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Three organometallic homopolymers and three copolymers have been obtained, by reacting, respectively, cyclopalladated dinuclear complexes with a polymeric backbone, and by radical copolymerization of cyclopalladated acrylic monomers and methyl methacrylate. Taking into account thermal behaviour and solubility, the copolymers, which display good second order nonlinear optical activity, seem to be the most promising for applications within the new metallated macromolecules. Macroscopic nonlinear optical coefficients d 33 have been determined on spin-coated corona-poled thin films by means of Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) measurements at the wavelength of 1064 nm.

The orientation relaxation of azo-dyes upon all-optical poling was studied. Azo-dye doped amorphous polymers were poled for different durations by all-optical poling at several temperatures. A quasi-permanent macroscopic second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(2) was inscribed in the dye-doped centrosymmetric polymer systems. Relaxation of the χ(2) was monitored by second harmonic generation. It shows that the polar orientation relaxation follows the duration of the poling process: the longer the poling, the slower the polar relaxation time. Causes of the orientation relaxation retardation are discussed.

In analyzing the sequence tags for mutant mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines in BayGenomics (a mouse gene-trapping resource), we identified a novel gene, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (Agpat6), with sequence similarities to previously characterized glycerolipid acyltransferases. Agpat6's closest family member is another novel gene that we have provisionally designated Agpat8. Both Agpat6 and Agpat8 are conserved from plants, nematodes, and flies to mammals. AGPAT6, which is predicted to contain multiple membrane-spanning helices, is found exclusively within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in mammalian cells. To gain insights into the in vivo importance of Agpat6, we used the Agpat6 ES cell line from BayGenomics to create Agpat6-deficient (Agpat6 -/- ) mice. Aipat6 -/- mice lacked full-length Agpat6 transcripts, as judged by northern blots. One of the most striking phenotypes of Agpat6 -/- mice was a defect in lactation. Pups nursed by Agpat6 -/- mothers die perinatally. Normally, Agpat6 is expressed at high levels in the mammary epithelium of breast tissue, but not in the surrounding adipose tissue. Histological studies revealed that the aveoli and ducts of Agpat6 -/- lactating mammary glands were underdeveloped, and there was a dramatic decrease in the size and number of lipid droplets within mammary epithelial cells and ducts. Also, the milk from Agpat6 -/- mice was markedly depleted in diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols. Thus, we identified a novel glycerolipid acyltransferase of the ER, AGPAT6, which is crucial for the production of milk fat by the mammary gland.

K-Ras associates with the plasma membrane (PM) through farnesylation that functions in conjunction with an adjacent polybasic sequence. We show that phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC) of S181 within the polybasic region promotes rapid dissociation of K-Ras from the PM and association with intracellular membranes, including the outer membrane of mitochondria where phospho-K-Ras interacts with Bcl-XL. PKC agonists promote apoptosis of cells transformed with oncogenic K-Ras in a S181-dependent manner. K-Ras with a phosphomimetic residue at position 181 induces apoptosis via a pathway that requires Bcl-XL. The PKC agonist bryostatin-1 inhibited the growth in vitro and in vivo of cells transformed with oncogenic K-Ras in a S181-dependent fashion. These data demonstrate that the location and function of K-Ras are regulated directly by PKC and suggest an approach to therapy of K-Ras-dependent tumors with agents that stimulate phosphorylation of S181.

When examining the results of this technique, improvement is noticed in the infraorbital hollowing, midface tissue ptosis, depth of nasolabial folds, and degree of jowling. The greatest overall improvement is the extent of midface ptosis and infraorbital hollowing at the lower eyelid-cheek junction followed by improvement in the nasolabial region. Improvement in jowling was common but less significant than the improvement of the midface structures. The authors think that this dramatic improvement is owing to multiple factors. With wide and complete release of the central and lateral midfacial structures, the en bloc suspension of the SOOF and malar fat pad is thoroughly accomplished. Unlike other midfacial techniques, the transtemporal midface achieves pull in 2 vectors, directing the repositioning of tissuesboth superiorly and laterally. The superior vector repositions the SOOF and malar fat pad over the bony infraorbital rim and malar/zygomatic complex, whereas the lateral pull effaces the nasolabialfold. This superior vector more accurately reverses the forces of aging displayed on the ptotic midface. Lastly, although this technique is not designed primarily to eliminate jowling at the mandible, it has been noted that elevation of 1.0 to 1.5 cm of skin overlying the mandible is typical. Although the endoscopic forehead midface lift is not without its complications or pitfalls, all of these can be minimized, easily managed, or avoided completely through the intraoperative techniques and postoperative care. Careful and deliberate preoperative counseling of patients regarding the possible bumps in the road to recovery is critical. By using the techniques available to limit and manage complications and setting appropriate patient expectations should these complications occur, the endoscopic forehead midface lift can become an extremely powerful and safe technique in the facial cosmetic surgeon’s armamentarium to efface the lid-cheek junction with a high degree of patient satisfaction.

conference on head and neck cancer

The introduction of endoscopes is responsible for the surge in many of the aesthetic facial plastic surgeries in the past decade. This relatively new technology is widely used in upper-third facial rejuvenation and created a natural evolution into the rejuvenation of the central midthird of the face. After careful patient selection and evaluation, several key maneuvers are accomplished to achieve forehead and midface rejuvenation: (1) a subperiosteal dissection of the scalp to the level of the superior and lateral orbital rims and zygomatic arch, (2) incision and release of orbital periosteum, (3) selective myectomies of the glabella muscles, (4) subperiosteal dissection of the midface (from infraorbital rim to the inferior aspect of the maxilla and laterally over the entire zygomatic arch to the gonial angle beneath the masseteric aponeurosis), and (5) suspension and reposition of the malar fat pad, suborbicularis oculi fat, and soft tissue overlying the angle of the mandible. Endobrow-midface lift is a safe and reliable method to rejuvenate the upper two thirds of the face with excellent results while minimizing the morbidities and complications associated with the traditional open procedures.

Normal topographic anatomy of the distal nose is a reflection of the delicate integration between the lower lateral cartilage, the upper lateral cartilage, the sep-tum, and skin. Understanding these relationships will help the rhinoplasty surgeon diagnose and treat con-cavities of the distal nose. Most patients present with a hybrid of these defects. For example, the patient in Fig. 19 presented for a primary rhinoplasty. A variety of concavities can be noted and include dorsal septal deflection, upper lateral cartilage avulsion on the left,bilateral lower lateral complete concavities, and the beginning of a dorsal depression (Fig. 19A-I). The nasal skeleton and the skin and soft tissue are normally in equilibrium, but trauma and reduction rhino-plasty disrupts this equilibrium. Skeletal distortion can lead to septal deflection, middle vault collapse, or alar buckling [20]. It is important to realize that correction of deflection or depression by excision needs to be balanced with augmentation, which provides balance for the previously disequilibrated skeletal and soft tissue forces. Augmentation can be done with spreader grafts, tip grafts, columellar strut, and dorsal grafts. A patient's soft tissue envelope will also play a major role in the success of a septorhinoplasty. The surgical principles of septorhinoplasty such as judicious resculpting of the cartilaginous framework, respect of major tip support, tip grafting technique, and postoperative tissue contraction still apply and must be placed in conjunction with repairing a pathological topographic concavity.

We report on the fluorescence efficiency of four infrared (IR) polymethine dyes. These figures have been determined using an indirect method based on a fluorescence standard (Rhodamine B in ethanol). The fluorescence decay times have been measured too and their correlation with the quantum efficiency data has been shown. The optical behavior of the IR dyes in three solvents with different polarities has been compared and discussed.

Purpose This report describes the clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic findings in patients with proptosis secondary to lipomatosis after retrobulbar corticosteroid injection. Design Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series and review of the literature. Methods Five patients who developed symptomatic unilateral proptosis after steroid injection were studied and the literature was reviewed. Results No previous description was found in the literature. All five cases were studied with computed tomography, and two cases were confirmed with histopathology. No fibrosis or granulomatous inflammation was identified. Conclusions Orbital lipomatosis is a potential complication of retrobulbar steroid injections. Symptomatic relief can be provided by a transconjunctival approach to the lower lid fat compartment.

In the present work we report on steady-state and dynamical optical properties of four polymethine dye molecules absorbing in the near infrared (IR) region (0.8–1.1 μm) and emitting around 1.2 μm. The molecules are embedded in organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) material synthesized by a sol-gel method. The investigated samples were prepared as films, deposited on glass substrates. Steady-state absorption and emission measurements have been accomplished for the chromophores in solution as well as in hybrid organic/inorganic films in order to determine the effect of the solid cage on the optical properties of the chromophore. To better understand the influence of the solid network, we also measured for some of the investigated molecules emission transients with femtosecond time resolution. An estimation of the emission quantum yield of the IR dye molecules in a glassy matrix is also given. The kinetic results are sensitive to guest-host interactions.

A bioinspired approach is applied to photoelectric conversion devices. A 3(10)-helical hexapeptide bearing a pyrene unit is immobilized on a gold-covered TiO2 surface. The device is integrated for the first time in a dye-sensitized solar cell, exhibiting stability after several measurements. The approach could have promising applications in the field of optoelectronics.

What is the most efficient dissection plane to perform midface lift? What is the best incision/approach (preauricular, transtemporal, transoral)? Why? What specific technique do you use? Why? What is the best method/substance for adding volume to midface lifting? In approaching the midface, how do you see the relationship of blepharoplasty versus fillers versus midface lifting?How has your procedure or approach evolved over the past 5 years? What have you learned, first-person experience, in doing this procedure?

Two NLO azo-benzimidazolic chromophores, bis-ethanol, 2,2′-[[4-[[4-(1-ethyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl]azo]phenyl]imino] (BZI1) and bis-ethanol, 2,2′-[[4-[[4-[(1E)-2-(1-ethyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethenyl]phenyl]azo]phenyl]imino] (BZI2), properly functionalised for polycondensation reactions, have been used for the synthesis of new NLO polyurethanes and polyesters. The polymers have high thermal stability and T g ranging between 146 and 173 °C. Thin films of polymers have been prepared and oriented by electrical poling. The resonance free NLO activity has been measured at a fundamental wavelength of 1368 nm by second harmonic generation (SHG) and a maximum d 33 of 2.3 pm/V has been observed. Polymers containing the less active chromophore (BZI1, μβ = 950 × 10 −48 esu) show higher d 33 value than the analogous polymers containing BZI2 chromophore ( μβ = 1400 × 10 −48 ). A theoretical analysis suggests that this unexpected behaviour can be only partially attributed to thermodynamic effects, dynamical effects should also play a role.

We have prepared new polyesters containing quadratic, nonlinear optical (NLO) active chromophores covalently incorporated into the main chain. In these polymers, the sequence of the chromophore units along the main chain is rigorously head to tail. All the polyesters are processable, both in the melt and in solution. For one polyester, a full second-order NLO characterization has been performed. An out-of-resonance d33 coefficient of 21 pm/V at 1368 nm has been measured. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2719–2725, 2007

The upper face is often inadequately addressed when evaluating surgical rejuvenation for the aging face. Failure to diagnose and treat the upper face appropriately leads to facial disharmony. To successfully treat the aging upper face, the surgeon must have a knowledge of anatomy, brow aesthetics, the different surgical techniques with advantages and disadvantages of each, indications for surgery and patient selection, and potential complications. This article discusses all of these factors plus a detailed operative technique for endoscopic forehead midface lift.

Hybrid organic-inorganic materials doped with zwitterionic push-pull chromophores with high hyperpolarizability have been synthesized via sol-gel, based on glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane (GDMMS). Homogeneous films doped with chromophores, have been obtained using N-hydroxyethylcarbazole as a physical spacer avoiding dye aggregation. Spin-coated doped films have been electrically poled in N2 atmosphere and second harmonic generation measurements have been performed in situ to confirm the nonlinear (NL) properties achieved after poling. The waveguiding properties of the films have been preliminarly measured by m-line spectroscopy before and after poling and the feasibility of channel waveguiding structures explored.

Summary: Two series of methacrylate copolymers were prepared, based on two new nonlinear optically (NLO) active chromophores 2-[4-(N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-methylamino) phenylazo]-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (chromophore A) and 1-ethyl-2-[4-(N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-methylamino)phenylazo]- 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (chromophore B). Second order NLO properties of the two series of copolymers (A or B as monomer and methyl methacrylate as the comonomer) were investigated by SHG procedures at the fundamental wavelength 1368 nm; d33 values in the range 0.2–3.3 pm/V were obtained, depending on the chromophore and on its molar content. The dependence of d33 on the molar content of chromophore was investigated in the two cases.

Six new side-chain polyurethanes with large molecular hyperpolarizabilities were synthesized by reaction of ethylenic and/or azo bridged push-pull chromophoric monomers with tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate. The NLO-phores show different conjugation pathway but analogous donor/withdrawing substituents. The chemical and thermal properties of the chromophores and of the polymers were examined. Evaluation of the second order NLO properties was performed by EFISH determination of mu beta on the monomers, and by SHG measurements on some amorphous thin films obtained from polymers through spin-coating technique. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this paper, we present data on the prevalence of sinusitis and its relationship to bronchial asthma in 120 young male asthmatics evaluated without exacerbations of their disease. All patients reported respiratory symptoms during the preceding year, and in the most of them (74%), the severity of asthma was mild. Sinusitis was observed in 52 patients (43.3%), and the maxillary sinus was involved in 36 asthmatics. Sixteen of 52 patients with sinusitis had never had nasal symptoms of rhinitis. In all patients, physical examination of the lung was negative for wheezing. All patients had FEV1 (forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity x 100 in 1 second of expiration) values in the normal range, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness was detected in 101 asthmatics (84.2%). One hundred sixteen patients (96.6%) were found to be skin reactors. We did not find statistical differences between asthmatics with or without sinusitis with regard to severity of asthma, basal lung function, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. We suggest that antibiotic therapy for sinusitis should be given only to asthmatics with worsening respiratory symptoms and obvious signs of chronic sinusitis.

Summary: Condensation polymers based on two different NLO-active chromophores, namely 2-[4-[(4-N,N-dihydroxyethylamino)phenylazo]phenyl]-5(6)-nitrobenzimidazole (BZI) and 2-[4-(4-N,N-dihydroxyethylamino)phenylazo]- 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (IMI), have been synthesized and their basic properties measured. The second order NLO properties of poled polymers were investigated by SHG procedures at different temperatures (35, 65 and 85 °C) and exposure times. Resonance free d33 coefficients (lambda = 1368 nm) took values in the range 1.8–4.0 pm/V, but the time stability of their SHG signal was fairly acceptable, particularly for the high Tg (e.g. 188 °C) polymer for which a relaxation time (at 25 °C) of 2.8 years has been determined.

New polymers for second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) applications were synthesized and characterized. They were distinguished by the presence of chromophore groups, with various molecular hyperpolarizability values, used as pendants on substantially rigid backbones. The polymers were prepared through the reaction of tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate, or a suitable alkyloxyphthaloyl dichloride, with the N,N-diethanol-4-(phenyl) group azo-linked to a nitrofluorenone, nitrostilbene, nitrooxadiazole, or nitrothiadiazole moiety. The polymers exhibited good thermal stability, high glass-transition temperatures, and an absence of crystallinity. The second-order NLO properties of thin, transparent poled films, prepared by spin coating and thermal corona poling, were investigated for some of the polymers. The second harmonic coefficients, ranging between 18 and 25 pm/V, depended more on the alignment of the chromophore groups along the direction of the poling field than on their molecular hyperpolarizability. The temporal stability of the NLO properties of the polymers was also investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3013–3022, 2004

Full Paper: Functionalized second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) thiopene copolymers were synthesized. Two elegant syntheses based on the post-functionalization of polymeric precursors obtained by oxidative polymerization were developed, leading to copolymers that proved to be fully soluble in common organic solvents. The new materials were characterized by NMR, FT-IR, and UV-vis spectroscopies, gel permeation chromotography (GPC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, the NLO activity of the new materials, as determined by corona poling alignment and second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements, showed a good agreement between the second-order NLO coefficient and the chromophore concentration.

The value of this study is to evaluate outcomes of endoscopic forehead-midface-lift surgery. Many surgeons are reluctant to offer this procedure for fear of change in the shape and appearance of the eyelid.To objectively evaluate the change in lateral canthal position following endoscopic forehead-midface-lift surgery.A retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic forehead-midface-lift and lower blepharoplasty procedures for cosmetic midface rejuvenation.A private facial plastic surgery practice.Photometric data were obtained from before-and-after surgery images from 40 patients.All photographs were analyzed to determine the horizontal width, vertical height, palpebral fissure width, or angle between the medial and lateral canthi. The right and left eyes were evaluated independently, with the results analyzed using a 2-tailed paired t test with a confidence interval of 0.05 or less (required for statistical significance).The results indicated no statistically significant change in the horizontal width (right, P = .25; left P = .07), vertical height (right, P = .99; left, P = .72), palpebral fissure width (right, P = .28; left, P = .48), and angle of the lateral canthus (right, P = .99; left, P = .30) before and after surgery.The endoscopic forehead-midface-lift is a reliable method of addressing midface descent. This study objectively identified no significant differences in the position of the lateral canthus before and after surgery.4.

Item does not contain fulltext OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To define an objective, easy to perform, rapid method for the assessment of ocular synkinesis by employing both the Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation software and a modification of the Glasgow Facial Palsy Scale. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Fifty normal subjects and 50 patients with known ocular synkinesis were studied. Measurements of ocular synkinesis were made using the semiautomated Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation software, and a modification of the automated Glasgow Facial Palsy program. RESULTS: The mean resting vertical palpebral fissure width of a normal eye was 10.17 mm (standard deviation [SD], 1.63 mm), and the degree of eye closure during smile was on average 21.56% (SD, 13.38%). Synkinetic eyes had a statistically significantly smaller resting palpebral fissure width on average (8.99 mm; SD, 1.61 mm; P < .001, t test), and a statistically significantly greater degree of narrowing during smiling (32.65%; SD, 13.68%; P < .001, t test). Using a modified synkinesis-determining application of the Glasgow Facial Palsy Scale did not consistently correlate with the Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation program or clinical observations of eye closure during smiling (R = 0.251, Pearson correlation) and puckering (R = 0.253, Pearson correlation). CONCLUSIONS: The Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation program yields rapid, consistent, palpebral fissure width measurements, and when combined with a subjective self-assessment questionnaire yields a comprehensive measure of ocular synkinesis. Our modified application of the Glasgow Facial Palsy Scale did not appear to be a reliable method for quantitative ocular synkinesis assessment.

The Mohs fresh tissue technique has provided a high rate of cure in cases of malignant tumors in the orbital region. However, in some patients, tumor may persist after Mohs surgery if margins are falsely negative or if the Mohs surgeon elects to terminate the procedure with known positive margins. We report six patients who had residual tumor present in the periorbital region after Mohs surgery. These patients have a serious prognosis associated with subsequent morbidity. Accurate communication between the Mohs surgeon and subsequent treating surgeons, combined with aggressive tumor management, may help to minimize morbidity and improve mortality.

Objective: To identify refinements in forehead flap nasal reconstruction that consistently provide better esthetic and functional results. Design: Case series of patients undergoing forehead flap nasal reconstruction from July 1, 1987, to May 31, 1994. Setting: University hospital ambulatory surgery department. Patients: Thirty-two patients with various nasal defects. Interventions: Modifications of currently accepted techniques of paramedian forehead flap nasal reconstruction, namely, flap harvest and contouring, W-plasty closure of the superior forehead donor site, and creation of soft-tissue triangles. The principles of open-structure rhinoplasty are incorporated into cartilaginous reconstruction of the the nasal tip and columella. The alar rim is reconstructed with cartilage grafts placed at the nasal rim. Main Outcome Measures: Esthetic and functional results of nasal reconstruction were subjectively graded by three otolaryngologists (V.C.Q., D.A.S., and M.F.R.) and the patients. Results: Improved esthetic and functional nasal reconstruction. The most common nasal subunits reconstructed were as follows: ala, 27 patients (84%); sidewall, 22 patients (69%); dorsum, 18 patients (56%), and tip, 15 patients (47%). The esthetic results ranged from average to excellent (3 to 5 on a scale of 5), the functional results ranged from improved to much improved over preoperative breathing (4 to 5). Two patients required unplanned surgical revisions. Forty-seven percent of patients chose to undergo dermabrasion. Five patients required postoperative intradermal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog). Three patients required preoperative tissue expansion. Flap or graft loss, infection, or hematoma did not occur. Conclusions: The predictability of the techniques in providing excellent results in patients undergoing nasal reconstruction decreases the need for revision procedures and helps the patient and the surgeon achieve the desired outcome. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1106-1113)

To define the relationship between the frontal branch of the facial nerve and a series of blood vessels that are encountered during endoscopic forehead procedures.Anatomical study using 6 fresh cadavers (12 sides).In 11 of 12 dissected specimens, the blood vessels in the temporal region were found to lie within 2 mm of the frontal branch of the facial nerve.We believe that a series of veins encountered during endoscopic forehead procedures provide the surgeon with the ability to identify the precise location of the frontal branch of the facial nerve. During endoscopic surgery, these vessels are found in a plane between the deep temporal fascia (below) and the superficial temporal fascia (above). We believe that these vessels can be thought of as arrows pointing superiorly to a frontal branch of the facial nerve as it courses through the superficial temporal fascia.

Upper eyelid blepharoplasty is one of the most common facial plastic surgeries performed in the United States. Understanding how brow position contributes to the upper eyelid appearance is essential. Consistent and desirable surgical outcomes are best achieved with a detailed knowledge of periorbital anatomy. The surgeon must understand patients' expectations and ensure that surgical goals are realistic. The potential complications and their management are discussed. The goal of upper eyelid blepharoplasty is to create a sculpted upper lid with a visible pretarsal strip and subtle fullness along the lateral upper lid-brow complex. The trend toward volume preservation is discussed.

To define an objective, easy to perform, rapid method for the assessment of ocular synkinesis by employing both the Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation software and a modification of the Glasgow Facial Palsy Scale.Retrospective study.Fifty normal subjects and 50 patients with known ocular synkinesis were studied. Measurements of ocular synkinesis were made using the semiautomated Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation software, and a modification of the automated Glasgow Facial Palsy program.The mean resting vertical palpebral fissure width of a normal eye was 10.17 mm (standard deviation [SD], 1.63 mm), and the degree of eye closure during smile was on average 21.56% (SD, 13.38%). Synkinetic eyes had a statistically significantly smaller resting palpebral fissure width on average (8.99 mm; SD, 1.61 mm; P.001, t test), and a statistically significantly greater degree of narrowing during smiling (32.65%; SD, 13.68%; P.001, t test). Using a modified synkinesis-determining application of the Glasgow Facial Palsy Scale did not consistently correlate with the Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation program or clinical observations of eye closure during smiling (R = 0.251, Pearson correlation) and puckering (R = 0.253, Pearson correlation).The Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation program yields rapid, consistent, palpebral fissure width measurements, and when combined with a subjective self-assessment questionnaire yields a comprehensive measure of ocular synkinesis. Our modified application of the Glasgow Facial Palsy Scale did not appear to be a reliable method for quantitative ocular synkinesis assessment.

In this work, the effect of reverse bias stress tests on Dye Solar Cells (DSCs) based on N719 dye was investigated in detail using resonant micro-Raman spectroscopy. First the Raman lines were assigned to vibrations from the different constituents in a fresh solar cell. Then the mechanism of thiocyanato (SCN − ) loss under stress conditions was reported.

This article reviews cartilage grafting in the head and neck, emphasizing its use in facial surgery. The harvesting and preparation of cartilage grafts are reviewed, and both autografts and homografts are discussed. The implementation of cartilage grafts in the nose, ear, eyelid, orbit, and larynx also is presented.