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The acquisition of a target firm in a transaction financed by cash is a cash merger. Announcements of cash mergers release the positive signal that the acquirer possesses cash reserves. As stock prices rise, informed traders may obtain abnormal returns by purchasing call options, selling put options or purchasing stock. This paper constructs a theoretical model in which call buy volume forms the upper bound of the final stock price, put sell volume forms the lower bound of the final stock price and stock purchase volume reveals the final stock price.

In this study, is evaluated the effect of surplus free cash flow on the relationship between board structure and earnings quality of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. This study attempts to empirically examine the role of surplus free cash flow (SFCF) as a moderator on the relationship between board structure and earnings quality. The statistical society this study consisted of all companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2008 to 2012 that after applying the restrictions according to of the systematic write-off method were available the number of 110 companies as statistical sample. Financial data of companies surveyed, is extracted from the existing database inclusive software and Informational sites the Tehran Stock Exchange and for data analysis is used Eviews and Excel software. In this study, from multivariate regression to test the hypotheses is applied using hybrid data method. The results show that the hypothesis of the first, third and fifth of the relationship between board structure has a significant relationship with reported earnings quality. And the second and fourth hypotheses the effect of surplus free cash flow on the relationship between board structure (board size and board independence) there is a significant relationship with the earnings quality. But in the sixth hypothesis the effect of surplus free cash flow on the board structure (independence Chairman and CEO) and earnings quality is effective, will be rejected.

Important information is broadcasting through cash flow statements which affect the judgments and decisions of investors and also are effective in creating company profitability and assessing management performance. Thus, in the present research we want to find an answer for the following question: Are cash flows resulting from the cash flow statement’s component effective over return on assets which is among criteria to assess management performance? Methodology: The statistical society for the present research entail 138 firms enlisted in the Tehran Stock Exchange that has been investigated during a time period of 5 years between 2008 and 2012. Results: Ti test the hypotheses we have used linear regression model and research findings showed that there is a negative and meaningful relationship between cash flows resulting from investment return and the interest paid to finance, and also between cash flows resulting from income tax and cash flows resulting from investment activities and return on assets. Conclusion: Also there is no relationship between cash flows resulting from operational activities, and financing activities and return on assets.

In the new economy or knowledge economy the main goal of any company should be directed towards the achievement of the business in the interest of the owners, or generating the value for owners. In dynamic business environment, an effective performance measurement system is key determinant of successful implementation of corporate strategy, growth and survival of the company. Modern performance measures should provide an accurate assessment of the intrinsic value of the company, as well as the value for the owners (shareholders). The essence is maximizing the immanent or guaranteed value of the company. The immanent value is the value of a company based on internal evaluation (assessment discounted cash flows or expected cash flow in the future) by the management team. Corporate managers in Serbia are facing the challenge of increasingly efficient capital markets and the competition in the future, which requires the implementation of a value oriented corporate governance, therefore this paper presents FCF (Free Cash Flow) methodology of valuation. Free cash flow (FCF) is the amount of cash available for owners of the company after the necessary investments in fixed assets and working capital to maintain the current scope of activities and support to planning.

The paper deals with the subject of relationships among the different cash flows, as well as earnings, of a company. The aim of the paper is to establish the direction and strength of mutual relationships between different cash flow measures, as well as with earnings, and to provide recommendations for the prediction of future cash flows and earnings. The methods of the research include content analysis, the calculation of relative indicators, average and median measures, as well as regression and correlation analysis. There is an empirical study of the data of 52 Latvian companies, which has resulted in testing the hypotheses put forward and substantiated in the paper. A typical Latvian enterprise relies on the operating cash flow to create the investing cash flow and does not need to rely on the external sources of financing. The author concludes that investment does pay, and, based on the assessment of results of the developed model, the investing cash flow should be used in cash flow prediction, while it should not be used in earnings prediction. The increase in financing cash flow causes a company investments to increase.

The purposes of this study were to determine fair share value, to analyze the factors that influence undervalue and overvalue, and to determine the best valuation method. This study made valuation using real options method and free cash flow to firm method. The results of partial logistic regression on Free Cash Flow to Firm showed that tenor variable and equity variable had positive and significant effects, while dummy variable had a negative and significant effect. In the real option model, tenor variable and implied volatility variable had positive and significant effects, while sheets of share variable had a negative and significant effect

Cash flows are incrementally useful to earnings in security valuation mainly when earnings quality is low. This suggests that when earnings quality decreases, analysts will be more likely to supplement their earnings forecasts with cash flow estimates. Contrary to this prediction, we find that analysts do not disclose cash flow forecasts when the quality of earnings is low. This is because cash flow forecast accuracy depends on the accuracy of the accrual estimates and the precision of accrual forecasts decreases for firms with low quality earnings. Consequently, as earnings quality decreases, cash flow forecasts become increasingly inaccurate compared to earnings estimates. Cash flow estimates that lack reliability are not useful to investors and, consequently, unlikely to be reported by analysts. This result provides an explanation for why analysts are less likely to report cash flow estimates when earnings quality is low.

In this study, the effect of cash flow components on financial distress score is examined for 124 companies selected from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE). It is further analyzed whether cash flow components have an explanatory effect on bankruptcy risk and financial health of companies. Four separate models are constituted and Linear Regression Model is used to evaluate company age, company size, cash flow from operations (CFO), cash flow from investing (CFI) and cash flow from financing (CFF) activities as a function of financial distress score of companies. The results show that there is a negative relationship between CFO, company size and financial distress score of companies. On the contrary, CFF is observed to be positively related with the financial distress score. Meanwhile, it is further observed that the standardized coefficient of CFI is statistically insignificant and hence it does not provide any evidence for the financial weakness or bankruptcy risk of companies.

U.S. firms currently hold a $2 trillion cash stockpile. We examine if cash stockpiles fuel cash acquisitions by studying the method of payment decision for cash-rich firms. Surprisingly, cash-rich firms are 23% less likely to make cash bids than stock bids, relative to firms that are not cash rich. We examine several potential explanations related to omitted variable bias and endogeneity and the result remains. More specifically, the results are robust to explanations related to agency, financial constraints, tax-related explanations, equity overvaluation, and capital structure. Our evidence implies that the link between cash stockpiles and cash acquisitions is not obvious.

Information content of earnings and its components and other issues except the earnings such as the operating cash flow (OCF) have been tested widely in the accounting and finance literature. Since they have had an essential role in most cases including financial reporting, contracts and evaluation models, specifying the items and financial variables that have had a significant relationship with these two variables are expected to be of utmost importance. One example of these variables and indicators is the value added. Although this variable has an economic concept, reporting of value added to the beneficiaries of business entity as the value-added statement has been observed in the field of accounting theories for many years. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of net value added (NVA) as the basic result of value-added statement in predicting the accounting earnings and operating cash flow. For this purpose, the relationship of changes in net value added with the changes in accounting earnings and operating cash flow of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2007 to 2011 was tested. Firstly the Single variable cross-sectional regression was analyzed and then the panel data analysis with the PLS technique was used to do a pooled analysis. The results of testing research hypothesis imply the significant relationship between changes in net value added and accounting earnings in the listed companies as cross-sectional and pooled forms. The results showed no significant relationship between changes in net value added and operating cash flow in the listed companies neither in cross-sectional nor pooled form.

As retail companies continue to navigate through the economy downturn, it becomes critical to find innovative cost reduction methods. Cash management is a cost-intensive process for retailers, who are currently focusing on effective cash management, such as deciding on the maximum cash level to keep in their business accounts and how much to borrow to finance inventories and pay suppliers. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding the optimal operational (how much to order and when to pay the supplier) and financial decisions (maximum cash level and loan amount) by integrating the cash management and inventory lot sizing problems. We consider a supplier offering a retailer an interest-free credit period for settling the payment. Beyond this period, the supplier charges interest on the outstanding balance. Whenever the cash exceeds a certain limit, it will be invested in purchasing financial securities. At the time when the retailer pays the supplier for the received order, cash is withdrawn from the account, incuring various financial costs. If the cash level becomes zero or not sufficient, the retailer obtains an asset-based loan at interest. We model this problem as a nonlinear program and propose a solution procedure for finding the optimal solution. We perform a numerical study to analyze the impact of optimal cash management on the inventory decisions. The results indicate that the optimal order quantity decreases as the retailer's return on cash increases. We compare our model to a model that ignores financial considerations of cash management, and show numerically that our model lowers the retailer's cost. Also, we illustrate the effect of changing various model parameters on the optimal solution and obtain managerial insights.

There are various valuation models can be used by investors in order to predict the stock value. This paper focuses on the Relative Valuation Model, which is the popular model used by investors as it is easier to use compared to other models. The aim of this paper is to compare the prediction accuracy of various ratios in the model. Ratios examined in this paper are Price to Earning (PE), Price to Book Value (PBV), Price to Cash Flow (PCF), and Price to Sales (PS). Using the LQ45 listed stocks during period 2006 – 2010, it is found that, overall, PBV appears to be the best ratio to predict LQ45 stocks in Indonesian equity market. However, mixed results are found in the yearly analysis, in which PE, PBV, and PCF result in lower prediction errors, in different years. In the sector industry analysis, both PE and PBV are the best predictors in three sectors each. The descriptive analysis is supported by the hypo research testing that shows the accuracy of examined ratios is different. The research result implication is that investors should take time and sectors into the account before choosing a single ratio as a predictor.

The measurement of operating cash flow using U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) currently requires deductions for interest and income tax payments, and prohibits deductions for capital expenditures. In contrast, the IASB and the FASB are jointly proposing a new measure of operating cash flow which prohibits deductions for interest and income tax payments, and requires deductions for capital expenditures. This study compares the persistence of the current and proposed measures of operating cash flow, and the industry-specific results indicate that there is no significant difference between the persistence of the two measures for more than three-fourths of the industries in the sample. Moreover, the Boards’ constituents are recommending the use of a subtotal of operating cash flow prior to capital expenditures, and the results of this study suggest that this subtotal is more persistent for a limited number of industries than the current measure. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the predictive ability of operating cash flow will not change significantly for most industries.

PurposeThere are three approaches to valuation: cost, market and income. As a subset to the income approach, the investment method looks at the pricing of assets that produce income over an investment holding period. The discounted cash flow (DCF) technique or model can be developed to look at the cash flows on a quarterly basis to reflect the actual receipt of the cash flows. This Education Briefing is a overview of the DCF quarterly model and the need to analyse comparables appropriately. The paper aims to discuss these issue.Design/methodology/approachThe DCF quarterly model can be seen to produce estimates of market value.FindingsAs the use of DCF is developed and expanded, it is useful to be able to model the cash flows appropriately.Practical implicationsThe old adage “value as you analyse” applies to DCF valuations. If valuing quarterly, then the analysis needs to be done on the same basis.Originality/valueThis briefing is an overview of the pricing of freehold rack rented properties in the UK.

Balanced cash flow is the foundation of enterprise survival and growth. Investment and finance activities are the most prominent factors that affect enterprises cash flow. So appropriate investment and finance scale is very important to get appropriate production capacity and healthy cash flow at the same time. In order to determine the suitable investment and finance scale of the enterprise, investment and finance scale analysis model is studied in this paper.

We re-evaluate the cash flow–investment relation from a new angle in a setting where the firm can access capital markets and faces different investment opportunity sets. Instead of replying on cash flow, we introduce other forms of finance to interact with investment. We find that financial variables enter significantly into the investment regressions at different timing. The cash flow effect reduces after the IPO and especially after the SEO, but remains positive for the firm with greater investment opportunities. Similar reductions in the long-term debt effect and especially in the working capital effect are also identified. The reductions are more pronounced in SMEs than in large firms. We draw the following conclusions. First, the cash flow–investment relation is not constant but evolves. Different forms of finance play concomitant roles covering cash flow shortfalls, jointly determining the dynamics of investment. Second, the investment–cash flow sensitivities do not constitute evidence of external financial constraints. Rather, the excess sensitivities are a response to the investment policy that is to drive asset growth or to maintain business operations. Essentially, growth opportunities are not in the cash flow terms but are embedded in the investment policy. Our study offers an alternative explanation for the investment–cash flow sensitivities.

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to investigate the relation between the value/growth anomaly and the external financing anomaly by considering an expanded value/growth indicator: free cash flow yield (free cash flows scaled by price).Design/methodology/approachThe paper utilizes portfolio‐level tests and cross‐sectional regressions.FindingsIn line with the literature on contrarian portfolios, this paper finds that firms with low (high) free cash flow yield are experiencing low (high) returns. However, only when an investor buys (sells) stocks of firms with high (low) free cash flow yield that distribute (raise) capital, his zero‐cost portfolio is significant. These findings are robust, irrespective of the financing vehicle (equity or debt). Overall, their evidence suggests that distinctions between the value/growth anomaly and the external financing anomaly partially disappear, if one is willing to employ free cash flow yield as a proxy of the former anomaly.Originality/valueThe paper enhances one's understanding of the relation between asset pricing anomalies.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a framework based on cash flow matching for computing the Solvency Capital Requirement under Solvency II.Design/methodology/approachThe time horizon of the insurance liabilities is typically longer than the maturities of bonds available in the market. With the assumption that a collection of bonds will be available for purchase in the future, the authors study the cash flow matching program under interest rate lattice models.FindingsThe solution can be interpreted as the worst‐case cost and the economic capital can be found accordingly.Originality/valueThe paper illustrates the methodology of computing the Solvency Capital Requirement using a dynamic cash flow matching framework under lattice models. The proposed method is particularly useful for insurance products with a typical long time horizon when most duration matching techniques are not easily applicable.

This paper empirically examines how labor unions affect investment-cash flow sensitivity using samples from the US covering the period of 1984–2009. We find a significant positive union effect using a q model of investment. The capital expenditures of firms are 1.71 times more sensitive to internal cash flows when unionization rates increase one standard deviation from the mean. This effect holds when we control for other proxies of financial constraints. In addition, unionized firms are associated with lower cash–cash flow sensitivity, which suggests that the higher investment-cash flow sensitivity in unionized firms is primarily driven by the incentive of these firms to reduce liquidity and enhance bargaining power against the union. We also show that the above union effects become more pronounced during labor contract negotiation years.

Factoring contract is a new phenomenon, compared to earlier forms of commerce in juridical circulation. Factoring is a method used by a firm to obtain cash when available cash balance, held by the firm, is insufficient to meet current obligations, and accommodate its other cash needs, such as new orders or contracts. The use of factoring to obtain the cash, needed to accommodate the firm’s immediate cash needs, will allow the firm to maintain a smaller ongoing cash balance. By reducing the size of its cash balances, more money becomes available for investment in the firm’s growth. A company sells its invoices at discount to their face value when it calculates that it will be better off proceeding to bolster its own growth than it would be by effectively functioning as its “customer’s bank”. Many businesses have cash flow that varies. A business might have a relatively large cash flow in one period, as well as a relatively small cash flow in another period. Because of this, firms find it necessary to both keep a cash balance on hand, and use such methods as factoring, in order to enable them to cover their short term cash needs in those periods in which these needs exceed cash flow.

This study jointly investigated the inter-relationships among capital structure, free cash flow, diversification and firm performance. Prior research has separately examined each individual relationship, but all four of these components are closely related and have complicated endogenous relationships. Thus, a joint examination is needed in order to better understand the inter-relationships among them. The results of this study showed that unrelated diversification discount is not caused by free cash flow but instead by diversification performance itself. Free cash flow increases both related and unrelated diversification entropies, which contradicts the hypothesis that diversification discount is caused by an over-investment of free cash flows. This study also found that debt leverage is an efficient way to reduce free cash flows and enhance firm performance. In particular, for firms with unrelated diversification, debt leverage directly alleviates the negative effects of unrelated diversification on firm performance. It also indirectly counterbalances the level of unrelated diversification via free cash flows. Further discussion and industry implications are also presented in the paper.

Stockholders’ returns, in finance theory, are independent of a firm’s cash holdings. However, there is widespread belief among Wall Street practitioners that firms’ cash holdings do affect future returns. We examine the data to obtain answers to several questions that are germane to the investment community. For example, should investors pay attention to a firm’s cash holdings when they invest in stocks? For what kinds of firms are cash holdings particularly informative about future returns? Are there particular time periods when cash holdings have more predictive power? In this regard, we create a simple cash measure by scaling a firm’s cash holding by a measure of its investment opportunities and show that this cash measure has significant power in predicting future stock returns. We also show that this predictive power is stronger for small firms. Evidence from the period of the recent financial crisis indicates that firms’ cash holdings matter more during dramatic market upswings than during sharp-down markets.

Based on pre-IFRS data from Australia, we provide further evidence that disaggregating operating cash flow into its components enhances the predictive ability of aggregate operating cash flow in forecasting future cash flows. We also find that cash received from customers and cash paid to suppliers and employees complement each other in enhancing the overall predictive ability of cash flow components. The results are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests, including control for industry membership, firm size, profitability, negative cash flows, and the length of the operating cash cycle. Our results contribute to the policy debate as to whether reporting of the direct method cash flow statement should be mandatory.

PurposeThere are three approaches to valuation: cost, market and income. As a subset to the income approach, the investment method looks at the pricing of assets that produce income over an investment holding period. The discounted cash flow (DCF) technique or model can be developed to look at the cash flows on a quarterly basis to reflect the actual receipt of the cash flows. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the DCF quarterly model.Design/methodology/approachThis education briefing is an overview of the DCF quarterly model.FindingsThe DCF quarterly model can be seen to produce estimates of market value.Practical implicationsAs the use of DCF is developed and expanded, it is useful to be able to model the cash flows appropriately.Originality/valueThis is a review of existing models.

Purpose – In contrast to recent US studies, almost all prior UK studies have not supported the incremental information content of cash flow beyond earnings. In addition, to date no UK study has addressed the effect of earnings extremity on the incremental information content of cash flow and earnings whilst controlling for the extremity of cash flow. Therefore, and in order to assess the generality of recent US findings, the aim of this study is to examine the incremental information content of cash flow from operations and earnings and the effect of extreme earnings on the incremental information content of cash flow from operations in the UK firms.Design/methodology/approach – Based on market‐based accounting research, this study uses statistical associations between accounting data (earnings and cash flow) and stock returns to assess/measure the incremental information content (value relevance) of cash flow and earnings and the effect of extreme earnings on the incremental information content of cash f...

This article investigates the relationship between management voluntary disclosures of cash flow forecasts and external financing policy, earnings management, earnings forecasts and executive stock option compensation. We find that management is more likely to issue cash flow forecasts when a firm has external financing needs or when a firm has more executive stock option compensation. However, management is less likely to disclose cash flow forecasts when a firm has more earnings management. Consistent with the prior research, we document that a firm with high dividend payout, large asset value and high profitability tends to disclose cash flow information to convey good news. Further, if analysts have released earning forecasts, management is likely to issue cash flow forecasts to complement those analyst earnings forecasts. If analysts release cash flow forecasts, management is less likely to disclose cash flow forecasts to avoid issuing repeat forecasts. Our results, therefore, suggest that different ...

The aim of this research is to investigate the information content of operating income and cash flow operating with stock return in information asymmetry situations in the accepted companies at Tehran stock exchange. This study was done according to data obtained from 70 companies during 2006-2010.This is an after event research. This research is calcified as the applicable research. And the hypothesis was examined, using liner multiple regression. The results of the examination reveal that operating income and cash flow operating contain the information content and they can explain the stock return and on the other hand, information content of operating income and cash flow operating are different from each other and information content of operating income is higher than cash flow operating. Also, the results indicated that information asymmetry effects on the income information content and cash flow operating and whatever the information asymmetry is higher, then information content of cash flow operating is increased.

We investigate the implications of firms’ benchmark-beating patterns with respect to analysts’ quarterly cash flow forecasts for firms’ current capital market valuation and their future performance. We hypothesize that nonnegative earnings surprises are more likely to be supported by real operating performance and signal higher earnings quality if they are achieved via higher than expected cash flows or lower than expected accruals. We show that firms beating analyst earnings forecasts have larger positive capital market reactions and larger earnings response coefficients if they beat analyst cash flow forecasts or report lower than expected accruals. We also demonstrate that these firms’ superior future performance may provide an economic justification for their more favorable market response. Our findings suggest that firms’ ability to beat analyst cash flow forecasts is informative regarding the quality of their earnings surprises.

We study the sensitivity of investment to cash flow conditional on measures of q in an adjustment costs framework with costly external finance. We present a benchmark model in which this conditional investment–cash flow sensitivity increases monotonically with the cost premium for external finance, for firms in a financially constrained regime. Using simulated data, we show that this pattern is found in linear regressions that relate investment rates to measures of both cash flow and average q. We also derive a structural equation for investment from the first-order conditions of our model, and show that this can be estimated directly.

This paper investigates the equivalence of equity valuation between the free cash flow model and the residual income model. Two conditions are found to be jointly sufficient for Residual Income and Free Cash Flow models to produce the same equity valuation: (a) the models’ discount rates jointly satisfy the Modigliani and Miller (Am Econ Rev 48:261–297, 1958) condition which relates discount rates for levered equity, unlevered equity, tax savings and debt, and (b) forecasts of the two models’ variables jointly satisfy the income statement and balance sheet identities. Past discussions fail by ignoring or misusing (a).

A cash flow is "bloodstream" of business and without constant cash flow a company would not be able to function. The cash flow statement is statutory financial report that provides information to the interested parties on cash inflows and outflows from operating, investing and financing activities during the accounting period. This paper will discuss the origin and significance of the cash slow statement; in addition, we will define the main categories of this statement and present the methodology of its composition in accordance with IAS 7.

Earnings and cash flow are the two important factors in the company’s life cycle. The researchobjective of this study is to determine the effect of earnings, overall cash flow, andcomponents of earnings on future cash flows of manufacturing companies listed on the IndonesiaStock Exchange at the every stage of company’s lifecycle cycle. The sample used consistsof 99 manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Secondarydata on the company’s financial statement was taken from the period 2006 to 2010 and thesewere obtained from ICMD (Indonesia Capital Market Directory) and IDX. A data analysistechnique for testing the research problems is linear regression analysis. The results showearnings, overall cash flow, and cash flow components have significant predictive power forfuture earnings and cash flows.

In the study we are discussed about the Impact of life cycle and free cash flow, with an emphasis on dividend policy at Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 2007 to 2011. This study is practical and Ex-post facto researches. A sample of 57 companies was selected as the relationships between variables were assessed by regression. The results show that between the life cycle and free cash flow is a direct relationship. Free cash flow is dependent on the life cycle of the company, the company's growth and maturity of the highest free cash flow experience.

Cash is usually known as the blood of any business entity that is why it is very important policy matter in the modern corporate financial decision and policy matters. An appropriate level of cash is required within the firm for the good and smooth operations of any sort of business entity. This research report investigates the determinants of cash holding in non-financial firms of Germany across different firm sizes and industries. Furthermore the data set for the period of 2000 to 2010 for the firm size, log of total assets, EBIT, Capital expenditure percentage of sales, working capital, liquidity (current ratio), and leverage has been taken to study the impact of these on level of corporate cash holdings. It is shown that cash holdings must be analysed from a dynamic point of view: A strong empirical support was found for the hypothesis of implicit cash targets. Financial determinants influence the corporate cash holdings, but it's not clear which model, the transaction cost model or the managerial opportunism, thesis supports best the empirical findings. The findings of this study are consistent with the predictions of the trade-off theory, pecking order theory, and agency cost theory. The result gave strong evidence that firm size, working capital, and leverage significantly affect the cash holdings decisions of non-financial firms and that are in conformity with the existing literature on the determinants of corporate cash holdings.

This study is conducted to observe the impact of cash flow volatility (CVCF) on cash-cash flow sensitivity of Pakistani Manufacturing Firms by taking a panel data of 377 manufacturing firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. The test revealed that cash flow volatility had significant impact on cash-cash flow sensitivity. This sensitivity was due to the precautionary motive of Pakistani Manufacturing Firms. Further, cash-cash flow sensitivity was studied by classifying firms into constrained and unconstrained categories by using cash flow volatility (CVCF) and size. The results for the classification based on cash flow volatility (CVCF) reveals that cash-cash flow sensitivity is more due to long-term debt for constrained firms and due to sales growth for unconstrained firms. The results for the classification based on size reveals that cash-cash flow sensitivity is present in both constrained and unconstrained firms. However, in constrained firms this sensitivity is mainly due to growth opportunities available to those firms. While in unconstrained firms this sensitivity can be attributed to increase leverage and resultant increased in cash flow volatility (CVCF) due to leverage.

The author found that stocks with a positive change in company cash holdings have significantly higher risk-adjusted returns than stocks with a negative change in cash holdings (CCH). Moreover, the return predictive power of CCH is (1) distinct from the effect of cash holdings (CH), (2) absent among cash-rich companies, (3) stronger among small-cap stocks, and (4) limited to non-January months. The CCH anomaly appears to be more “contaminated” than the CH effect by mispricing.

This paper examines optimal portfolios with discounted stochastic cash inflows (SCI). The cash inflows are invested into a market that is characterized by inflation-linked bond, a stock and a cash account. It was assumed that inflation-linked bond, stock and the cash inflows are stochastic and follow a standard geometric Brownian motion. The variational form of Merton portfolio strategy was obtained by assuming that the investor chooses constant relative risk averse (CRRA) utility function. The inter-temporal hedging terms that offset any shock to the SCI were obtained. A closed form solution to our resulting non-linear partial differential equation was obtained.

This research is aimed to analyze the influence of profitability on the price of manufacturing companies share in the period of 2011-2015. Manufacturing industry sector is the main component of national ekonomi and as significant role within national development.Manufacturing companies are parts of industrial sectors that continue to develop in the current business world, with a constantly high transaction value in the stock exchange market . Besides, manufacturing companies are enterprises which have the highest number of emitters, which give significant influence to stock trade happening in Indonesian Stock Exchange Market (ISX) . The object of this research is the stock price of manufacturing companies which is influenced by profitability. Meanwhile the research subject is manufacturing enterprises listed on ISX.Method applied in this research is quantitative method with case study approach Annual Financial Report year 2011 through year 2015 . This method is used to see the influence of profitability on the price of manufacturing company share through the use of simple linear regression analysis. Based on data analysis results on manufacturing enterprises listed on ISX from year 2011 through year 2015, which are represented by: (1) PT Astra Internasional Tbk.;(2) PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk.; dan (3) PT Gudang Garam Tbk.,it can be concluded that profitability has significant influence on stock price change. Based on determinant coefficient calculation, the level of profitability influence on stock price is discovered to be 20.8%. Macro factors, such as market, inflation level and interest rate, fiscal and monetary policy, economic and international businesssituation also has influence on stock price. Micro factors, such as company revenue, shared dividend, cash flow, industrial fundamental change, and investment behavior change (from stock to obligation) has influence on stock price as well.

The mean return for small and large capitalized stocks in the cash and futures markets was positive in the first half of the month and negative in the second half of the month during the 10-year period of futures trading from May 1982–April 1992. The mean return in the cash and futures markets for small and large capitalized stocks at the turn-of-the-month fiveday trading period was significantly greater than average. There was partial anticipation of the cash turn-of-the-month effect in the futures markets on the previous three trading days. There was seasonality in the monthly return patterns, with the first and last quarter exhibiting higher returns at the turn-of-the-month and in the first half of the month. These results are an out-of-sample confirmation of the turn-of-the-month anomaly Ariel (1987) reported for the cash market in the earlier period 1963–1981. The anomaly appears in the cash and futures markets, ruling out many explanations of the cash market anomaly that are based on trading frictions.

This study investigated the effect of free cash flow-based agency costs on dividends in a sample of 73 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during a period of five years from 2007 to 2011. The free cash flow-based agency costs were measured through several metrics including free cash flow, financial leverage, corporate growth, profitability, firm size and stock risk. The data were analyzed through multiple regression and panel method. The results of the statistical analysis concerning the research hypotheses in SPSS and E-VIEWS demonstrated that free cash flow and dividend corporate growth had an inverse effect on dividend. Moreover, the results suggested that financial leverage, profitability, firm size and stock risk left direct effects on dividend. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4S2p131

Target of this research to test influence of net income and cash flow to stock returns of at Food and Bevarages Companys: empirical study in effect exchange Indonesia. Variable used by as much 5 consisted of by 4 independent variable and 1 variable dependen. 4 independent variable that is net income, cash flow operate for, cash flow investment, and the cash flow financing. While 1 variable of dependen that is stock returns.This research test 10 Food and Bevarages Companys which have been enlisted in effect echange of Indonesia and have published financial statement which have been made an audit of by 31 December 2012 – 2015 representing the part of consideration of at determination of sampel by using purposive sampling. Statistical methods used by is doubled linear regression by using tes-t and tes F of at storey level of signifikansi 5%.Result of research individually prove that net income and cash flow operating have an effect to return share. While together is net income, cash flow operate for, cash flow investment, and cash flow of financing have an effect on positive to stock returns. This matter show indication that stock returns of influenced by Food and Beverage Company emiten of existence of publicing it the financial statement specially which deal with information of performance of company of found on income statement and cash flow statement.

The main purpose of this study is to empirically examine the moderating effect of Investment Opportunity Set (ICS) and company size on the relationship between free cash flow to debt policy. The test results of the 159 samples were selected for sampling purposed the observation period 2006 to 2011 managed to support the first hypothesis which states that firms with lower ICS, free cash flow has a positive relationship with debt policy and the second hypothesis that the large companies, free cash flow has a positive relationship with debt policy. Tests on the three independent variables that allegedly could be used to reduce agency cost, the managerial ownership variables, the dividend payout ratio, and institutional ownership showed no significant results. While ROA as a control variable in this study showed a significant negative effect on the debt. This indicates that the greater the company's ability to generate profits, the company is likely to reduce its debt, as more internal funds available for investment company. The results of this study useful for investors to understand the behavior of corporate management in Indonesia in managing free cash flow is usually a conflict between shareholders and managers of the company. On companies with low levels of ICS, the management company will tend to increase the debt when the company generated free cash flow is high. Free cash flow problems are also more pronounced in the large company; the company's management will tend to increase the debt when the company generated free cash flow is high. Thus investors should consider the variable growth opportunities and the size of the company if the company will invest in companies with high free cash flow.

The demand for value determination increased after rising of the Lithuanian economics. The joint-stock company value depends on the stock price and the company’s profit according to the “stock pricing for profit” method. The purpose of this scientific paper is the financial indicators’ and listed company’s stock price link determining the value. The analysis methods are: the research of scientific literature, data analysis, summarizing and graphic visualization. The link between financial indicators and the stock price is determined on the basis of correlation regression analysis. The analysis showed that listed on the stock exchange company’s stocks already have some value as they raise the capital. The research results revealed the stock price’s direct dependence on the fixed asset turnover and the debt-to-asset ratios. Santrauka Likvidumo rodikliai traktuojami kaip vieni iš svarbiausių įmonės finansinę būklę rodančių rodiklių. Likvidumas neatsiejamai veikia įmonės vertę. Svarbu nustatyti, kaip, kontroliuojant įmonės likvidumo rodiklius, teigiamai paveikti įmonės vertę ir identifikuoti esminius įmonės finansinio likvidumo veiksnius, kuriems reikėtų skirti daugiausiai dėmesio, siekiant maksimizuoti įmonės vertę. Straipsnyje pateikiamas išvestinis DuPont analizės modelis, pagal kurį vertinamas įmonės grynasis apyvartinis kapitalas ir pridėtinė ekonominė vertė (angl. Economic Value Added – EVA). Ši minėto modelio kintamųjų priklausomybės schema pagrindžia likvidumo poveikį galutinei įmonės vertei. Pateikiamas praktinis modelio veikimas bei išvados. Šis išvestinis DuPont analizės modelis, paremtas apyvartinio kapitalo ir EVA kintamaisiais – tai instrumentas, naudingas įmonės vadovams bei akcininkams, siekiant padidinti įmonės vertę valdant įmonės likvidumą, ieškant papildomų galimybių didinti įmonės likvidumą. Reikšminiai žodžiai:grynasis apyvartinis kapitalas, DuPont analizė, EVA; įmonės vertė, likvidumas.