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Vital pulp treatment (VPT) is crucial for preserving the health and function of the tooth in cases where the pulp tissue remains vital despite exposure. Various materials are introduced for this purpose. However, challenges such as low strength, high solubility, and tooth discoloration persist. Methylmethacrylate-based cement (MC) offers excellent sealing ability, feasibility, and mechanical properties, making it a promising alternative for VPT. Phosphate-based glass (PBG) has the potential to promote hard tissue regeneration by releasing key inducers, phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca), for reparative odontogenesis. This study investigates PBG-integrated MC (PIMC) by characterizing its properties, assessing human dental pulp stem cell activity related to initial inflammatory adaptation and odontogenic differentiation, and evaluating hard tissue formation using an in vivo dog pulpotomy model. Results indicate that a 5% PBG-integrated MC (5PIMC) maintains the physicochemical properties of MC. Furthermore, 5PIMC demonstrates cytocompatibility, excellent expression of osteo/odontogenic markers, and resistance to inflammatory markers, significantly outperforming MC. Enhanced hard tissue formation is observed in the dental pulp of mongrel dog teeth treated with 5PIMC. These findings suggest that 5PIMC could be an optimal and suitable material for reparative odontogenesis through VPT., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Healthcare Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

This study aims to evaluate the distribution of pesticide residues in mango fruits and the contribution to chronic dietary exposure risks. 42 kinds of pesticides were analyzed with gas chromatography (GC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The contribution to chronic dietary exposure risks for children and adult were calculated using point assessment approach. The cumulative risks were calculated with the method of relative potency factor (RPF). 44.1% of the whole mango samples and 35.3% of the pulp samples contained one or more pesticide residues. The most frequently detected pesticide was imidacloprid, and the detection rates in whole mango and pulp were 21.6% and 19.6%, respectively. According to the MRLs in China, the exceedance rates of pyraclostrobin, clothianidin, imidacloprid and difenoconazole in whole mango and pulp were 6.9% and 1.0%, 5.9% and 1.0%, 3.0% and 2.0%, 2.0% and 2.0%, respectively. The detection rate and exceedance rate of pesticide in non-bagged mango varieties (‘Tainong’, ‘Guifei’) were much higher than those in bagged mango variety (‘Jinhuang’). Pesticide residue levels in whole mango were mostly higher than those in pulp. In some mango samples, the residues of pesticides possessing strong systemic conductibility (neonicotinoid, trizoles and etc.) in pulp were higher than those in whole mango. These pesticides only detected in pulp of some mango samples. 7.9% of the pulp samples contained four or more pesticide residues, and the percentage was much higher (20.6%) in whole mango samples. The values of %ADI of all detected individual pesticides and pesticide groups (neonicotinoid and trizoles) for children and adult were far below 100%. The contribution of pesticide residues through mango to the chronic dietary risk was extremely low.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a pandemic and usually under-diagnosed, under-treated nutritional deficiency globally. Among the Indian population, VDD may be due to lower dietary vit D and calcium intake, low socioeconomic status, etc. VDD can manifest as delayed tooth eruption, absence of secondary dentin formation, altered coronal pulp morphology, enlarged pulp space, and high pulp horns. Radiographic changes can be detected by various advanced imaging techniques but with multiple drawbacks. Intraoral radiographs (IOPA) can be an easy, chair-side and routine method of detecting coronal pulp morphology (CPM) changes due to VDD. Aims and Objectives: To assess correlation of vit D deficiency (VDD) and changes in coronal pulp morphology (CPM) using dental radiographs among young adults. Material and Methods: 60 subjects were included in the study and divided into two groups: one with CPM changes and the second group without CPM changes. All the subjects underwent digital intraoral imaging and serum evaluation for vit D. The subjects were classified into deficient, optimal, and overdose categories. At the same time, the tooth morphology was divided into normal and chair/constricted types. Results: The correlation of vitamin D levels with the pulp horn heightof all three molars were negative and statistically insignificant. Pulp chamber height and width showed negligible and insignificant relationships with vitamin D levels. Conclusion: This study could not prove a significant correlation, but the data generated might help carry out advanced research in a related context. Using an Intraoral Periapical radiograph for evaluating VDD can also be a baseline screening in largepopulations in the future.

In this study, the usability of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) stalks in pulp and paper production was investigated. Firstly, chemical components and fiber morphological properties were determined to investigate the suitability of okra stalks for pulp and paper production. Holocellulose, cellulose and lignin contents were found as 76.1 %, 46.4 % and 16.0 %, respectively and the fiber length, fiber width and cell wall thickness were measured as 0.64 mm, 16.97 μm and 3.66 μm, respectively. According to these data, it has been determined that okra stalks are suitable for pulp and paper production. Four different cooking experiments were carried out by adding sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in different proportions (0 %, 0.3 %, 0.5 %, 0.7 %) to okra stalks by the alkali sulfite method. The yield, chemical, physical and optical properties of the pulps were determined and optimum properties were obtained from the cooking experiment by adding up to 0.7 % NaBH4 into cooking liquor. With the addition of 0.7 % NaBH4, pulp yield, breaking length, and burst index increased about 7.73 %, 3.84 %, and 11 %, respectively. Consequently, it has been concluded that pulp produced from okra stalks can be used in the paper industry by blending with long or recycled fibers in certain proportions.

Pumpkin fruits (Cucurbita spp.) have a number of advantages and high technological potential, thanks to almost universal cultivation in a wide range of agro-climatic conditions, the ability to long-term storage, the content of dietary fibers, pectin and other polysaccharides, carotenoids, polyphenolic substances, vitamins, which cause a wide range of physiological orientation. In the process of researching the composition of local cultivars of pumpkin and the world experience of using Cucurbita spp. in the composition of food products, the need to use this ingredient in beverage recipes has been substantiated. The content of dry substances in the pumpkin samples is from 8.18 % ("Gribovskaya") to 11.6 % ("Orange bush"). The maximum sugar content is distinguished by the varieties "Winter Sweet" (6.87 %) and "Orange Bush" (7.40 %). The content of BAS-antioxidants is (without visible difference depending on the growing region): carotenoids from 1.3 mg/100 g in "Gribovskaya" to 2.0 mg/100 g – "Orange bush"; ascorbic acid – 8.7 mg/100 g in "Rossiyanka" to 14.2 mg/100 g – "Orange bush". Today all parts of the pumpkin fruit are used: the bark is a raw material for the production of feed flour and a substrate for the cultivation of lactobacilli, the seeds are traditionally used to produce pumpkin oil and flour, the pulp of the fruit is a raw material for juice-containing products, purees, carotenoid-containing and polysaccharide extracts, pectin, concentrates of first and second dishes, snack products, pasta, bakery, confectionery and meat products, etc.

Background: Identification of a deceased subject can be established not only from the skeletal remains (including the congenital peculiarities in setting of teeth) but it can also be precisely established by blood grouping from the teeth with the help of the absorption-elution technique. Objectives: Our study was conducted to evaluate if dental pulp can be used as a reliable source for determination of ABO blood group and rhesus factor in an individual. Materials & Method: This double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted on a sample of 250 extracted teeth. An attempt to establish the blood group from pulp was made by absorption-elution method. The collected data were coded, and statistical analysis for comparison of ABO blood groups was done using Cronbach's alpha to check the reliability of the absorption-elusion method in the detection of blood group from dental pulp. Results: On comparison of capillary blood group (slide agglutination method) with pulp blood group (absorption elution technique) of the subjects, we found that positive results were obtained in 235 cases while 15 cases showed negative results. Hence, the sensitivity (ability to measure) of pulp in establishment of blood group was found to be 94%. Conclusion: On the basis of the results obtained from the present study, it could be concluded that pulp is a reliable source of blood group determination for ABO blood grouping where teeth happen to be the only remnants available for personal identification.

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a common worldwide medicinal plant. Due to high medical importance, tamarind seed and pulp fraction and sub fractions were compared. The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of different extracts of tamarind by demonstrating different extraction methods and then selection of best and less time taking method. Biological activities including 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) showed maximum inhibition for seed (74.09±0.76) as compare to pulp (72.09±0.43) at 300 μg/ml for butanol fraction, 2, 2'-azino-Bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) showed maximum inhibition for seed (79.19±0.36) as compare to pulp (75.69±0.23) at 300 μg/ml for butanol. Metal chelation showed maximum inhibition for seed (81.39±0.70) as compare to pulp (77.49±0.93) at 300 μg/ml for butanol fraction, whereas lipid-peroxidation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) inhibition showed maximum value for seed at 120 μg/ml as compare to pulp with FeSo4 for butanol fraction and with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), TBARS inhibition showed maximum values for seed at 120 μg/ml as compare to pulp for butanol faction. The total antioxidant activity phosphomolybdenum assay was performed, which showed maximum values for seed at 120 μg/ml as compare to seed for butanol fraction. Total phenolic contents of seed for butanol fraction were 1.83 ± 0.31 mg/g for seed and 2 .83 ± 0.44 mg/g for pulp. Similarly, high amount of flavonoid content for seed was 1.31 ± 0.09 mg/g was given for dichloromethane and for pulp it was given as 1.91 ± 0.96 mg/g for butanol fraction. The results suggested that the extract of T. indica is potential source of the phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activity and utilized in diseases arising from oxidative stress in near future by using ultra-sonication method which is precise and time-consuming method.

The aim of our contribution is to evaluate the possibilities for the biochemical utilization of paper wastes. We tested aerobic and anaerobic degradation of paper waste sludges from a plant that processes recycled paper. Testing included the assessment of phytotoxicity. We can conclude that the concentration of paper sludges did not have toxic effects on the bacterial consortium of the anaerobic or aerobic conditions. However, the leachate of paper sludges and water from sludge dewatering had a slightly negative effect on the germination of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and lettuce (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds where the germination ranged from 83.3% to 100% but the mass yield was higher.

In recent years, a main goal of research has been to exploit waste from agribusiness industries as new sources of bioactive components, with a view to establishing a circular economy. Non-compliant avocado fruits, as well as avocado seeds and peels, are examples of promising raw materials due to their high nutritional yield and antioxidant profiles. This study aimed to recycle avocado food waste and by-products through dehydration to produce functional bread. For this purpose, dehydrated avocado was reduced to powder form, and bread was prepared with different percentages of the powder (5% and 10%) and compared with a control bread prepared with only semolina. The avocado pulp and by-products did not alter organoleptically after dehydration, and the milling did not affect the products’ color and retained the avocado aroma. The firmness of the breads enriched with avocado powder increased due to the additional fat from the avocado, and alveolation decreased. The total phenolic content of the fortified breads was in the range of 2.408–2.656 mg GAE/g, and the antiradical activity was in the range of 35.75–38.235 mmol TEAC/100 g (p < 0.0001), depending on the percentage of fortification.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment combined with adhesive filling therapy on rat dental pulps. Cavities were prepared in the first maxillary molars of 20 Sprague Dawley rats. The first molar and the unprepared second molar of one randomly selected maxillary quadrant were treated with CAP. The prepared cavities were filled with composite. After 24 h and 28 days, 10 rats each were killed. Teeth were demineralized and embedded in paraffin and histological sections were stained with hematoxylin–eosin and chloracetatesterase. None of the pulps displayed necrosis. Plasma treatment caused no additional alteration to the dental pulp in combination with adhesive filling therapy. These findings indicate that plasma treatment is compatible with the regenerative potential of the pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorine dioxide is widely used for pulp bleaching because of its high delignification selectivity. However, efficient and clean chlorine dioxide bleaching is limited by the complexity of the lignin structure. Herein, the oxidation reactions of phenolic (vanillyl alcohol) and non-phenolic (veratryl alcohol) lignin model species were modulated using chlorine dioxide. The effects of chlorine dioxide concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the consumption rate of the model species were also investigated. The optimal consumption rate for the phenolic species was obtained at a chlorine dioxide concentration of 30 mmol·L−1, a reaction temperature of 40 °C, and a reaction time of 10 min, resulting in the consumption of 96.3% of vanillyl alcohol. Its consumption remained essentially unchanged compared with that of traditional chlorine dioxide oxidation. However, the consumption rate of veratryl alcohol was significantly reduced from 78.0% to 17.3%. Additionally, the production of chlorobenzene via the chlorine dioxide oxidation of veratryl alcohol was inhibited. The structural changes in lignin before and after different treatments were analyzed. The overall structure of lignin remained stable during the optimization of the chlorine dioxide oxidation treatment. The signal intensities of several phenolic units were reduced. The effects of the selective oxidation of lignin by chlorine dioxide on the pulp properties were analyzed. Pulp viscosity significantly increased owing to the preferential oxidation of phenolic lignin by chlorine dioxide. The pollution load of bleached effluent was considerably reduced at similar pulp brightness levels. This study provides a new approach to chlorine dioxide bleaching. An efficient and clean bleaching process of the pulp was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hong Jiang (HC), a grafted chimera of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), is prone to variations in fruit shape, taste, and pulp mastication. We studied the transcriptomes and metabolomes pf pulps of HC and its two variants (CB: fruits with changed pulp mastication, taste, and color and JB: fruits with changed pulp color and taste) to explore the related pathways. Results: JB accumulated higher organic acids as compared to HC and CB. Flavonoid content was highest in HC followed by JB and CB. The soluble sugar content was lower, while cellulose content was higher in both JB and CB as compared to HC. We found 5,156 and 1,673 DEGs and 283 and 94 DAMs in HC vs JB and HC vs CB, respectively. The differential regulation of starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fructose and mannose metabolism, and citrate cycle pathways could be associated with changes in sugar contents and tastes in JB and CB. Cell-wall polymer-related DEGs/ DAMs were associated with the inferior mastication quality of JB and CB. Carotenoid biosynthesis possibly imparts yellowish and reddish pulp color in HC. Additional to this pathway, the anthocyanin biosynthesis led to the changes in JB and CB pulp color. Conclusions: This combined methodological approach proved to be useful in delineating the large-scale changes in the transcripts and metabolites of variant fruits in a chimeric citrus variety. This study provides advanced and large-scale data on citrus taste, mastication, and pulp color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive plant species can impede the establishment and growth of native plants and affect several ecosystem properties. These properties include soil cover, nutrient cycling, fire regimes, and hydrology. Controlling invasive plants is therefore a necessary, but usually expensive, step in restoring an ecosystem. The sustainability of materials with an emphasis on the use of local resources plays an important role in the circular economy. The use of alternative fibers from invasive plants promotes local production in smaller paper mills that offer the protection of local species and the reduction of waste and invasive plants. A synthesis of the literature is needed to understand the various impacts of invasive plants and their practical control in the context of papermaking applications and to identify associated knowledge gaps. To improve our understanding of the practical application of invasive species in the paper industry, we reviewed the existing literature on invasive plant species in the area of fiber production, printability, coating solution production, dyes, and extracts, and collected information on the major invasive plant species in Europe and the methods used for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important biological feature of beef bulls is their ability to consume and process a large amount of cheap low-nutritional feed, including waste from crop production and the food industry, into valuable food products for humans. The meat products and leather raw materials obtained at the same time are of high quality. The aim of the research was to improve and optimize breeding methods to increase the rate of genetic progress of different beef breeds of cattle. Based on the interaction of genotypes, to determine effective methods for improving the breeding and productive qualities of meat breeds of different genotypes to increase the production of high-quality beef. This article presents the results of studies of meat productivity of beef bulls of different genotypes in the conditions of the agricultural holding "Baiserke-Agro". According to the results of the research, the quality of carcasses and slaughter indicators, the morphological composition of carcasses and individual anatomical parts, the chemical composition of meat and the energy value of raw fat were established. The conducted studies contributed to the fullest realization of the genetic potential of the productivity of the Aberdeen Angus, Hereford and Kazakh white-headed breeds, as a result, an additional reserve for obtaining high-quality beef was revealed. The proposed methods and techniques of organizing the breeding process allowed to create highly productive beef cattle in the conditions of the agricultural holding "Bayserke-Agro", which contributed to reducing the cost of 1 kg of live weight gain by 5-8% and obtaining additional profit for 1 head by 14-16%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green macroalga Rhizoclonium was cooked with 5%, 10%, and 20% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 4 h (5-N, 10-N, and 20-N groups, respectively); with 5%, 10%, and 20% sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) for 4 h (5-NS, 10-NS, and 20-NS groups, respectively); and with 5%, 10%, and 20% NaOH for 2 h and 1% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 2 h (5-NH, 10-NH, and 20-NH groups, respectively). The 5-NH handsheet showed the best mechanical properties; however, the 10-NH pulp was easier to separate than 5-NH during handsheet making, and 10-NH was more suitable for the industrial process. Thus, the 10-NH group showed the optimal production conditions with an optimal length/width ratio, crystallinity index (CI%), three-dimensional (3D) configuration, and mechanical strength. Substituting 20% 10-NH Rhizoclonium pulp with wood pulp had no significant effect on the mechanical properties of the 100% wood pulp handsheet. However, the fibers of the NS group were flatter and lost their 3D configuration, resulting in low mechanical strength. Overall, Rhizoclonium had its own optimal cooking condition, which was not the same as for wood pulp, and it has potential as a substitute for wood pulp in papermaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wood Industry / Drvna Industrija is the property of Drvna Industrija and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

'Huahong' is a popular apple cultivar because of its anti-browning properties and appealing aroma and flavor. It is mainly planted by grafting on dwarf interstocks in Northeast China. We investigated the different aroma profiles of apple fruits grown from six dwarf interstocks ('CG24', 'SH38', 'SH3', 'MD001', 'Mac9', and 'CX5') and from no interstocks (CK). A total of 55 VOCs were detected, including esters (25), aldehydes (14), alcohols (8), ketones (3), alkane hydroxyls (3), and acids (2). Among the VOCs, 48 were detected in the skin and 21 in the pulp. The skin of 'Huahong' apples had a strong sweet aroma, and the pulp was green with a subtle aroma. The dominant compounds (>5% of total content) in the skin were 2-methyl butyl acetate, hexyl 2-methyl butyrate, caproic acid butyl ester, hexanal, (Z)-2-heptene aldehyde, and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-ketone, while in the pulp, they were 2-methyl butyl acetate, methanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, hexanol, and hexane. Compared with CK, 'SH38', 'MD001', and 'SH3' interstocks had increased total aroma content, and 'CX5' and 'CG24' had suppressed aroma. The effects of interstocks on aroma were mainly reflected in skin. The VOC content ranged from 3297.52 to 9895.75 µg·kg−1 in skin, and from 748.62 to 1369.21 µg·kg−1 in pulp. PCA revealed that use of interstock 'SH38' mainly affected esters. 'MD001' affected hexane and 4-pentene-1-acetate; 'Mac9' and 'SH3' affected octanoic acid-2-methyl butyl ester, hexyl butyrate, and 2-methyl-1-butanol; and 'CX5' and 'CG24' had a greater impact on isoamyl propionate and 1-pentene-3-ol. Finally, 'SH38' had the highest principal comprehensive score. 'SH38' and 'SH3' interstocks resulted in significantly increased apple VOC content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to characterize the phenotypic diversity of agronomical and biochemical fruit quality traits in four early peach cultivars. The sensibility to chilling injury symptoms (CI) was studied after two cold storage periods (2 and 4 weeks) at 5 ºC and 95% relative humidity (RH) followed by 2 days at room temperature. Agronomical attributes such as fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity (TA) and color parameters were recorded. Antioxidant compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, total phenolics, vitamin C and relative antioxidant capacity (RAC) were evaluated. Chilling injury symptoms such as mealiness, graininess, flesh browning, flesh bleeding, leatheriness and off-flavor were analyzed. Results revealed high antioxidant compounds in peel regarding to flesh fruit. The antioxidant compounds content in both peel and pulp decreased during cold storage except anthocyanins which exhibited different pattern. After 2 weeks of storage, fruits presented high SSC and low score of chilling injury symptoms. At the end of the trial, the studied cultivars were unacceptable for consumption due to the severity of CI. PCA analysis showed that the cultivars Plagold 5 and Plagold 10 had less sensibility to chilling injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The determination of gender by dental pulp Barr bodies seems to be efficient tool especially in case of natural calamities where bodies are mutilated, charred, and unidentified. Different techniques are used for Barr bodies two of which are histopathological and cytological methods. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the study is to check the reliability of human dental pulp for identification of gender using Barr bodies. Material and Methods: The study sample consisted of 60 extracted teeth from 20 male and 40 female patients aged 12–25 years. Inclusion criteria included non-carious freshly extracted teeth, Teeth were extracted and the pulp was obtained using a carborundum disc at 30,000 revolutions per minute (RPM). The teeth were categorized into two groups. Group 1 and Group II include 20 females and 10 males each. In group I, rapid manual tissue processing technique was done and in Group II pulp tissue slides were prepared by cytopathological technique. The slides obtained were stained with H&E and Barr bodies were visualized. Statistical Analysis: On comparison of Barr bodies on males and females in dental pulp, the mean number of Barr body count in females was more than males. Accuracy and count were much more appreciated in histopathological technique than cytological procedure. Conclusion: The mean Barr body count was more in females than in male samples. In histopathological technique Barr bodies were more analyzed and appreciated than in cytopathological technique on checking the efficacy and evaluating its diagnostic significance of dental pulp for identification of gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional pear cultivars are increasingly in demand by consumers because of their excellent taste, the possibility of use in sustainable food production systems, convenience as raw materials for obtaining products of high nutritional quality, and perceived health benefits. In this study, individual sugars, organic acids, and polyphenols in the fruits of nine traditional and one commercial pear cultivar during two growing seasons were determined by HPLC. A significant influence of cultivars, growing years, and their interaction on the content of analyzed primary and secondary metabolites was determined. The commercial pear cultivar 'Président Drouard' and traditional cultivars 'Dolokrahan', 'Budaljača', and 'Krakača' had a lower content of all analyzed sugars. Overall, traditional pear cultivars had higher total polyphenols in the peel and pulp than 'Président Drouard', with the exception 'Takiša' and 'Ahmetova'. High polyphenol content detected in 'Budaljača', 'Dolokrahan', and 'Krakača' shows the utilization value of traditional pear germplasm. The obtained data can serve as practical supporting data for the use of traditional pears in the neutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years there has been an extensive search for nature-based products with functional potential. All structural parts of Physalis alkekengi (bladder cherry), including fruits, pulp, and less-explored parts, such as seeds and peel, can be considered sources of functional macro- and micronutrients, bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietetic fiber. The chemical composition of all fruit structural parts (seeds, peel, and pulp) of two phenotypes of P. alkekengi were studied. The seeds were found to be a rich source of oil, yielding 14–17%, with abundant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (over 88%) and tocopherols, or vitamin E (up to 5378 mg/kg dw; dry weight). The predominant fatty acid in the seed oils was linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid. The seeds contained most of the fruit's protein (16–19% dw) and fiber (6–8% dw). The peel oil differed significantly from the seed oil in fatty acid and tocopherol composition. Seed cakes, the waste after oil extraction, contained arginine and aspartic acid as the main amino acids; valine, phenylalanine, threonine, and isoleucine were present in slightly higher amounts than the other essential amino acids. They were also rich in key minerals, such as K, Mg, Fe, and Zn. From the peel and pulp fractions were extracted fruit concretes, aromatic products with specific fragrance profiles, of which volatile compositions (GC-MS) were identified. The major volatiles in peel and pulp concretes were β-linalool, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene. The results from the investigation substantiated the potential of all the studied fruit structures as new sources of bioactive compounds that could be used as prospective sources in human and animal nutrition, while the aroma-active compounds in the concretes supported the plant's potential in perfumery and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every product from the food and agriculture industry produces waste that can cause environmental pollution when carelessly discarded. Coffee husk and pulp are the main wastes generated by coffee processing. The secondary metabolites in these wastes can still be utilized, but their level can be affected by long storage. This research aims to determine the differences in the compounds obtained from old and fresh Gayo Arabica coffee pulp and husk. Coffee husk and pulp samples from Gayo Arabica coffee are extracted for GC-MS analysis to determine similarities between fresh and long-term stored Gayo Arabica coffee husk and pulp. Results show differences in level and type among the secondary metabolites. Among various compounds, caffeine is found in all the samples. The compounds obtained from Gayo Arabica coffee husk and pulp, such as caffeine, (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, and palmitic acid, can be used in health and agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viburnum mullaha is a popular wild edible fruit widely distributed in Nepal's mid-hills. Locals consume the fruits of the plants raw and use them to treat a variety of diseases. High value of fat (15%) and protein (3.94%) was evaluated in the seed compared to the pulp with fat 2.1% and protein 1.17%. Both the pulp and the seed exhibited high values of total phenolic content (3346.1 1 ± 0.05 and 2331.03 ± 0.02 mg QAEs/100 g respectively). The samples showed weak antioxidant activity when evaluated by diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant assay as 50% of radical scavenging activity were 1350 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 1340 ± 0.77 µg/mL, respectively. The presence of minerals (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc) was evaluated by absorption atomic spectroscopy (AAS). The pulp contained iron and zinc whereas the seed contained iron, manganese, and zinc. The pulp methanolic extract at selected concentrations (125, 62.5, 31.25, and 15.63 mg/mL) did not show any inhibitory effect against the tested bacterial strains. These findings suggest the fruit to be rich in fats, total phenolic content, weak antioxidants, possesses micronutrients in trace amounts, and does not hold antibacterial properties at the selected concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research deals with a process of catalytic oxidation of flax shives to vanillin and pulp. Catalytic oxidation of flax shives with molecular oxygen allows two main products to be obtained—vanillin with a yield of up to 12 wt.% of lignin, and pulp. Final forms of the catalyst particles (Cu2O and CuO) are agglomerates or monocrystals 0.5–5 µm in size. Acid prehydrolysis of the shives does not affect the oxidation, in contrast to pine-wood oxidation. Lignin prehydrolysis and oxidation was suggested as illustrate this difference. The dependence of the vanillin formation rate on stirring speed was studied. Minimum alkali consumption in the process was attained with a mild stirring speed of the reaction mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, avocados of the Hass variety cultivated in Almuñécar (Granada, Spain) are analyzed after soil mulching with pruning debris. The mulch treatment assay was composed of pruning wastes from subtropical crops (avocado, cherimoya, and mango) and garden wastes from the surrounding areas. The aim of this work is to analyze the nutrient content in avocado fruit and the effect of pruning-waste mulching on fruit development over four years. Avocado fruits collected in 2013, 2016, and 2017 were weighed, their volume and their sugar content were calculated, and macro- and micronutrients were analyzed in the peel, pulp, and stone (endocarp and seed). The pulp contained the highest concentration of nutrients, especially Cu, Zn, P, Na, and Ca. The peel presented high concentrations of Mn, K, and N, while the stone recorded the lowest values in nutrients, with the greatest decreases in years with the lowest precipitations registered. Over the study period, a decline was detected in the nutrient concentrations related to the alternation of high and low yields, typical of this crop, due to environmental factors. In the years 2016 and 2017, avocados accumulated higher amounts of micronutrients and P, presumably because of greater water availability in the soil. During the study period, the application of pruning wastes did not affect the nutrient concentration of fruits except for the garden pruning waste in certain elements in the pulp during the last study year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aerated stirring pretreatment to achieve effective flotation separation of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite has been studied in this paper. It is mainly investigated the relationship between the dosing sequence, mixing time and aeration rate and the recovery rate of chalcopyrite. The results of the study show that the effect of adding chemicals before aerated stirring is better than that of adding chemicals after aerated stirring; the increase of aeration rate helps to increase the recovery rate of chalcopyrite, and the recovery rate changes gentle after the rate reaches 2 m³/h ; the recovery rate of chalcopyrite increases with the increase of stirring time within 0~35 min of stirring, and the recovery rate reaches highest at 35 min and then tends to be gentle. The possible reason for the analysis of the above phenomenon is that the oxidation of pyrrhotite consumes the oxygen in the pulp, resulting in insufficient oxygen in the pulp to participate in the adsorption process of xanthate on chalcopyrite surface. After the slurry is filled with air, the oxygen in the air participates in the surface oxidation of pyrrhotite, thereby ensuring that there is enough oxygen in the slurry to participate in the adsorption process of xanthate on the surface of chalcopyrite, thereby increasing the chalcopyrite's recovery rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Wood extractives usually do not exceed five percent of dry wood mass but can be a serious issue for pulping as well as for the pulp itself. They cause contamination and damages to process equipment and negatively influence pulp quality. This paper addresses not only the extractives-related problems but also different solutions for these issues. It is an extensive review of different technologies for removing wood extractives, starting with methods prior to pulping. Several wood yard operations like debarking, knot separation, and wood seasoning are known to significantly decreasing the amount of wood extractives. Biological treatment has also been proven as a feasible method for reducing the extractives content before pulping, but quite hard to handle. During pulping, the extractives reduction efficiency depends on the pulping method. Mechanical pulping removes the accessory compounds of wood just slightly, but chemical pulping, on the other hand, removes them to a large extent. Organosolv pulping even allows almost complete removal of wood extractives. The residual extractives content can be significantly reduced by pulp bleaching. Nevertheless, different extraction-based methods have been developed for removing wood extractives before pulping or bleaching. They range from organic-solvent-based extractions to novel processes like supercritical fluid extractions, ionic liquids extractions, microwave technology, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Although these methods deliver promising results and allow utilization of wood extractives in most cases, they suffer from many drawbacks towards an economically viable industrial-scale design, concluding that further research has to be done on these topics. Graphical abstract

Abstract The forest sector can play a pivotal role in mitigating climate warming by decreasing emissions to the atmosphere and increasing carbon removals. In an expanding bioeconomy, the pulp and paper industry provides opportunities for various low‐carbon wood products with promising substitution effects. However, assessing climate effects of wood product systems is complex and requires a holistic approach. The objective of this study was to advance time dynamic climate impact assessment of a bioeconomically promising wood product from a system perspective. For this purpose, a time dynamic life cycle assessment was conducted on a pulp‐based beverage carton. The assessment included fossil value chain emissions from cradle to grave, effects from biogenic carbon in a eucalyptus plantation, and credits from substitution. A polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle was considered for material substitution (MS) and differing marginal electricity and heat mixes for energy substitution. The results revealed dominating climate warming from value chain emissions and slight offsetting by biogenic carbon from standing biomass and soil organic carbon, and short‐term carbon storage in the beverage carton. MS and displacing marginal energy mixes transformed the climate warming into a substantial total cooling effect. However, substitution effects varied strongly in terms of substitution factors and temperature change with varying replacement rate of the beverage carton and different marginal energy mixes. A climate cooling range of −0.8 · 10−15 to −1.8 · 10−15 K per unit of beverage carton by 2050 was found, highlighting potential relevance for climate policy making. Thus, production and use of wood‐based beverage cartons over PET bottles can have climate cooling effects. Further assessments on alternative forestry systems (e.g., Nordic forests) are needed to identify the role of biogenic carbon in holistic climate assessments, with dynamic substitution effects included to increase the validity.

The processing of lignocellulosic materials is very limited because of their low solubility in water and some organic solvents. Fifteen ternary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared and tested as solvents suitable for delignification of unbleached pulp. The selected ternary DESs are composed of quaternary ammonium salts and amino acids as hydrogen-bond acceptors, and organic acids and polyvalent alcohols as hydrogen bond donors, with molar ratios varying for the individual components. The delignification efficiency is significantly influenced by the degree of penetration of the solvent into the pulp fibre structure. Therefore, the density and viscosity analysis of individual solvents was performed. Unbleached beech pulp with initial kappa number 13.9 was treated with the prepared DESs. The kappa number indicates the residual lignin content or the bleachability of pulp. The efficiency of the solvents ranged from 1.4% to 28.1%. The most suitable for the pretreatment of fibres, based on lignin removal efficiency, were found to be three DESs, in the following order: malonic acid/choline chloride/1,3-propanediol (1:1:3) > choline chloride/acetamide/lactic acid (1:2:3) > choline chloride/urea/lactic acid (1:2:3).

In this study, the use of bast fibers removed hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) stalks in pulp and paper production and some physical and optical properties of the produced papers were investigated. The chemical components and fiber morphological properties of hemp stalks free of bast fibers were determined and their suitability for pulp and paper production was examined. The holocellulose, cellulose and lignin contents of the hemp stalks were 79.7%, 52.0% and 22.2%, respectively, while fiber length, fiber width and lumen diameter were 0.60 mm, 28.8 µm and 13.4 µm, respectively. In line with these data, pulp production was carried out by cooking the hemp stalks with the Kraft cooking method. The yield, kappa number and viscosity values of pulp obtained from hemp stalks were determined as 48.2%, 39 and 1400 cm3/g, respectively. The breaking length and brightness values of the papers produced from these pulps were measured as 6.87 km and 33.34% ISO, respectively. Consequently, high yield and strength pulps can be produced from hemp stalks free of bast fibers, and since it has a low kappa number and high viscosity, it can be easily bleached.

Uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess) is a Brazilian native fruit with a high concentration of phenolic compounds. In this study, we optimized the extraction of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from uvaia pulp (U P) and seed (U S) by Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) using an ethanolic solution as solvent. Both temperature and ethanol concentration enhanced the extraction of the phenolics from U P and U S. The increase in ethanol concentration decreased the yield of flavonoid extraction from U P. In the case of the U S , higher temperatures and lower ethanol percentage improved the yield of flavonoid extraction. All extracts showed high antioxidant activity under optimized conditions, especially the U S extracts (507.40 µM Trolox.g−1 of dry U S). The present findings highlight the effectiveness of PLE in obtaining antioxidant extracts from U P and U S , and also contribute to the valorization of uvaia fruit and its residues. [Display omitted] • Higher temperatures and ethanol concentration improved phenolic extractions. • Flavonoid extraction from uvaia pulp was influenced only by solvent composition. • Higher temperatures and less ethanol enhanced flavonoid extraction from uvaia seed. • Uvaia seed extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than pulp extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of essential and toxic elements between the orange juice and orange flesh of various orange cultivars. Different orange cultivars, such as Abousorah [Citrus sinensis (L.)], Aseear (Citrus aurantium), Afandi (Citrus reticulata Blanco), Helo (Citrus sinensis), and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), were collected from local markets. Elemental analysis was carried out after microwave-assisted digestion using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in 18 samples. Eleven elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Pb) were analysed. Their average concentrations ranged from 0.006 µg g-1 to 7.13 µg g-1 in both orange juice and flesh (wet weight). There was a high increase in the average concentrations of all elements in the juice compared to the flesh of up to 40-fold.

This study investigated the composition of sugars, organic acids, individual and total phenolic compounds in the pulp, peel, leaves, and bark of a red-fleshed ‘Baya Marisa’ apple cultivar. As the fruit is known for its red pulp color, the study focused on comparing the profiles of primary and selected secondary metabolites in three sections along the equatorial fruit plane. The analyses were carried out using HPLC–MS system, and compositional differences were compared among fruit segments. Inner fruit segments accumulated higher levels of sorbitol and the sum of sugars and lower levels of citric acid. However, no differences in the sum of organic acids could be determined among segments. The phenolic composition differed among pulp (hydroxycinnamic acids > dihydrochalcones ≈ anthocyanins ≈ flavanols > flavonols), peel (flavanols > anthocyanins > dihydrochalcones > flavonols > hydroxycinnamic acids), leaves (flavonols > dihydrochalcones > hydroxycinnamic acids > anthocyanins), and bark (dihydrochalcones > flavonols > flavanols > anthocyanins > hydroxycinnamic acids). The greatest phenolic diversity was detected in bark (25), followed by leaves (18), peel (17) and finally, pulp (11). Three anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-galactoside > cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside > peonidin-3-O-galactoside) were determined in all ‘Baya Marisa’ tissues with their content highest in the peel. The innermost sections of the fruit were characterized by higher levels of dihydrochalcones and lower levels of most flavanols, flavonols and anthocyanins. These were predominant in the apple pulp nearest to the peel, with cyanidin-3-O-galactoside being the prevalent representative. Accumulation of anthocyanins in pulp is a rare trait in apples, and therefore, the distinct distribution and diversity of metabolites in this cultivar highlights its potential for high-nutrient products such as juices, apple chips or purees.

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit deterioration occurs rapidly after harvest and is characterized by pericarp browning, pulp softening, and decay. In this study, we found that calcium chloride (CaCl2) treatment (5 g L−1 CaCl2 solution vacuum infiltration for 5 min) affected the cell wall component contents and cell wall-degrading enzyme activities of litchi fruit during storage at room temperature. CaCl2 treatment significantly increased the contents of Ca2+ and cellulose, while it decreased the water-soluble pectin content, and the activities of polygalacturonase, β-galactosidase, and cellulase in the litchi pericarp. Meanwhile, the treatment resulted in significantly increased contents of Ca2+, water-soluble pectin, ionic-soluble pectin, covalent-soluble pectin and hemicellulose, and upregulated activities of pectinesterase and β-galactosidase, while significantly decreasing the activities of polygalacturonase and cellulase in litchi pulp. The above results indicate that CaCl2 treatment strengthened the cell wall structure of litchi fruit. More importantly, the enzymatic browning of the pericarp, softening of the pulp, and disease incidence were delayed. The treatment had a more pronounced effect on the pericarp than on the pulp. We consider CaCl2 treatment to be a safe and effective treatment for maintaining the postharvest quality of litchi fruit.

Fluorescence labeling with N -(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine is highly effective for quantifying oxidized reducing end groups (REGs) in cellulosic materials. When combined with size exclusion chromatography in DMAc/LiCl, along with fluorescence / multiple-angle laser light scattering / refractive index detection, a detailed profile of C1-oxidized REGs relative to the molecular weight distribution of the cellulosic material can be obtained. In this work, the derivatization process was extensively optimized, to be carried out heterogeneously in the solvent N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Furthermore, we show that to achieve high selectivity for carboxyl groups at the C1 position, keto and aldehyde groups need to be selectively reduced (e.g., by NaBH 4), and carboxyl groups other than at C1 need to be blocked (e.g., by methylation with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane) prior to fluorescence labeling of carboxyl groups at C1 position. Finally, we demonstrate the practical value of the analytical method by measuring the content of the C1-oxidized REGs in cellulose samples after chemical (by Pinnick oxidation) or enzymatic (by treatment with C1-oxidizing LPMO enzymes) oxidation of various pulp samples. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To obtain cellulose from oil palm agroindustrial waste that meets standard physicochemical characteristics to produce value-added products. Design/methodology/approach: Bagasse fibers from the palm agroindustry were used to obtain cellulose, by means of the acid – alkaline hydrolysis methodology. The samples obtained in each stage and the cellulose obtained were characterized by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results: The final characterized product presented a band corresponding to 1370 cm-1 which is a characteristic value of cellulose. The peak at 1731 cm-1 is related to C=O bonds of unconjugated ketones present in hemicellulose. A major thermal event for treated fiber near 355 °C and the high residual mass indicate a good chemical treatment for hemicellulose and lignin elimination. Study limitations/implications: A fiber yield of 39.3% cellulose was obtained during the process from oil palm bagasse. Findings/conclusions: Obtaining cellulose from a highly polluting residue such as palm bagasse and with high production figures in our state, makes it a potential for use to generate biopolymers in combination with natural polysaccharides, providing sustainable benefits and economic impact and promoting sustainable development by replacing conventional fossil plastics, in addition to obtaining value-added products for the same agribusiness and in sectors such as the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to compare three different pulp coverage materials with calcium silicate content considering microleakage in the cavity floor and evaluate the gaps with a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope SEM. Methods: A total of 40 human molar teeth were used in this study, and class V (4 mm mesio-distal × 3 mm gingivo-occlusal × 3 mm depth) cavities were prepared. The samples were divided into four groups (N = 10), including NeoPutty(Nusmile), Biodentin (Septodont), and TheraCal PT (Bisco). All groups were restored using Single Bond Universal adhesive and Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE). The 0.5% basic fuchsin dye leakage was examined at 40× magnification under a stereomicroscope. SEM analysis revealed that the magnification was fixed at 1.00 KX on all the images. The gaps between the pulp coverage material and the cavity floor dentin were measured from four different points. Results: The different microleakage scores were statistically significant (p < 0.05) when the pulp coverage materials were compared considering microleakage. Conclusions: Within the scope of this study, the biocompatible pulp coating materials NeoPutty and Biodentin showed the least microleakage at the cavity floor and the smallest gaps on the dentin material combined surfaces. By contrast, TheraCal showed increased microleakage and large gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aimed to evaluate interventions individually and compare the clinical outcome of young, immature teeth treated with regenerative endodontic therapy (RET) and apexification procedure. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews), bearing the registration number CRD42021230284. A bibliographic search in the biomedical databases was conducted in four databases—PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE and ProQuest—using searching keywords and was limited to studies published between January 2000 and April 2022 in English. The search was supplemented by manual searching, citation screening and scanning of all reference lists of selected paper. The study selection criteria were randomized clinical trial, prospective clinical studies and observational studies. The search found 32 eligible articles, which were included in the study. The quality assessment of the studies was performed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized control trials and non-randomized clinical studies. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager software (REVMAN, version 5). The results indicated that a clinicians' MTA apexification procedure was more successful compared to calcium hydroxide. In RET, apical closure and overall success rate is statistically same for both apical platelet concentrates (APCs) and blood clots (BC). Both interventions have similar survival rates; however, RET should be preferred in cases where the root development is severely deficient, there is insufficient dentine and the tooth's prognosis is hopeless even with an apexification procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]