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On July 8, 1863, Pvt. William Calder, of the 2d North Carolina regiment, wrote a letter to his mother, stating: 'No doubt the news of the great three days battle [...]

Students regularly encounter faculty in classrooms. Student affairs personnel interact with students in the main when students are beyond the classroom. Both groups are pledged to encourage student development, but [...]

This article argues that despite the significant insights offered by prior research, assessments of the efficacy of the administrative presidency to date are both premature and in need of refocusing to comport with the realities of the American political system. In regard to prematurity, assessments must be withheld until four interrelated limitations of prior research are addressed. First. unlike early qualitative research on the topic, most recent research related to the administrative presidency has used neoclassical economics-based or statistically sophisticated research designs that marginalize the implementation processes accompanying these efforts to advance presidential agendas. Second, assessments of the administrative presidency using this approach typically incorporate questionable assumptions. Third, typical criteria for assessing the administrative presidency fail to incorporate the realities of presidential decision making. Finally, most recent research fails to employ methodologies capable of incorporating these realities., When the term 'administrative presidency' was first coined by Richard Nathan (1983), it was focused largely on presidents selecting political appointees who shared their policy aims and wished to alter [...]

This paper argues that we should revisit the common assumptions in the administrative presidency literature about political appointments. Specifically, it contests the notions that presidential politicization of the executive branch is intended only to enhance political control of the bureaucracy and is successful at doing so. instead, the author argues that politicization choices are driven by patronage concerns, and politicization of the bureaucracy ultimately can make it harder for presidents to control the bureaucracy. The paper illustrates how one might theorize more generally about patronage politics in the White House and the impact of appointments on performance., Recent episodes of presidential politicization of the executive branch present a quandary for administrative presidency scholars. (1) While existing work on the politics of appointments assumes that appointed positions are [...]

This essay reviews and analyzes the literature on presidential appointments in light of the growing tendency of chief executives to use the methods associated with what is now known as the administrative presidency. It closes with a discussion of the normative issues raised by the existing appointment system, one that appears to generate incompetence, distrust, and delays in filling posts., As with most aspects of the Constitution, the power of presidents to hire, fire, and otherwise create an administration consistent with presidential tastes leaves much to the imagination. Much of [...]

In July 2008, the National War Powers Commission released a detailed report that recommended the repeal of the War Powers Resolution of 1973 and its replacement with the War Powers Consultation Act. Co-chaired by former secretaries of state James A. Baker III and Warren Christopher, the commission report promised 'equal respect' to the legislative and executive branches, but, in fact, it strengthened the president's capacity to initiate war and greatly weakened congressional and public control. Instead of addressing the framers' fear of placing the war power in the hands of a single executive with an appetite for military glory and fame, the report claimed that the U.S. Constitution is 'ambiguous' about war powers and that federal courts 'for the most part' have declined jurisdiction over war power cases, Both assertions are false., In an op-ed piece published in the New York Times on July 8, 2008, former secretaries of state James A. Baker III and Warren Christopher summarize the findings and recommendations [...]

Modern scholarship on the institutional presidency has emphasized the formal mechanisms that presidents employ to obtain bureaucratic compliance. This literature emphasizes presidents' effective use of both expressed and implied constitutional powers. Unfortunately, little systematic inquiry has analyzed how extraconstitutional features of the executive branch limit the president's capacity for effective control over administrative agencies. This essay highlights three problems of organizational complexity relating to presidential control over the bureaucracy that merit greater attention from scholars of U.S. executive politics: (1) vertical coordination, (2) horizontal coordination, and (3) credible commitment. The author sketches out elements of a research agenda that examines presidential control over the bureaucracy in relation to each of these coordination problems. The basic implication of this essay is a simple one--failing to account for these organizational problems overstates the true capacity of presidential control over executive administration., American presidents are capable of imposing their will on administrative agencies. Perhaps the most powerful illustration of this has been the centralization of major executive branch regulatory review procedures through [...]

As a field, we know exceedingly little about how presidents' public relations affect administrative politics. For instance, when will presidents create new agencies to satisfy public concern about an issue? When does public opinion provoke presidents to fire officials? The dearth of scholarship on these sorts of questions is striking, particularly given the literature's emphasis on the importance of public relations to the presidency. I argue that we cannot fully understand bureaucratic politics without considering the impact of this development, which scholars call the 'public presidency.' Furthermore, research on the public presidency has concentrated on legislative politics, which differ considerably from administrative politics. After delineating general claims, the author outlines theoretical and empirical considerations for two specific avenues of research., President George W. Bush initiated several major policy reversals that involve administrative politics. For example, in June 2002, he gave a national address promoting the creation of a Department of [...]

As Richard Nathan pointed out in The Administrative Presidency 25 years ago, much contemporary policy making occurs through the execution of the laws and the management process. Thus, the conditions under which administrative power can be effectively exercised are important components of future research. In short, we must revisit an old question: Who controls the bureaucracy? This article sets out a research agenda for doing so by examining a set of related strategies that presidents have utilized in their efforts to assert control over the bureaucracy--namely, centralization, politicization, and reorganization--in the course of linking two strands of literature with significant overlap but little conversation between them: the largely quantitative bureaucratic control literature, and the largely qualitative 'politicized presidency' literature focused on presidential structures. Each strand, I suggest, can inform and enrich the other; both would benefit from better measures of inputs, outputs, and, crucially, the processes that connect the two and influence the success of policy implementation., A quarter century ago, Richard Nathan (1983) called renewed attention to the phenomenon of the 'administrative presidency.' In describing the strategies of the inner circles of Richard M. Nixon and [...]

This essay examines a major change that has occurred in recent years with regard to the relationship between the president and the bureaucracy. It is a change that relies on a greater use of the president's unilateral powers to influence the bureaucracy. It is based on a theory of presidential power that is striking in its scope and implications: the unitary executive theory. In many respects, the theory fundamentally changes the nature of presidential--bureaucratic relations, yet it has received scant attention in scholarly journals. Examination of its potential impact is long overdue., The essays in this symposium examine the administrative presidency strategy. That leadership strategy originally was initiated by the Richard M. Nixon administration as an attempt to accomplish administratively what it [...]

The term 'administrative presidency' was coined by Richard Nathan in his 1983 book of that title to describe the efforts of the Richard M. Nixon White House to gain control [...]

Our article outlines a number of ways that theories of public management can contribute to the work of public policy scholars. We first outline some of the ways in which public managers have been incorporated into previous work on public policy, and the limitations faced by previous treatments. We then discuss the role that public management plays in the policy process, with a specific focus on managerial quality, networking, and performance evaluation. KEY WORDS: public management, bureaucrats, bureaucracy, implementation, Introduction Across the field of public policy, much of the scholarship addresses either (i) the factors that influence legislative policy adoption; or (ii) the factors that influence policy outcomes. However, [...]

TANF Accomplishments In 1996, Congress and the White House agreed to 'end welfare as we know it' and passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. This landmark legislation [...]

In his keynote presentation on the occasion of the 75th anniversary meeting of the CCHA, Bishop Remi J. De Roo captures the excitement of preVatican II preparations; the human struggles [...]

Abstract: Since 1998, Russia has not developed an effective anti-money-laundering (AML) system. The country has the legal framework and institutions for combating money laundering, but Russia continues to experience a [...]

Abstract: The author discusses the role of imagined communities in the three Baltic societies--Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia--in the context of the post-Communist European integration movement. He uses public opinion about [...]

The citizenship concept is not absent from UN discourse. However, the use of the term is limited to a conception of citizenship systematically associated to the state; terms such as [...]

For more or less a decade now, the issue of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) has been high on the global policy agenda. The efforts of the Global [...]

An examination of Harlan's Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Holmes's Lochner v. New York (1905), Brandeis's Olmstead v. United States (1928), Murphy's Korematsu v. United States (1944), and Blackmun's Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) dissents demonstrates the ways in which good and evil are used in dissenting opinions. The Constitution is constructed as good and the authority by which the citizens are protected. The dissents frame constitutional interpretation, the government, and statutory law as evil. The use of these arguments in judicial dissents shifts the legal conflict from a difference of acceptable legal interpretation or public policy into a metaphysical battle between good and evil. Key words: judicial dissent, good and evil, constitutional interpretation, government, and statutory law, When considering the role of judicial dissent, Chief Justice Hughes (1936) once wrote that 'A dissent in a court of last resort is an appeal to the brooding spirit of [...]

In contrast to the 'official history' of the Conseil d'Etat that presents it as a prestigious and neutral institution, new work ought to reflect on how the grand corps of the Conseil d'Etat has been implicated in the major issues and crises of French political history, especially in the twentieth century. Drawing on recent historiography, this article focuses in particular on the Conseil d'Etat during World War II and the Algerian War. It also analyzes the variety of everyday practices of the Conseil d'Etat and its role in the development of administrative law. Finally, this article examines the professional careers of the members of the grand corps that have staffed this institution. It thus seeks to chart, through the study of a single institution, a path for writing the political history of the state administration that engages with the work of legal scholars as well as political scientists. Keywords: Conseil d'Etat, administration, law, high civil servants, history, << En l'an VIII de la Republique francaise, il parut une Constitution dont l'article 75 etait ainsi concu : 'Les agents du gouvernement, autres que les ministres, ne peuvent etre [...]

BEIJING -- Dear Mr. President: If your campaign is what you have led us all to believe, then you will understand when I say that you may be the first [...]

The role and powers of the president have come under increasing scrutiny since the tragic events of September 11. While the current political debate is focused on the unilateral actions [...]

I ON 13 MARCH 1778, Viscount Stormont, the British ambassador to France, was recalled to England without taking formal leave of the French government. (1) Though war was not declared [...]

Ideologies seldom serve the purposes their creators intended. Fanatics shear off the nuances of ideas and drive the jagged points into their enemies. Ordinary politicians turn the sharp edges into [...]

One day in the summer of 2004, while I sat in the western Baghdad studio of Radio Dijla, Iraq's first all-talk station, listening to a deputy interior minister being interviewed, [...]

As pastor, teacher, activist, moral theologian, and prolific author, Reinhold Niebuhr was a towering presence in American intellectual life from the 1930s through the 1960s. He was, at various points [...]

Regulation and Public Interests: The Possibility of GOOD Regulatory Government Steven P. Croley Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007, 392 pp. In theory, scientific (positive) and philosophical (normative) inquiry are [...]

A broad spectrum of nontraditional and asymmetric threats challenges U.S. maritime homeland security. (1) The smuggling of drugs, arms, and people; vesselborne improvised explosive devices, like that used by terrorists [...]

A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower' represents an historical first. Never before have the maritime forces of the United States--the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard--come together to create [...]

In school districts across the nation, voters elect fellow citizens to their local school boards and charge them with the core tasks of district management: hiring administrators, writing budgets, negotiating [...]

Abstract The importance of the built environment as a critical influence on public health is receiving increasing attention from researchers, planners and health professionals. While it seems impossible to identify [...]

This article describes one school's effort to establish a social work research development center in the area of coexisting drug and mental disorders (dual disorders), within the context of the [...]

Research centers have become a key component of the research infrastructure in schools of social work, including the George Warren Brown School of Social Work at Washington University. In 1993, [...]

Accomplishments of a research development program (RDP) funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse in the University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work (UT-SSW) were far-reaching. Benefits [...]

This article describes the experiences of four social work researchers who pursued an alternative career path immediately following their doctorate in social work by accepting a postdoctoral training fellowship funded [...]

Research administrative supports must parallel and reinforce faculty initiatives in research grant procurement. This article features several types of developments that draw on presentations at the National Association of Deans [...]

Significant improvements in research capacity have been realized in social work in the past two decades. Investments by federal entities such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and concentrated [...]

Before Watergate, presidents were generally reluctant to pardon executive branch officials after their administrations had been investigated by an outside prosecutor. Since Watergate, however, presidents are less reluctant to use clemency for their own personal interest, as demonstrated by controversial clemency decisions involving executive branch officials or cronies made by our most recent three presidents. This practice is contrary to President George Washington' s use of the clemency power and later legal precedents, both of which follow the framers' intent that the pardon power be used as an 'act of mercy' or for 'the public welfare.' When and how presidents began misusing the pardon power, and the resulting consequences, are discussed here., The purpose of this article is to explore why the presidential pardon power has been invoked by our last three presidents not merely for the traditional reasons of showing mercy [...]

The next U.S. president will face enormous challenges as communicator-in-chief managing an increasingly complex and adversarial relationship with the press corps and responding to the bewildering needs of fragmented audiences that no longer rely solely on mainstream media for information. Perhaps it is time for a major revamp of White House communications functions which have remained largely unchanged since first introduced in the Nixon era. Traditional roles of actors like the White House press secretary need redefinition., November 5, 2008 You mentioned that you would like some thoughts on how to bring a fresh approach to the traditionally adversarial relationship between the White House and the press [...]

The U.S. president, the media, and public opinion survey data all represent the American public: the U.S. president serves as the personification and symbol of the U.S. government to the press and people alike; the news and opinion publicized in the media constitute the public sphere; and public opinion polls are accepted as indicators of the public's opinions and beliefs. This article uses both existing research findings and new data to unpack the relationship between the three institutions so as to determine under which conditions each institution speaks for the public and under which it dominates or is subordinate to the others., The U.S. president, the press (or media), and public opinion survey data are all stand-ins--substitutes--for the American people. In the United States as a federal republic, the U.S. president is [...]

This article traces the development of the FBI's investigation of Hollywood during World War II. Motivated by a fear of Communist propaganda, the FBI initiated this surveillance before the onset of the Cold War. The Bureau conflated the cultural struggle over film with national security concerns. Justifying its investigation as a defense of democracy, the FBI data collected and formulated during these years would soon contribute to the stifling of the freedom of the screen. Keywords: FBI/Federal Bureau of Investigation, Hollywood/motion picture industry, World War II, Cold War, Communism/Anti-Communism, Propaganda, Blacklisting., Historian Eric Hobsbawm envisions the Grand Alliance of the Second World War as 'a moment of historical paradox in the relations of capitalism and communism, placed, for most of the [...]

A year ago, the sheer number of 5-4 decisions garnered the most attention with regard to the 2006-07 Supreme Court term. Twenty-four of that term's 72 cases were decided by [...]

NEWLY ELECTED PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA FACES THE THANKLESS TASK OF RESCUING the key financial and productive institutions of American capitalism, reforming and strengthening international financial institutional arrangements, extricating the country [...]

Introduction THE GENOCIDE OF THE RWANDAN TUTSIS SERVES TO REMIND US OF THE ETHNIC, political, and economic conditions that are typical for postcolonial states. Ethnic identities are often magnified, if [...]

The vast majority of law cases in our nation are filed, heard, and determined in the courts of the various states. (1) Yet the attention paid to the role of [...]

A poll was conducted in 2001 that asked people whether they believed that judges decide cases impartially and according to law or whether they believe that judges do whatever they [...]

State-court judges are no strangers to community outreach. (1) Because most come from and remain an integral part of the communities in which they sit, state-court judges have long played [...]

'The law makes a promise: neutrality. (1) If the promise gets broken, the law as we know it ceases to exist.' These are the words of Supreme Court Justice Anthony [...]

Within the legal community judicial independence is understood, not as an intrinsic good or an end in itself, but as a means to achieve other ends. (1) If judges are [...]

The congressional-judicial relationship is frayed but not broken. (1) Positive aspects of the relationship don't grab headlines: Congress has frequently been responsive to the judiciary's budget requests and courthouse security [...]