch these plants.

Several commercial companies are now producing wood-plastic flooring materials. Initial research indicated that either 60Co or heat-catalyst combinations could be used for the polymerization sequen...

Thick, stable tungsten films with fcc structure have been obtained by ion beam sputtering in vacuum onto substrates of glass, rock salt, and mica at a temperature of ∼250–400°C. The lattice constant is 4.15 A. The fcc phase transforms slowly to bcc at annealing temperatures of ∼700°C.

Summary The decomposition of silicate minerals and related substances by fungi has been investigated using two techniques: (a) the incorporation of the mineral material in agar medium, when its breakdown is indicated by the formation of clear zones round the fungal growth; (b) the determination of the metal and silicate ions, derived from the insoluble materials and brought into solution as a result of fungal activity in liquid medium. Strains of fungi which produced citric and/or oxalic acid proved to be effective in decomposing certain natural silicates, while an oxalic acid-producing strain also released metallic ions and silica from rocks and soils. A possible role of fungi in biological weathering is discussed.

Summary: A study of the mechanism of breakdown of w-phenyl-substituted fatty acids by Nocardia opaca has been made. Acids with an odd number of carbon atoms in the side chain (phenylpropionic, phenylvaleric and phenylheptylic acids) were converted to benzoic acid, and cinnamic acid was an intermediate. o-Hydroxy-phenylacetic acid was identified as a common product when acids with an even number of carbon atoms (phenylacetic, phenylbutyric, phenylcaproic and phenylcaprylic) were used. This evidence supports β-oxidation as a mechanism of breakdown of short chain fatty acids by N. opaca.