Search

Background To investigate in a large cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), lesion load and atrophy evolution, and the relationship between clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates of disease progression. Methods Two hundred and sixty-seven patients with MS were studied at baseline and two years later using the same MRI protocol. Abnormal white matter fraction, normal appearing white matter fraction, global white matter fraction, gray matter fraction and whole brain fraction, T2-hyperintense, and T1-hypointense lesions were measured at both time points. Results The majority of patients were clinically stable, whereas MRI-derived brain tissue fractions were significantly different after 2 years. The correlation between MRI data at baseline and their variation during the follow-up showed that lower basal gray matter atrophy was significantly related with higher progression of gray matter atrophy during follow-up. The correlation between MRI parameters and disease duration showed that gray matter atrophy rate decreased with increasing disease duration, whereas the rate of white matter atrophy had a constant pattern. Lower basal gray matter atrophy was associated with increased probability of developing gray matter atrophy at follow-up, whereas gray matter atrophy progression over 2 years and new T2 lesion load were risk factors for whole brain atrophy progression. Conclusions In MS, brain atrophy occurs even after a relatively short period of time and in patients with limited progression of disability. Short-term brain atrophy progression rates differ across tissue compartments, as gray matter atrophy results more pronounced than white matter atrophy and appears to be a early phenomenon in the MS-related disease progression.

Background Fatigue is a major problem in multiple sclerosis (MS), and its association with MRI features is debated. Objective To study the correlation between fatigue and lesion load, white matter (WM), and grey matter (GM), in MS patients independent of disability. Methods We studied 222 relapsing remitting MS patients with low disability (scores ≤ 2 at the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale). Lesion load, WM and GM were measured by fully automated, operator-independent, multi-parametric segmentation method. T1 and T2 lesion volume were also measured by a semi-automated method. Fatigue was assessed by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and patients divided in high-fatigue (FSS ≥ 5; n = 197) and low-fatigue groups (FSS ≤ 4; n = 25). Results High-fatigue patients showed significantly higher abnormal white matter fraction (AWM-f), T1 and T2 lesion loads, and significant lower WM-f, and GM-f. Multivariate analysis showed that high FSS was significantly associated with lower WM-f, and GM-f. Females and highly educated patients were significantly less fatigued. Conclusion These results suggest that among MS patients with low disability those with high-fatigue show higher WM and GM atrophy and higher lesion load, and that female sex and higher levels of education may play a protective role towards fatigue. Furthermore, they suggest that in MS, independent of disability, WM and GM atrophy is a risk factor to have fatigue.

Objective: To measure white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) atrophy and lesion load in a large population of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) using a fully automated, operator-independent, multiparametric segmentation method. Methods: The study population consisted of 597 patients with MS and 104 control subjects. The MRI parameters were abnormal WM fraction (AWM-f), global WM-f (gWM-f), and GM fraction (GM-f). Results: Significant differences between patients with MS and control subjects included higher AWM-f and reduced gWM-f and GM-f. MRI data showed significant differences between patients with relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive forms of MS. Significant correlations between MRI parameters and between MRI and clinical data were found. Conclusions: Patients with multiple sclerosis have significant atrophy of both white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM); secondary progressive patients have significantly more atrophy of both WM and GM than do relapsing-remitting patients and a significantly higher lesion load (abnormal WM fraction); lesion load is related to both WM and even more to GM atrophy; lesion load and WM and GM atrophy are significantly related to Expanded Disability Status Scale score and age at onset (suggesting that the younger the age at disease onset, the worse the lesion load and brain atrophy); and GM atrophy is the most significant MRI variable in determining the final disability.

Background multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease sustained by several pathogenic mechanisms. As such, combination therapy strategies, targeting a range of disease mechanisms, might represent the ideal therapeutic approach. Here we investigated the efficacy of curcumin, a naturally occurring poly-phenolic phytochemical with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, in subjects under treatment with IFN β-1a, to test the effects of this combination therapy on clinical and MRI parameters of inflammation and neurodegeneration in relapsing MS (RMS). Methods eighty active RMS were prospectively enrolled, randomized (1:1) to either the IFN-curcumin or the IFN-placebo group and followed up longitudinally with clinical and MRI assessments for 24 months. Primary endpoint was the efficacy of curcumin versus placebo as add-on therapy on new/enlarging T2 lesions in RMS subjects under treatment with subcutaneous IFN β-1a 44 mcg TIW. Efficacy on clinical parameters (relapses and disability progression), other MRI parameters of inflammation (T1 Gd-enhancing lesions, combined unique active-CUA lesions) and neurodegeneration (T1-hypointense lesions, grey matter loss and white matter microstructural damage) as well as safety and tolerability of curcumin were explored as secondary endpoints. Results ten subjects dropped out from the study by month 12 (6 in the IFN-curcumin group and 4 in the IFN-placebo group), and 27 by month 24 (11 in the IFN-curcumin group and 16 in the IFN-placebo group). Although no between-group difference was present in terms of proportion of subjects free from new/enlarging T2 lesions, a lower proportion of patients with CUA lesions was noted at month 12 in the IFN-curcumin group in comparison with the IFN-placebo group (7.5% vs 17.5%, χ² test p= 0.0167). This result was not confirmed at month 24. The statistical analysis failed to reveal any difference between the two treatment groups – IFN-curcumin and IFN-placebo – in terms of relapses, disability progression, other MRI metrics of inflammation and MRI changes suggestive of ongoing neurodegeneration. No difference in the rate and nature of adverse events was observed between the two treatment groups. Conclusion Although the study drop-out rate was too high to allow definite conclusions, our findings suggest that curcumin might add to IFN β-1a efficacy on radiological signs of inflammation in MS, while it did not seem to exert any neuroprotective effect as assessed by clinical and MRI parameters. (NCT01514370)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional MR imaging explains only a fraction of the clinical outcome variance in multiple sclerosis. We aimed to evaluate machine learning models for disability prediction on the basis of radiomic, volumetric, and connectivity features derived from routine brain MR images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 3T brain MR imaging studies of patients with multiple sclerosis, including 3D T1-weighted and T2-weighted FLAIR sequences, were selected from 2 institutions. T1-weighted images were processed to obtain volume, connectivity score (inferred from the T2 lesion location), and texture features for an atlas-based set of GM regions. The site 1 cohort was randomly split into training (n = 400) and test (n = 100) sets, while the site 2 cohort (n = 104) constituted the external test set. After feature selection of clinicodemographic and MR imaging–derived variables, different machine learning algorithms predicting disability as measured with the Expanded Disability Status Scale were trained and cross-validated on the training cohort and evaluated on the test sets. The effect of different algorithms on model performance was tested using the 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: The selection procedure identified the 9 most informative variables, including age and secondary-progressive course and a subset of radiomic features extracted from the prefrontal cortex, subcortical GM, and cerebellum. The machine learning models predicted disability with high accuracy (r approaching 0.80) and excellent intra- and intersite generalizability (r ≥ 0.73). The machine learning algorithm had no relevant effect on the performance. CONCLUSIONS: The multidimensional analysis of brain MR images, including radiomic features and clinicodemographic data, is highly informative of the clinical status of patients with multiple sclerosis, representing a promising approach to bridge the gap between conventional imaging and disability.

Central nervous system involvement has been described in peripheral neuropathies, including different forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. The aimof our study was to systematically investigate possible brain structural modifications in CMT1A patients, using volumetric MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In this prospective cross-sectional study, from May 2017 to May 2019, we acquired 3T MRI brain scans of genetically confirmed CMT1A patients and age- and sex-comparable healthy controls. Patients also underwent clinical and electrophysiological examinations assessing motor and sensory domains. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analyses were performed using a non-parametric approach based on permutations, including age and sex (and total intracranial volume for VBM) as nuisance covariates. When between-group differences emerged at VBM or TBSS analyses, the first eigenvariate was extracted from the cluster and its age- and sex-adjusted standardized residuals tested for correlation with clinical and electrophysiological variables. Twenty CMT1A patients (34.5 +/- 11.1 years; M/F:11/9) were enrolled, along with 20 healthy controls (30.1 +/- 10.2 years; M/F:11/9). The VBM analysis revealed clusters of significantly increased GM volume in CMT1A patients compared to healthy controls, encompassing the bilateral cerebellar lobules III-VI and the left hippocampus (all ps = 0.04), with no differences in terms of DTI metrics at the TBSS analysis. A negative correlation (r = -0.502, p = 0.03) emerged between ulnar compound motor action potential and the z-scores corresponding to the right cerebellar cluster of augmented GM volume. Our data show evidence of structural reorganization in the brain of CMT1A patients, possibly reflecting neural plasticity mechanisms in response to peripheral nerve pathology and modulating the effect of axonal degeneration on functional impairment.

Background Arterial embolization constitutes a safe and effective therapeutic possibility in the treatment of numerous renal pathologies in election and in urgency. Over the years, numerous embolizing materials have been proposed: fibrin (temporary occlusion), glues, coils, and microspheres. The use of St. Jude Amplatzer vascular plug (AVP) constitutes a more recent and less widespread therapeutic choice, and its use in the renal district is not yet widespread although potentially very valid. Case presentation We present 3 renal arterial embolizations performed with AVP performed between January 2019 and February 2020: two patients had a very bulky renal heteroplastic lesion and were candidates for nephrectomy, and a third patient instead was affected by a high-flow FAV post-biopsy. In our experience, the use of AVP for the treatment of renal arteriovenous fistula and neoplastic masses has given excellent results without any complications during and after the treatment. In all cases, a single plug was used which perfectly adapted to the target artery resulting in complete occlusion of the vessel in a short time. Conclusion Renal artery embolization performed with AVP has growing potential and numerous advantages in terms of the time of the procedure, speed of embolization, and precision of occlusion, but with a relative increase in costs.

Purpose: A new form of autosomal dominant hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) has been recently described (SCA48), and here we investigate its conventional MRI findings to identify the presence of a possible imaging feature of this condition. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we evaluated conventional MRI scans from 10 SCA48 patients (M/F = 5/5; 44.7 ± 7.8 years). For all subjects, atrophy of both supratentorial and infratentorial compartments were recorded, as well as the presence of possible T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) signal alterations. Results: In SCA48 patients, no meaningful supratentorial changes were found, both in terms of volume loss or MRI signal changes. Atrophy of the cerebellum was present in all cases, involving both the vermis and the hemispheres, but particularly affecting the postero-lateral portions of the cerebellar hemispheres. In all patients, with the exception of only one subject (90.0% of the cases), a T2WI hyperintensity of both dentate nuclei was found. The association of such signal alteration with the pattern of cerebellar atrophy resembled the appearance of a crab (“crab sign”). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that SCA48 patients are characterized by cerebellar atrophy, mainly involving the postero-lateral hemisphere areas, along with a T2WI hyperintensity of dentate nuclei. We propose that the association of such signal change, along with the atrophy of the lateral portion of the cerebellar hemispheres, resembled the appearance of a crab, and therefore, we propose the “crab sign” as a neuroradiological sign present in SCA48 patients.

Renal arteriovenous fistula is classified into idiopathic, acquired and congenital. Endovascular therapy has become the gold standard compared to surgery. We present the embolization procedure of a renal fistula postbiopsy in a 57-year-old female patient through the use of St. Jude Medical Amplatzer vascular Plug IV. Although numerous embolizing agents are available, plug type IV has numerous advantages in terms of procedure times, speed of embolization and precision of the occlusion, but with a relative increase in costs.

INTRODUCTION:The translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO), a biochemical marker of neuroinflammation, is highly expressed in the brain activated microglia and it is also expressed by peripheral inflammatory cells and normal peripheral tissues. Thus, development of radioligands for the TSPO may contribute to further understanding the in vivo TSPO function in central and peripheral inflammatory processes and other pathologies. Here, we report the biodistribution, the specific binding and the radiometabolites of [(18)F]DPA-714, a promising fluorinated PET radiotracer, in normal mice using a microPET/CT scanner. METHODS:The in vivo biodistribution and kinetics of [(18)F]DPA-714 were measured in mice brain and peripheral tissues. Specific binding to TSPO sites was assessed using pharmacological competitive studies by means of saturation experiments performed by i.v. injection of 1mg/kg of unlabeled DPA-714 or 3mg/kg of unlabeled PK11195. A region of interest analysis was performed to generate time-activity curves in the brain, heart, lung, kidney, spleen and liver. Metabolites assay was performed in the plasma and peripheral organs by radio-HPLC. RESULTS:[(18)F]DPA-714 reached high concentration in lung, heart, kidney and spleen, tissues well known to be rich in TSPO sites. [(18)F]DPA-714 kinetics were faster in the lung and slower in the kidney. Pre-injection of unlabeled DPA-714 or PK11195 inhibited about 80% of [(18)F]DPA-714 uptake in the lung and heart (p CONCLUSION:These results suggest that [(18)F]DPA-714 is a suitable PET ligand for imaging in mice brain and peripheral tissues since it binds with high specificity TSPO binding sites and it is almost unchanged at 60minutes after radiotracer injection in the brain and TSPO-rich regions.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by visceral hypersensitivity likely related to altered processing of sensory stimuli along the brain-gut axis. Previous neuroimaging studies demonstrated structural and functional alteration of several brain areas involved in bodily representation, e.g. the insula, in patients with IBS. By means of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) we searched for alteration of functional connectivity within the network involved in self-bodily consciousness. We found significant inverse correlation between hypochondriasis assessed through a clinical questionnaire and connectivity between posterior cingulate cortex and left supramarginal gyrus, extending into the adjacent superior temporal gyrus. Moreover, we observed a significant and positive correlation between a clinical questionnaire assessing interoception and connectivity between left anterior ventral insula and two clusters located in supramarginal gyrus bilaterally. Our findings highlight an “abnormal network synchrony” reflecting functional alteration, in the absence of structural and micro-structural changes, which might represent a possible therapeutic target for Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

We thank Sechi et al. for the comments on our article.1 We agree that investigating the relationship between functional changes and disease course is a core issue for defining the role of functional imaging in both pathophysiology and clinical studies in Fabry disease (FD). The findings of Ortu et al.2 help define the role of the functional connectivity (FC) alterations in patients. Indeed, in their study,2 motor cortex hyperexcitability partly subsided when enzyme replacement therapy was started (although the small number of patients and the incomplete reversal of transcranial magnetic stimulation findings, possibly related to insufficient follow-up, does not allow for firm conclusions due to its complete reversibility). On the contrary, we found that resting-state–fMRI alterations were present in successfully treated patients, mitigating against the hypothesis that these changes may reflect reversible FD features.1 While our view is that “a direct relationship between motor cortex hyperexcitability…and present FC changes remains speculative,”1 longitudinal studies with suitable sample sizes assessing both FC and motor cortex excitability are needed. Only this approach will demonstrate if FC changes are related to a residual, nonreversible hyperexcitability, or if different neural circuit alterations are probed by the 2 techniques.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggest their role in its pathogenesis. Interferon β (IFN-β) efficacy could be mediated also by an increase of IGF-1 levels. A 2-year longitudinal study was performed to estimate the prevalence of GH and/or IGF-1 deficiency in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients and their correlation with conversion to MS in IFN treated patients. METHODS Clinical and demographic features of CIS patients were collected before the start of IFN-β-1b. IGF-1 levels and GH response after arginine and GH releasing hormone + arginine stimulation tests were assessed. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging evaluations were performed at baseline, 1 year and 2 years. RESULTS Thirty CIS patients (24 female) were enrolled. At baseline, four patients (13%) showed a hypothalamic GH deficiency (GHD), whilst no one had a pituitary GHD. Baseline demographic, clinical and radiological data were not related to GHD, whilst IGF-1 levels were inversely related to age (P < 0.001) and GH levels (P = 0.03). GH and IGF-1 serum mean levels were not significantly modified after 1 and 2 years of treatment in the whole group, although 3/4 GHD patients experienced a normalization of GH levels, whilst one dropped out. After 2 years of treatment 13/28 (46%) patients converted to MS. The presence of GHD and GH and IGF-1 levels were not predictive of relapses, new T2 lesions or conversion occurrence. CONCLUSIONS Growth hormone/IGF-1 axis function was found to be frequently altered in CIS patients, but this was not related to MS conversion. Patients experienced an improvement of GHD during IFN therapy. Longer follow-up is necessary to assess its impact on disease progression.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant disorder. Lithium is able to stimulate autophagy, and to reduce Ca+ efflux from the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor. We designed a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 48-week trial with lithium carbonate in 20 patients with SCA2. The primary objective was to determine safety and tolerability of lithium. The secondary objectives were to determine disease progression, quality of life, mood, and brain volume change. Sixteen patients completed the trial, 8 randomized to lithium, 8 to placebo. Forty adverse events (AEs) were reported during the trial, twenty-eight in the lithium and 12 in the placebo group (p -- 0.11). Mean AE duration was 57.4 ± 60.8 and 77.4 ± 68.5 days (p -- 0.37). Non-significant differences were observed for the SARA and for brain volume change, whereas a significant reduction in the BDI-II was observed for lithium group (p < 0.05). Lithium was well tolerated and reported AEs were similar to those previously described for bipolar disorder patients. A correctly powered phase III trial is needed to assess if lithium may slow disease progression in SCA2.

Purpose To implement and evaluate a magnetic resonance imaging atlas-based automated segmentation (MRI-ABAS) procedure for cortical and sub-cortical grey matter areas definition, suitable for dose-distribution analyses in brain tumor patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT). Patients and methods 3T-MRI scans performed before RT in ten brain tumor patients were used. The MRI-ABAS procedure consists of grey matter classification and atlas-based regions of interest definition. The Simultaneous Truth and Performance Level Estimation (STAPLE) algorithm was applied to structures manually delineated by four experts to generate the standard reference. Performance was assessed comparing multiple geometrical metrics (including Dice Similarity Coefficient – DSC). Dosimetric parameters from dose–volume-histograms were also generated and compared. Results Compared with manual delineation, MRI-ABAS showed excellent reproducibility [median DSC ABAS =1 (95% CI, 0.97–1.0) vs. DSC MANUAL =0.90 (0.73–0.98)], acceptable accuracy [DSC ABAS =0.81 (0.68–0.94) vs. DSC MANUAL =0.90 (0.76–0.98)], and an overall 90% reduction in delineation time. Dosimetric parameters obtained using MRI-ABAS were comparable with those obtained by manual contouring. Conclusions The speed, reproducibility, and robustness of the process make MRI-ABAS a valuable tool for investigating radiation dose–volume effects in non-target brain structures providing additional standardized data without additional time-consuming procedures.

SYNJ1 has been recently identified by two independent groups as the gene defective in a novel form of autosomal recessive, early-onset atypical parkinsonism (PARK20). Two consanguineous families were initially reported (one of Sicilian and one of Iranian origins), with the same SYNJ1 homozygous mutation (c.773G>A, p.Arg258Gln) segregating with a similar phenotype of early-onset parkinsonism and additional atypical features. Here, we report the identification of the same SYNJ1 homozygous mutation in two affected siblings of a third pedigree. Both siblings had mild developmental psychomotor delay, followed, during the third decade of life, by progressive parkinsonism, dystonia, and mild cognitive impairment. One sibling suffered one episode of generalized seizures. Neuroimaging studies revealed severe nigrostriatal dopaminergic defects, mild striatal and very mild cortical hypometabolism. Treatment with dopamine agonists and anticholinergics resulted in partial improvements. Genetic analyses revealed in both siblings the SYNJ1 homozygous c.773G>A (p.Arg258Gln) mutation. Haplotype analysis suggests that the mutation has arisen independently in this family and the Sicilian PARK20 family previously described by us, in keeping with the hypothesis of a mutational hot spot. This is the third reported family with autosomal recessive, early-onset parkinsonism associated with the SYNJ1 p.Arg258Gln mutation. This work contributes to the definition of the genetic and clinical aspects of PARK20. This newly recognized form must be considered in the diagnostic work-up of patients with early-onset atypical parkinsonism. The presence of seizures might represent a red flag to suspect PARK20. © 2014 Springer-Verlag.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and sensitivity of 18F-DPA-714 for the study of microglial activation in the brain and spinal cord of transgenic SOD1G93A mice using high-resolution PET/CT and to evaluate the Iba1 and TSPO expression with immunohistochemistry. METHODS: Nine symptomatic SOD1G93A mice (aged 117 ± 12.7days, clinical score range 1-4) and five WT SOD1 control mice (aged 108 ± 28.5days) underwent 18F-DPA-714 PET/CT. SUV ratios were calculated by normalizing the cerebellar (rCRB), brainstem (rBS), motor cortex (rMCX) and cervical spinal cord (rCSC) activities to that of the frontal association cortex. Two WT SOD1 and six symptomatic SOD1G93A mice were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In the symptomatic SOD1G93A mice, rCRB, rBS and rCSC were increased as compared to the values in WT SOD1 mice, with a statistically significantly difference in rBS (2.340 ± 0.784 vs 1.576 ± 0.287, p = 0.014). Immunofluorescence studies showed that TSPO expression was increased in the trigeminal, facial, ambiguus and hypoglossal nuclei, as well as in the spinal cord, of symptomatic SOD1G93A mice and was colocalized with increased Iba1 staining. CONCLUSION: Increased 18F-DPA-714 uptake can be detected with high-resolution PET/CT in the brainstem of transgenic SOD1G93A mice, a region known to be a site of degeneration and increased microglial activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in agreement with increased TSPO expression in the brainstem nuclei shown by immunostaining. Therefore, 18F-DPA-714 PET/CT might be a suitable tool to evaluate microglial activation in the SOD1G93A mouse model.

Introduction To evaluate if advanced neuroimaging research is mainly conducted by imaging specialists, we investigated the number of first authorships by radiologists and nonradiologist scientists in articles published in the field of advanced neuroimaging in the past 10 years. Methods Articles in the field of advanced neuroimaging identified in this retrospective bibliometric analysis were divided in four groups, depending on the imaging technique used. For all included studies, educational background of the first authors was recorded (based on available online curriculum vitae) and classified in subgroups, depending on their specialty. Finally, journal impact factors were recorded and comparatively assessed among subgroups as a metric of research quality. Results A total number of 3831 articles were included in the study. Radiologists accounted as first authors for only 12.8 % of these publications, while 56.9 % of first authors were researchers without a medical degree. Mean impact factor (IF) of journals with non-MD researchers as first authors was significantly higher than the MD subgroup (p < 10−20), while mean IF of journals with radiologists as first authors was significantly lower than articles authored by other MD specialists (p < 10−11). Conclusions The majority of the studies in the field of advanced neuroimaging in the last decade is conducted by professional figures other than radiologists, who account for lessthan the 13 % of the publications. Furthermore, the mean IF value of radiologists-authored articles was the lowest among all subgroups. These results, taken together, should question the radiology community about its future role in the development of advanced neuroimaging.

The aim of our study was to test the safety and tolerability of lithium in multiple system atrophy (MSA). The study was randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind. The primary endpoint of the study was safety and tolerability. An interim analysis, performed 1 year after the first patient was randomized, showed a higher proportion of trial abandon (P < 0.01) and a higher number of adverse events (P < 0.02) in the lithium group. The trial was stopped by the Data Monitoring Committee. Overall, lithium was not well tolerated, and we do not encourage future studies with lithium in MSA patients.

To evaluate changes in T1 and T2* relaxometry of dentate nuclei (DN) with respect to the number of previous administrations of Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA). In 74 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) patients with variable disease duration (9.8±6.8 years) and severity (Expanded Disability Status Scale scores:3.1±0.9), the DN R1 (1/T1) and R2* (1/T2*) relaxation rates were measured using two unenhanced 3D Dual-Echo spoiled Gradient-Echo sequences with different flip angles. Correlations of the number of previous GBCA administrations with DN R1 and R2* relaxation rates were tested, including gender and age effect, in a multivariate regression analysis. The DN R1 (normalized by brainstem) significantly correlated with the number of GBCA administrations (p

Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity in the lower limbs. Spasticity may occur in isolation (''pure'' HSP) or may be accompanied by other features. Although autosomal recessive HSPs usually have clinically complex phenotypes, mutations within a few genes underlie pure forms. Recently the gene (CYP7B1) responsible for SPG5, a pure recessive HSP, has been identified. The six CYP7B1 coding exons were analysed in four Italian families. Complete clinical assessment was performed in all patients. Blood CYP7B1 mRNA levels were assessed in three patients and six controls. Brain MRI and (18)F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (PET) scan were conducted in three patients. Two novel homozygous mutations were identified. Both result in a frameshift and the introduction of a premature stop codon at the C-terminal of the protein. Patients have reduced blood CYP7B1 mRNA levels, suggesting nonsense mediated RNA decay. Although clinical assessment showed a pure form of spastic paraplegia, MRI demonstrated white matter abnormalities in three patients and PET scan revealed cerebellar hypometabolism in one. Based on the results, we report the first Italian families with SPG5 molecular characterization and describe two novel truncating mutations in CYP7B1. The recessive character, the truncating nature of the mutations, and the reduced peripheral blood CYP7B1 mRNA levels suggest that the development of the disease is associated with a loss of function. SPG5 is considered a pure form of HSP, but MRI and PET findings in our patients suggest that SPG5 phenotype may be broader than the pure presentation.

New imaging techniques have been introduced to assess the extent and severity of disease in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. The aim of our study was to compare newer imaging modalities-such as (18)F-FDG PET/CT, (99m)Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile ((99m)Tc-MIBI) scintigraphy, and MRI-to assess their relative contribution in the evaluation of MM patients at diagnosis.Thirty-three newly diagnosed patients with MM were prospectively studied. Diagnosis and staging were made according to standard criteria. All patients underwent whole-body (18)F-FDG PET/CT, whole-body (99m)Tc-MIBI, and MRI of the spine and pelvis within 10 d, and imaging findings were compared.(18)F-FDG PET/CT was positive in 32 patients (16 focal uptake, 3 diffuse uptake, 13 focal and diffuse uptake), (99m)Tc-MIBI was positive in 30 patients (6 focal, 11 diffuse, 13 focal and diffuse uptake), and MRI of the spine and pelvis was positive in 27 patients (6 focal, 13 diffuse, 8 focal and diffuse uptake). (18)F-FDG PET/CT showed a total of 196 focal lesions (178 in bones and 18 in soft tissues), of which 121 were in districts other than the spine and pelvis, whereas (99m)Tc-MIBI visualized 63 focal lesions (60 in bones and 3 in soft tissues), of which 53 were in districts other than the spine and pelvis. In the spinal and pelvic regions, (18)F-FDG PET/CT detected 75 focal lesions (35 in spine and 40 in pelvis), (99m)Tc-MIBI visualized 10 focal lesions (1 in spine and 9 in pelvis), and MRI detected 51 focal lesions (40 in spine and 11 in pelvis).In whole-body analysis, (18)F-FDG PET/CT performed better than (99m)Tc-MIBI in the detection of focal lesions, whereas (99m)Tc-MIBI was superior in the visualization of diffuse disease. In the spine and pelvis, MRI was comparable to (18)F-FDG PET/CT and (99m)Tc-MIBI in the detection of focal and diffuse disease, respectively. Because myelomatous lesions may often occur out of spinal and pelvic regions, MRI should be reserved to the evaluation of bone marrow involvement of these districts, whereas (18)F-FDG PET/CT can significantly contribute to an accurate whole-body evaluation of MM patients. Finally, whole-body (99m)Tc-MIBI, despite its limited capacity in detecting focal lesions, may be an alternative option when a PET facility is not available.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the integrity of the Resting State Networks in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) and the correlations between the modification of these networks and clinical variables. Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) data from 19 SCA2 patients and 29 healthy controls were analyzed using an independent component analysis and dual regression, controlling at voxel level for the effect of atrophy by co-varying for gray matter volume. Correlations between the resting state networks alterations and disease duration, age at onset, number of triplets, and clinical score were assessed by Spearman's coefficient, for each cluster which was significantly different in SCA2 patients compared with healthy controls. Results: In SCA2 patients, disruption of the cerebellar components of all major resting state networks was present, with supratentorial involvement only for the default mode network. When controlling at voxel level for gray matter volume, the reduction in functional connectivity in supratentorial regions of the default mode network, and in cerebellar regions within the default mode, executive and right fronto-parietal networks, was still significant. No correlations with clinical variables were found for any of the investigated resting state networks. Conclusions: The SCA2 patients show significant alterations of the resting state networks, only partly explained by the atrophy. The default mode network is the only resting state network that shows also supratentorial changes, which appear unrelated to the cortical gray matter volume. Further studies are needed to assess the clinical significance of these changes.

Although the diagnosis of epilepsy remains mainly clinical, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays a crucial role in the detection of lesions that can cause epilepsy, with high impact on the diagnostic work-up as well as on therapeutic planning. Morphologic MR imaging is still the main technique for identifying lesions responsible for the epilepsy, providing images with high spatial resolution, excellent soft-tissue contrast, and multiplanar view. Quantitative MR image analysis (segmentation, voxel-based morhometry), based on 3D T1-weighted images, offers an objective means of analyzing MR images thereby improving the capability of detecting subtle lesions, often interpreted as negative by qualitative assessment of the morphologic MR imaging. Diffusion tensor imaging allows the quantification of water molecules diffusion and characterizes the degree and direction of anisotropy. Areas of abnormal diffusion, responsible for epilepsy, may be related to occult dysgenesis, or to acquired damage, resulting in neuronal loss, gliosis, and extracellular space expansion; these changes often result in reduced anisotropy and in an increase in mean diffusivity. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides information about the biochemical environment of the brain, thereby helping in lateralizing the epilepsy focus. Functional MR imaging is used for lateralizing language functions, and also for surgical planning predicting functional deficits following epilepsy surgery. The interpretation of MR data should always be done by a neuroradiologist expert in the field of epilepsy imaging, trying to correlate the images with clinical and electrophysiological data.

The aim of this study was to simultaneously measure in vivo volumes of gray matter (GM), normal white matter (WM), abnormal white matter (aWM), and cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), and to assess their relationship in 50 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) (age range, 21-59; mean EDSS, 2.5; mean disease duration, 9.9 years), using an unsupervised multiparametric segmentation procedure applied to brain MR studies. Tissue volumes were normalized to total intracranial volume providing corresponding fractional volumes (fGM, faWM, fWM, and fCSF), subsequently corrected for aWM-related segmentation inaccuracies and adjusted to mean patients' age according to age-related changes measured in 54 normal volunteers (NV) (age range 16-70). In MS patients aWM was 23.8 +/- 29.8 ml (range 0.4-138.8). A significant decrease in fGM was present in MS patients as compared to NV (49.5 +/- 3.2% vs 53.3 +/- 2.1%; P < 0.0001), with a corresponding increase in fCSF (13.0 +/- 3.8% vs 9.1 +/- 2.4%; P < 0.0001). No difference could be detected between the two groups for fWM (37.5 +/- 2.6% vs 37.6 +/- 2.2%). faWM correlated inversely with fGM (R = -0.434, P < 0.001 at regression analysis), and directly with fCSF (R = 0.473, P < 0.001), but not with fWM. There was a significant correlation between disease duration and EDSS, while no relationship was found between EDSS or disease duration and fractional volumes. Brain atrophy in RR-MS is mainly related to GM loss, which correlates with faWM. Both measures do not appear to significantly affect EDSS, which correlates to disease duration.

A method for postprocessing of segmented routine brain MRI studies providing automated definition of major structures (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; cerebellar hemispheres; and lateral ventricles) according to the Talairach atlas is presented. The method was applied to MRI studies from 25 normal subjects (NV), 14 patients with deficit schizophrenia (DS), and 14 with nondeficit schizophrenia (NDS), to evaluate their gray matter and CSF regional volumes. The two patient groups did not differ in mean age at illness onset, duration of illness, severity of psychotic symptoms, or disorganization; DS had more severe avolition and worse social functioning than NDS. For validation purposes, brain structures were manually outlined on original MR images in 10 studies, thus obtaining reference measures. Manual and automated measures were repeated 1 month apart to measure reproducibilities of both methods. The automated method required less than 1 min/operator per study vs more than 30 min for manual assessment. Mean absolute difference per structure between the two techniques was 4.8 ml. Overall reproducibility did not significantly differ between the two methods. In subjects with schizophrenia, a significant decrease in GM and increase in CSF were found. GM loss was confined to frontal and temporal lobes. Lateral ventricles were significantly larger bilaterally in NDS compared to NV and only on the right in NDS compared to DS. The finding of greater structural brain abnormalities in NDS adds to the evidence that deficit schizophrenia does not represent just the more severe end of the schizophrenia continuum.

Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) syndrome, which may occur after rupture of ACoA aneurysms, consists of anterograde memory problems, executive dysfunctions, confabulations, and personality changes. Recently, the employment of diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) has related ACoA to microstructural lesions in the cingulum and the fornix, but an accurate characterization of these subjects should be provided. We report the clinical and neuropsychological findings of a patient who developed a severe and persistent amnesia together with significant behavioral changes, as well as her imaging results, where the sole evidence of brain damage was that of the fornix demonstrated by DTT. The four-year neuropsychological follow-up of the subject allows exclusion of other causes. This case demonstrates that microstructural lesions of fornix may lead to persistent amnesia, executive impairments, and behavioral changes and contributes to the knowledge of its role in cognition.

Approximately 30% of schizophrenia patients do not respond adequately to the therapy. Previous MRI studies have suggested that drug treatment resistance is associated with brain morphological abnormalities, although region-of-interest analysis of MR studies from nonresponder and responder patients failed to demonstrate a statistically significant difference between these two schizophrenia subgroups. We have used a voxel-based analysis of segmented MR studies to assess structural cerebral differences in 20 nonresponder and 15 responder patients and 16 age-matched normal volunteers. Differences between the three groups emerged bilaterally mainly at the level of the superior and middle frontal gyri, primarily due to reduced grey matter volumes in nonresponders, as compared to both normal volunteers and responder patients. Post hoc direct comparison between the two schizophrenia subgroups demonstrated significantly reduced grey matter volumes in middle frontal gyrus bilaterally, in the dorsolateral aspects of left superior frontal gyrus extending into postcentral gyrus and in the right medial temporal cortex. Our results extend and integrate previous findings suggesting a more severe atrophy in nonresponder schizophrenia patients, compared to responder patients, mainly at the level of the superior and middle frontal gyri. Longitudinal studies in drug-naïve patients are needed to assess the role of these associations.

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a method for the assessment of Magnetic Resonance (MR) scanner performance suitable for routine brain MR studies and for normalization of calculated relaxation times. We hypothesized that regular monitoring of machine performance changes could provide a helpful normalization tool for calculating tissue MR parameters, thus contributing to support their use for longitudinal and comparative studies of both normal and diseased tissues. The method is based on the acquisition of phantom images during routine brain studies with standard spin-echo sequences. MR phantom and brain tissue parameters were used to assess the influence of machine related changes on relaxation parameter estimates. Experimental results showed that scanner performance may affect relaxation rate estimates. Phantom and in vivo results indicate that the correction method yields a reduction in variability of estimated phantom R1 values up to 29% and of R1 for different brain structures up to 17%. These findings support the validity of using brain coil phantoms for routine system monitoring and correction of tissue relaxation rates.

In 16 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD; NINDS criteria, age range 56-78 years), gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absolute and fractional volumes were measured with an unsupervised multiparametric post-processing segmentation method based on estimates of relaxation rates R1, R2 (R1 = 1/T1; R2 = 1/T2) and proton density [N(H)] from conventional spin-echo studies (Alfano et al. Magn. Reson. Med. 1997;37:84-93). Global brain atrophy, and GM and WM fractions significantly correlated with Mini-Mental Status Examination and Blessed Dementia Scale scores. Compared with normals, brain compartments in AD patients showed decreased GM (-6.84 +/- 1.58%) and WM fractions (-9.79 +/- 2.47%) and increased CSF fractions (+58.80 +/- 10.37%). Changes were more evident in early-onset AD patients. In AD, measurement of global brain atrophy obtained by a computerized procedure based on routine magnetic resonance studies could complement the information provided by neuropsychological tests for the assessment of disease severity.

Background: Ataxia-Teleangiectasia (A-T) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar degeneration. Till few years ago only supportive care was available to improve the neurological function in A-T patients. Even though A-T remains an incurable disease, we recently demonstrated a drug dependent amelioration of neurological signs in A-T patients during a short-term treatment with oral betamethasone. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the steroid induced motor performance changes in A-T are associated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) modifications. This represents a preliminary pilot study, which requires a validation on a larger cohort of patients. Methods: Six A-T patients received a 10-days cycle of oral betamethasone at 0.03 mg/kg/day. fMRI studies were carried out at T0 and at the end of the cycle. The neurological evaluation was performed through the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) quantification. The fMRI protocol was a block design with alternating epochs of rest and pronosupination of the dominant (right) hand. Results: The voxel-based comparison showed a remarkable increase in the number of activated voxels within the motor cortex under the on-therapy condition as compared with the cortical activity under baseline condition in the 2 patients who completed the study protocol. Conclusions: Changes in motor performance in A-T patients treated with betamethasone are coupled with an increase in the activation in relevant cortical areas, thus suggesting that in A-T patients steroid treatment could improve motor performance facilitating cortical compensatory mechanisms.

Natalizumab is one option for multiple sclerosis patients responding poorly to classical immunomodulators, but pilot studies did not point to its effectiveness as a second-line therapy. Aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of natalizumab as second-line therapy in patients switching from disease modifying therapies (DMTs) in a clinical setting. We retrospectively selected patients who had been treated with natalizumab for at least 12 months after switching from one or more DMTs. We collected clinical and neuroradiological data and we analysed the reduction in annualised relapse rate (ARR), the change of Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the reduction of contrast-enhancing lesions (CELs) at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain at 12 months of natalizumab and of previous DMT therapy. Fifty patients were included in the analysis (11 males, 39 females).We observed a reduction of ARR on natalizumab (p = 0.000) and a statistically significant different trend of relapse event between the two treatments (p = 0.0149). EDSS was stable during natalizumab therapy whilst it showed an increase on DMTs (p = 0.0244). The number of CELs decreased significantly (p = 0.006) during the 12 months of treatment with natalizumab, whilst it was stable on DMTs. Natalizumab showed to decrease ARR, stabilize EDSS, increase the percentage of CELs free patients and decrease the number of CELs in a group of 50 poor responders to classical DMT, after the first 12 months of therapy.

Previous MRI studies of functional connectivity in pre-symptomatic mutation carriers of Huntington's disease (HD) have shown dysfunction of the Default-Mode Network (DMN). No data however are currently available on the DMN alterations in the symptomatic stages of the disease, which are characterized by cortical atrophy involving several DMN nodes. We assessed DMN integrity and its possible correlations with motor and cognitive symptoms in 26 symptomatic HD patients as compared to 22 normal volunteers, by analyzing resting state functional MRI data, using the Precuneal Cortex/Posterior Cingulate Cortices (PC/PCC) as seed, controlling at voxel level for the effect of atrophy by co-varying for gray matter volume. Direct correlation with PC/PCC was decreased, without correlation with atrophy, in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (including anterior cingulate and subgenual cortex), right dorso-medial prefrontal cortex, and in the right inferior parietal cortex (mainly involving the angular gyrus). Negative correlations with PC/PCC were decreased bilaterally in the inferior parietal cortices, while a cluster in the right middle occipital gyrus presented increased correlation with PC/PCC. DMN changes in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex significantly correlated with the performance at the Stroop test (p = .0002). Widespread DMN changes, not correlating with the atrophy of the involved nodes, are present in symptomatic HD patients, and correlate with cognitive disturbances.

No head-to-head study has been performed yet to assess whether natalizumab is more effective than classical immunomodulators in multiple sclerosis (MS).To retrospectively compare the efficacy of natalizumab vs IFN beta 1a SC (44 ??g; Rebif(®) ) on clinical and radiological findings in two matched cohorts of patients with MS.We retrospectively enrolled two cohorts of 42 patients (F/M: 35/7) with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab or IFN beta 1a for at least 12 consecutive months. Outcome measures were annualized relapse rate (ARR), changes in expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score, and number of contrast-enhancing lesions (CELs) at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).In both groups, the ARR in the 12 months of treatment was lower than in the 12 months before therapy (0.24 vs 1.50 in natalizumab-treated group, P < 0.0000; 0.55 vs 1.10 in IFN beta 1a-treated group, P = 0.0006), being the effect of natalizumab significantly stronger (P = 0.0125). EDSS reduction was significantly different between the two groups in favor of natalizumab (P = 0.0018). The frequency and number of CELs per patient were decreased in both groups. In the second year, the treatment affected ARR and EDSS progression in the two groups of patients similarly to the first year, whereas number of CELs decreased more significantly in natalizumab group (P = 0.008).After 12 and 24 months of therapy, natalizumab was more effective than IFN beta 1a SC on both disease activity and disability progression. Prospective head-to-head studies would be helpful to further evaluate the differences observed in the MRI outcomes.

Progressive prosopagnosia (PP) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a progressive and selective inability to recognize and identify faces of familiar people. Here we report a patient (G.S.) with PP, mainly related to a prominent deficit in recognition of familiar faces, without a semantic (cross-modal) impairment. An in-depth evaluation showed that his deficit extended to other classes of objects, both living and non-living. A follow-up neuropsychological assessment did not reveal substantial changes after about 1 year. Structural MRI showed predominant right temporal lobe atrophy.\ud \ud Diffusion tensor imaging was performed to elucidate structural connectivity of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), the two major tracts that project through the core fusiform region to the anterior temporal and frontal cortices, respectively. Right ILF was markedly reduced in G.S., while left ILF and IFOFs were apparently preserved. These data are in favour of a crucial role of the neural circuit subserved by right ILF in the pathogenesis of PP.

Deficit schizophrenia (DS) represents a promising putative clinical subtype of schizophrenia and is characterized by the presence of primary and enduring negative symptoms. Previous studies have often reported a reduced amount of gray matter within prefrontal and temporal cortices in schizophrenia subjects with prevailing negative symptoms; however, the evidence concerning brain structural abnormalities in patients with DS remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether patients with DS differed from those with nondeficit schizophrenia (NDS) with respect to the volume of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus, two brain areas considered as key regions in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In the present study a 3D-T1w MR imaging procedure and an extensive clinical assessment was carried out in 18 patients with schizophrenia, (10 DS and 8 NDS). 3D MPRAGE images were preprocessed with SPM software and two regions of interest (hippocampus and DLPFC) were manually traced to obtain their gray matter volumes. We found a significant reduction of DLPFC in the entire schizophrenia group, with respect to healthy subjects. Although the subgroup of patients with DS had a more severe clinical picture and more impaired social functioning, the DLPFC volume reduction was greater in NDS than in DS patients. In conclusion, according to our structural neuroimaging findings, DS patients, although characterized by a more severe clinical picture and a worse outcome, show less neurobiological abnormalities. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives To review the normal and pathological development of the posterior membranous area (PMA) in the fetal brain, to define sonographic criteria with which to diagnose a Blake's pouch cyst (BPC) in the fetus and to review the ultrasound features, associations and outcome of 19 cases of BPC seen at our center over the last 5 years. Methods We conducted a MEDLINE search using the terms ‘Blake's pouch’, with or without ‘fourth ventricle’ or ‘4th ventricle’, with or without ‘roof’ and identified articles describing normal and/or abnormal development of the PMA, whether or not they were cited in the limited clinical literature on BPC. A description of the normal and abnormal development of BPC was derived by collating these articles. The clinical retrospective study included 19 cases of posterior fossa anomalies with a final diagnosis of BPC seen at our institution. The following variables were assessed: referral indication, gestational age at diagnosis, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, associated anomalies, natural history and pregnancy and neonatal outcome. A transvaginal three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound examination was performed in all cases and 15 cases underwent MRI. To confirm the diagnosis, postnatal MRI, transfontanellar ultrasound or autopsy were available in all cases. Results Among the 19 cases reviewed, referral indications were: suspicion of vermian abnormality in 11 (58%) cases and other non-central nervous system anomaly in eight (42%) cases. Sonographically, all cases showed the following three signs: 1) normal anatomy and size of the vermis; 2) mild/moderate anti-clockwise rotation of the vermis; 3) normal size of the cisterna magna. On 3D ultrasound, the upper wall of the cyst was clearly visible in 11/19 cases, with choroid plexuses on the superolateral margin of the cyst roof. On follow-up, the BPC had disappeared by 24–26 gestational weeks in six of the 11 cases which did not undergo termination of pregnancy (TOP), and remained unaltered until birth in the other five cases. There were associated anomalies in eight (42%) cases, in five of which this consisted of or included congenital heart disease. Karyotype was available in 14 cases, two of which were abnormal (both trisomy 21). Regarding pregnancy outcome, there were eight (42%) TOPs, two (10%) neonatal deaths and nine (48%) survivors. One neonate, in whom the BPC had disappeared by the time of birth, had obstructive hydrocephaly confirmed. Another neonate was diagnosed with Down syndrome after birth. Excluding the Down syndrome baby, neurodevelopmental outcome was normal at the time of writing in all eight cases. Conclusions Based on our analysis of ultrasound features, we propose that for BPC to be diagnosed in a fetus the following three criteria should be fulfilled: 1) normal anatomy and size of the vermis; 2) mild/moderate anti-clockwise rotation of the vermis; 3) normal size of the cisterna magna. Furthermore, we found that BPC can undergo delayed fenestration at 24–26 weeks in more than 50% of cases. Finally, it seems that BPC shows a risk of association with extracardiac anomalies (heart defects in particular) and, to a lesser extent, trisomy 21. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Knowledge of the exact spatial distribution of brain tissues in images acquired by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is necessary to measure and compare the performance of segmentation algorithms. Currently available physical phantoms do not satisfy this requirement. State-of-the-art digital brain phantoms also fall short because they do not handle separately anatomical structures (e.g. basal ganglia) and provide relatively rough simulations of tissue fine structure and inhomogeneity. We present a software procedure for the construction of a realistic MRI digital brain phantom. The phantom consists of hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spin-lattice relaxation rate (R1), spin-spin relaxation rate (R2), and proton density (PD) values for a 24 x 19 x 15.5 cm volume of a ''normal'' head. The phantom includes 17 normal tissues, each characterized by both mean value and variations in R1, R2, and PD. In addition, an optional tissue class for multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions is simulated. The phantom was used to create realistic magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain using simulated conventional spin-echo (CSE) and fast field-echo (FFE) sequences. Results of mono-parametric segmentation of simulations of sequences with different noise and slice thickness are presented as an example of possible applications of the phantom. The phantom data and simulated images are available online at http://lab.ibb.cnr.it/.

A critical role of the FOX transcription factors in the development of different tissues has been shown. Among these genes, FOXN1 encodes a protein whose alteration is responsible for the Nude/SCID phenotype. Recently, our group reported on a human Nude/SCID fetus, which also had severe neural tube defects, namely anencephaly and spina bifida. This led to hypothesize that FOXN1 could have a role in the early stages of central nervous system development. Here we report on a second fetus that carried the R255X homozygous mutation in FOXN1 that has been examined for the presence of CNS developmental anomalies. At 16 postmenstrual weeks of gestation, the abdominal ultrasonography of the Nude/SCID fetus revealed a morphologically normal brain, but with absence of cavum septi pellucidi (CSP). Moreover, after confirmation of the diagnosis of severe Nude/SCID, the fetus was further examined postmortem and a first gross examination revealed an enlargement of the interhemispheric fissure. Subsequently, a magnetic resonance imaging failed to identify the corpus callosum in any section. In conclusion, our observations did not reveal any gross abnormalities in the CNS anatomy of the Nude/SCID fetus, but alteration of the corpus callosum, suggesting that FOXN1 alterations could play a role as a cofactor in CNS development in a similar fashion to other FOX family members.

Previous studies have shown a preferential loss of grey matter in fronto-temporal regions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Studies of correlates of disease severity are more controversial, because some studies have suggested an association between sensorimotor cortex atrophy and Expanded Disability Status Scale score, while others did not find such a correlation. The objective of this study was to assess the correlation of regional loss of grey matter and white matter with indexes of clinical and radiological severity in relapsing—remitting multiple sclerosis, including the Expanded Disability Status Scale and lesion load. Correlations between Expanded Disability Status Scale, lesion load and disease duration were assessed in 128 patients with relapsing—remitting multiple sclerosis (Expanded Disability Status Scale range 1.0—6.0) using optimized voxel-based morphometry. Bilateral loss of grey matter in sensorimotor cortices was correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale, and tissue loss also involved adjacent white matter, extending along pyramidal tracts to the brainstem. Increasing lesion load was correlated with loss of deep grey matter and white matter. No specific region of grey matter or white matter showed a significant correlation with disease duration. These findings support the hypothesis that motor neuron involvement plays a major role in the progression of physical disability. Lesion load accrual affects mainly highly interconnected subcortical structures, while disease duration has a less significant impact on brain atrophy, probably owing to the inter-subject heterogeneity of the clinical course of the disease.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia have generally been found in association with ventricular enlargement and prefrontal abnormalities. These relationships, however, have not been observed consistently, most probably because negative symptoms are heterogeneous and result from different pathophysiological mechanisms. The concept of deficit schizophrenia (DS) was introduced by Carpenter et al to identify a clinically homogeneous subgroup of patients characterized by the presence of primary and enduring negative symptoms. Findings of brain structural abnormalities reported by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies focusing on DS have been mixed. The present study included 34 patients with DS, 32 with nondeficit schizophrenia (NDS), and 31 healthy comparison subjects, providing the largest set of MRI findings in DS published so far. The Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome was used to categorize patients as DS or NDS patients. The 2 patient groups were matched on age and gender and did not differ on clinical variables, except for higher scores on the negative dimension and more impaired interpersonal relationships in DS than in NDS subjects. Lateral ventricles were larger in NDS than in control subjects but were not enlarged in patients with DS. The cingulate gyri volume was smaller in NDS but not in DS patients as compared with healthy subjects. Both groups had smaller dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes than healthy subjects, but DS patients had significantly less right temporal lobe volume as compared with NDS patients. These findings do not support the hypothesis that DS is the extreme end of a severity continuum within schizophrenia.

The study objective was to assess the feasibility and the efficacy of bilateral uterine artery embolization (BUAE) for the treatment of cervical pregnancy. The design was a series of 3 cases of viable cervical pregnancy diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasonography and treated by means of BUAE and subsequent uterine curettage. Three women with viable cervical pregnancy underwent BUAE and subsequent uterine curettage in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, High Risk Pregnancy Center, University "Federico II" of Naples. Measurements included surgical outcomes and preservation of fertility. The treatment was effective in all cases. Two patients resumed normal menstruation about 1 month after the procedure, whereas 1 patient underwent a hysterectomy 2 weeks after embolization because of acute ischemic degeneration of a concomitant myoma. The conservative management of cervical pregnancy with angiographic BUAE is a feasible and effective option, even if subsequent hysterectomy may be required. Counseling is necessary.

OBJECTIVE. Fabry's disease is a multisystem X-linked disorder of lysosomal metabolism frequently associated with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. In this study, we aimed to assess whether myocardial T2 relaxation time determined by a black blood multiecho multishot MRI sequence could be used to evaluate cardiac involvement in patients with Fabry's disease. CONCLUSION. Myocardial T2 relaxation time is prolonged in patients with Fabry's disease compared with that of hypertrophic patients and healthy control subjects. MRI may be useful for the characterization of myocardial tissue in patients with Fabry's disease.