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Objectives: We investigated the effectiveness and safety of filgotinib in a real-life multicentre cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients., Methods: RA patients were evaluated at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks and were stratified based on previous treatments as biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (bDMARD)-naive and bDMARD-insufficient responders (IR). Concomitant usage of methotrexate (MTX) and oral glucocorticoids (GC) was recorded. At each timepoint we recorded disease activity, laboratory parameters and adverse events., Results: 126 patients were enrolled. 15.8% were bDMARD-naive (G0), while 84% were bDMARD-IR (G1). In G0, 45% of patients were in monotherapy (G2) and 55% were taken MTX (G3). In G1, 50% of patients were in monotherapy (G4) and 50% used MTX (G5).A significant reduction in all parameters at 12 weeks was observed; in the extension to 24 weeks the significant reduction was maintained for patient global assessment (PGA), examiner global assessment (EGA), visual analogue scale (VAS) pain, VAS fatigue, disease activity score (DAS)28- C-reactive protein (CRP) and CRP values. Filgotinib in monotherapy showed better outcomes in bDMARD-naive patients, with significant differences for patient reported outcomes (PROs) and DAS28-CRP. At 12 weeks, low disease activity (LDA) and remission were achieved in a percentage of 37.2 % and 10.7 % by simplified disease activity index (SDAI), 42.6 % and 5.7 % by clinical disease activity index (CDAI), 26.8 % and 25.2 % by DAS28-CRP, respectively. A significant decrease in steroid dose was evidenced in all patients. We observed a major adverse cardiovascular event in one patient and an increase in transaminase in another. No infections from Herpes Zoster were reported., Conclusions: Our real-world data confirm the effectiveness and safety of filgotinib in the management of RA, especially in bDMARD-naive patients.

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is the most frequent extraintestinal manifestation in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). When IBD and spondyloarthritis coexist, musculoskeletal and intestinal disease features should be considered when planning a therapeutic strategy. Treatment options for IBD and SpA have expanded enormously over the last few years, but randomized controlled trials with specific endpoints focused on SpA are not available in the IBD setting. To address this important clinical topic, the Italian Group for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IG-IBD) and the Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR) jointly planned to draw updated therapeutic recommendations for IBD-associated SpA using a pseudo-Delphi method. This document presents the official recommendations of IG-IBD and SIR on the management of IBD-associated SpA in the form of 34 statements and 4 therapeutic algorithms. It is intended to be a reference guide for gastroenterologists and rheumatologists dealing with IBD-associated SpA., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest FSM served as an advisory board member and/or received lecture grants from AbbVie, Biogen, Lionhealth s.r.l., Ferring, Galapagos, Janssen, Pfizer, Samsung Bioepis, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. FC served as consultant to: Abbvie, MSD, Takeda, Janssen, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Galapagos, Gilead, Pfizer, Mundipharma, Galapagos, Biogen, Ferring, Eli-Lilly, Nestlè, Lionhealth; received lecture fees from Abbvie, Ferring, Takeda, Allergy Therapeutics, Janssen, Pfizer, Biogen, Galapagos, Sandoz, Eli-Lilly; received unrestricted research grants from Giuliani, Sofar, MSD, Takeda, Abbvie, Celltrion, Pfizer, Actial. CB served as consultant for Takeda, MSD, Ferring, Galapagos, Pfizer, Janssen and AbbVie. RC served as speaker and received consultant fee from Abbvie, Lilly, Galapagos, Pfizer, MSD, Janssen, UCB, Novartis, Fresenius, Accord. FC received research support from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer; Consulting and speaking fees from AbbVie, Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB. SDA: consulting and speaking fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Lilly, MSD Italy, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB. MCF has acted as a consultant for: AbbVie, Celgene, Celltrion, Gilead, Pfizer, MSD, Bristol-Meyer, Takeda, Janssen-Cilag, Eli-Lilly, Roche, Galapagos, Biogen; he has received financial support for research from Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer. SF: consultancy fees and/or Advisory member for Takeda, Galapagos, Abbvie, Pfizer, Janssen-Cilag. FI received honoraria or consulting fees from Abbvie, Eli-Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, and Pfizer. CP has received consultancy fees and educational grants from Galapagos Pfizer, Janssen-Cilag Takeda, Chiesi, Sofar, Sandoz, Zambon. GP: research grants, consultation, and/or speaking from Abbvie, Alfasigma, Amgen, BMS, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, GSK, Lilly, Pfizer, UC. DP: speaker's fee/advisory board from Janssen, Pfizer, Galapagos, Takeda, MSD, AbbVie, Biogen. AR: advisory board and consultant for Abbvie, Takeda, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Sandoz, Galapagos. SS: consultancy, lecture fees, and advisory board for AbbVie, Arena, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, and Takeda. AV: lecture fees from Abbvie, Janssen-Cilag, Takeda, Pfizer, Zambon, Lionhealth; consultant for Abbvie, Janssen-Cilag, Takeda, Pfizer, Ferring, Celltrion. AA: consulting/advisory board fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Eli-Lilly, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Lionhealth, MSD, Mylan, Nestlé, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sandoz, Takeda, Tillots Pharma; speaker's fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli-Lilly, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sandoz, Takeda, Tigenix; research grants from MSD, Takeda, Pfizer, Biogen. AO served as an advisory board member for AbbVie, Ferring, Galapagos, MSD, Janssen, Pfizer, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, and received lecture grants from AbbVie, Ferring, Lionhealth s.r.l., MSD, Sofar, Chiesi, Janssen, Pfizer, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. LB, AC, MSC, EL, PM, CS, MZ have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Accurate estimations of actual crop evapotranspiration are of utmost importance to evaluate crop water requirements and to optimize water use efficiency. At this aim, coupling simple agro-hydrological models, such as the well-known FAO-56 model, with remote observations of the land surface could represent an easy-to-use tool to identify biophysical parameters of vegetation, such as the crop coefficient K c under the actual field conditions and to estimate actual crop evapotranspiration. This paper intends, therefore, to propose an operational procedure to evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of K c in a citrus orchard characterized by the sporadic presence of ground weeds, based on micro-meteorological measurements collected on-ground and vegetation indices (VIs) retrieved by the Sentinel-2 sensors. A non-linear K c (VIs) relationship was identified after assuming that the sum of two VIs, such as the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, and the normalized difference water index, NDWI, is suitable to represent the spatio-temporal dynamics of the investigated environment, characterized by sparse vegetation and the sporadic presence of spontaneous but transpiring soil weeds, typical of winter seasons and/or periods following events wetting the soil surface. The K c values obtained in each cell of the Sentinel-2 grid (10 m) were then used as input of the spatially distributed FAO-56 model to estimate the variability of actual evapotranspiration (ET a ) and the other terms of water balance. The performance of the proposed procedure was finally evaluated by comparing the estimated average soil water content and actual crop evapotranspiration with the corresponding ones measured on-ground. The application of the FAO-56 model indicated that the estimated ET a were characterized by root-mean-square-error, RMSE, and mean bias-error, MBE, of 0.48 and -0.13 mm d -1 respectively, while the estimated soil water contents, SWC, were characterized by RMSE equal to 0.01 cm 3  cm -3 and the absence of bias, then confirming that the suggested procedure can produce highly accurate results in terms of dynamics of soil water content and actual crop evapotranspiration under the investigated field conditions., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe author declares that no conflict of interest exists., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Most perennial crops sensitive to water scarcity, such as citrus, can benefit from efficient water management, which allows for reduced water consumption while increasing crop production on a long-term basis. However, when implementing water-saving strategies, it is necessary to monitor soil and/or plant water status in order to determine crop water demand. A plethora of devices providing indirect measurements of volumetric soil water content, such as the "drill and drop" multi-sensors probes (Sentek, Inc., Stepney, Australia), have been developed over the last decade. The objective of the paper was to analyse time-series of soil water content profiles and meteorological data collected in an adult citrus orchard over three years of field observations (2017-2020) in order to estimate actual crop evapotranspiration and derive crop coefficients. Simultaneous measurements of sap fluxes also allowed for the estimation of the basal crop coefficient, K cb , used as a control variable. The temporal dynamics of soil water content profiles following rainfall or irrigation events provided information on soil evaporation, root water uptake, and actual crop transpiration. After soil wetting events, in particular, it was possible to recognize patterns of actual crop evapotranspiration similar to those detected with sap flow sensors. The knowledge of actual crop evapotranspiration at the daily time-step, in conjunction with the corresponding reference crop evapotranspiration, allowed for appropriate estimations of the crop coefficient associated with the various development stages. The proposed method provided interesting insights into the dynamics of root water uptake and crop evapotranspiration of the studied citrus orchard, and it represents a promising tool for precise irrigation scheduling in other agroecosystems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)