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The composition profile of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids) in Polygonum persicaria herb growing in Voronezh Region was studied using physicochemical methods (UV-SPM, HPLC-DAD-MS). The predominant constituents in the flavonoids were kaempferol and its derivatives; in hydroxycinnamic acids, chlorogenic acid. The identified constituents were quantitatively characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine with liver tonic effect, but arousing great concerns for hepatotoxicity issue. In this study, we elucidated the contribution of the two major compounds, emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside (EG) and 2,3,5,4´-tetrahydroxyl diphenylethylene-2-O-glucoside (TSG), in PM-induced liver injury. Based on LC-MS, the two concerned compounds were detected simultaneously in the sera of patients with PM-induced liver injury. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory stress rat model, by the analysis of plasma biochemistry and liver histopathology, we observed that the solo treatment of EG, not TSG, could induce significant liver injury; and the combined administration of EG and TSG caused more severe liver injury than that of EG. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the EG-triggered liver injury was associated with significant disturbances of sphingolipids and primary bile acids metabolism pathways. In the combined administration group, much more disturbances in EG-triggered metabolic pathways, as well as alterations of several additional pathways such as retinol metabolism and vitamin B6 metabolism, were observed. Taken together, we considered EG was involved in the idiosyncratic liver injury of PM, and TSG played a synergetic role with EG, which contributed to the understanding of the hepatotoxic basis of PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hyphenated strategy by off‐line coupling of 1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl‐high‐performance liquid chromatography, high‐speed countercurrent chromatography, and preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography was established to screen and separate antioxidants from ethyl acetate fraction of the roots of Polygonum multiflorum. Under the targeted guidance of 1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl‐high‐performance liquid chromatography experiment, 12 compounds were identified as potential antioxidants and readily isolated by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography and preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography. Ultraviolet spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy were employed to identify their structures, which were assigned as gallic acid (1, 6.2 mg, 98.28%), catechin (2, 8.8 mg, 90.69%), epicatechin (3, 4.1 mg, 96.71%), polydatin (4, 5.3 mg, 94.91%), 2,3,5,4′‐tetrahydroxy stilbene‐2‐Ο‐β‐D‐glucoside (5, 20.2 mg, 95.23%), piceatannol (6, 5.3 mg, 96.85%), rutin (7, 5.4 mg, 97.92%), resveratrol (8, 5.2 mg, 96.94%), isorhapontigenin (9, 11.4 mg, 94.81%), hyperoside (10, 9.7 mg, 98.52%), rhein (11, 4.9 mg, 97.46%), and emodin (12, 8.2 mg, 95.74%). Notably, compounds 6 and 9 were isolated from Polygonum multiflorum for the first time. In addition, antioxidant activity of compounds 1–12 were evaluated, and compounds 1–8 and 10 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid (positive control). These results indicated that the proposed method is a highly efficient strategy to screen and isolate antioxidants from complex natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review is related to the potential of Polygonum minus leaf part against depression. Depression is worldwide largest problem which can cause the imbalance of neurotransmitters of brain, around 322 million people are living with this disorder according to latest survey of the World Health Organization. There is a need to find more options for the treatment of depression to cure it and to overcome or reduce the side effects of already existing treatment options. The phytomedicine can play an important role to discover the new targets against any disease. P. minus leaf has many beneficial constituents. Antidepressant potential of its major constituents has been explored in this up to date review, all data regarding this purpose have been collected from Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed. Our observations show that the leaf part of P. minus has large potential to become an antidepressant option in future, due to the presence of flavonoids specifically which are involved in memory-enhancing activity and increasing the level of neurotransmitters in brain according to their reported effects. Based on the observation of the current review, an experimental screening on antidepressant activity of P. minus leaf part is strongly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of Polygonum equisetiforme extracts against dichlorvos were investigated in the commercial clam Ruditapes decussatus. The toxicity of this pesticide was firstly tested in R. decussatus gill and digestive gland tissues using five doses varying from 0.05 to 1 mg/l during 2, 4, and 7 days. Results showed that 0.05 mg/l of DDVP induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in R. decussatus after 2 days of exposure. Investigations of the effects of P. equisetiforme extracts in R. decussatus exposed to 0.25 mg/l of DDVP were made in clams receiving three concentrations (0.009, 0.045, and 0.09 g/l) during 4 and 7 days. Antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT as well as H2O2 content and AChE were quantified by colorimetric method. Four days of exposure to DDVP increased SOD and CAT activities and enhances H2O2 content. AChE levels decreased considerably following DDVP exposure, although a restoration in the enzyme activity was observed with P. equisetiforme extract (E3 = 0.09 g/l). Overall, P. equisetiforme extract at concentration (E1 = 0.009 g/l) prevents oxidative stress caused by DDVP, while 0.09 g/l of P. equisetiforme extract induced an effect similar to that obtained with DDVP alone. Nevertheless, this concentration was found effective for the restoration of the AChE activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Endophytes are significant for their ecological role in plants and potential applications in phytoremediation. Endophytic bacteria with plant-growth-promoting (PGP) characteristics are isolated as inoculants to enhance phytoremediation efficiency; however, few attempts have been made to isolate bacteria from phosphorus (P)-accumulating plants and study their roles in P-phytoextraction. Method: Endophytic bacteria of P-accumulating herb Polygonum hydropiper were isolated and identified. The PGP traits including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, phosphate-solubilization etc. were characterized. Some endophytes were selected as the inoculants for a pot experiment in high P soil to investigate their role in P-phytoextraction. Results: Thirty-five isolates were tolerant of high P and classified into 10 taxonomic groups. The production of indole-3-acetic acid into IAA acid and siderophores was dependent on strain species. Tricalcium phosphate (TCP)-solubilizing activity of these strains was associated with a decrease of pH but increases of organic acids production, while phytin-solubilizing activity was associated with a decrease of pH but increases of acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. In the six inoculants, five strains promoted stem and leaf growth of Polygonum hydropiper except for SLs08. P. hydropiper with inoculation of SLr02, SLr15, SLs13 and SLs18 showed significantly higher root length and surface area than the control plants. The inoculation with SLr15, SLs13 and SLs18 significantly enhanced stem and leaf P accumulation of P. hydropiper. Conclusions: Endophytic bacteria with PGP traits exist in Polygonum hydropiper and strains SLr15, SLs13 and SLs18 greatly promoted plant growth and shoot P accumulation, offering the most potential as PGP inoculants for assisting P. hydropiper in P-phytoextraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Polygonum hydropiper L. and Polygonum lapathifolium L. are two of the well-known indigenous Mn-hyperaccumulators. Enterobacter sp. FM-1 is a plant growth-promoting bacterium (PGPB) that we found in our previous study. We intended to develop a novel strategy to improve Mn and Cd co-contaminated soil phytoremediation by using a Mn and Cd-resistant bacterium for soil bioaugmentation. Methods: We carried out this study to investigate the effects of different Enterobacter sp. FM-1 inoculation concentrations (0, 5.0 × 105, 1.0 × 106 and 1.4 × 106 CFU g−1 soil) on the phytoremediation of Mn and Cd by Polygonum hydropiper L. and Polygonum lapathifolium L. in two types of Mn-Cd co-contaminated soil. Results: In both soils, inoculation with Enterobacter sp. FM-1 promoted the growth of both plants. Moreover, inoculation with Enterobacter sp. FM-1 (≥1.0 × 106 CFU g−1 soil) significantly increased soil Mn and Cd bioavailability and decreased the soil pH. Therefore, inoculation with Enterobacter sp. FM-1 (1.4 × 106 CFU g−1 soil) improved Mn and Cd accumulation in both plants. Polygonum hydropiper L. presented excellent Mn accumulation in both soils. Additionally, both plants exhibited strong translocation and excellent phytoextraction and bioaccumulation abilities for Mn and Cd. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that Enterobacter sp. FM-1 is a potent bioaugmentation agent that facilitates Mn and Cd phytoextraction in Polygonum hydropiper L. and Polygonum lapathifolium L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differential constituents in leaves, stems and roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS) and by multivariate statistical analysis. The established extraction and analysis method showed relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intra-day precision of less than 3.40%, for repeatability of less than 4.06% and for stability of less than 5.10%. Principal component analysis and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis of the UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS data showed good ability to classify the leaves, stems and roots of P. multiflorum Thunb. The differential constituents, such as stilbenes, polygoacetophenoside, flavonoids and anthraquinones, accounting for variations between the leaves, stems and roots, were filtered through the variable importance in projection values and were further identified by elemental composition analysis, mass fragmentation data and retention times of available standards. Differences between the chemical compositions in the leaves, stems and roots of P. multiflorum Thunb. were closely related to their various therapeutic effects. This UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS-based analytical strategy could be further utilized to evaluate the overall quality of traditional Chinese medicines and their differences of chemical constituents in different parts of the plant and/or in the plants of different geographical locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polygonum is the largest genus of Polygonaceae and 5 species are reported in Tunisia. In order to characterized flower, seed, and fruit development in Polygonum, flower and fruit of Polygonium equisetiforme (var. graecum and peyerinhoffi), P. aviculare and P. maritimum, collected from Tunisia, were examined. Flowers are composed of five oblong tepals. P. equisetiforme and P. aviculare have whitish-pink distylous flowers with dimorphism of style, filament and anther height, pollen diameter and stigma size. In contrast, P. maritimum shows white homostylous flowers. The floral vasculature showed that the tepals are inserted in one whorl and their traces arise independently in 3+2 manner. The eight stamens are arranged in a 5+3 manner and the staminal bundles arise independently in the two whorls. The epidermis and endothecium cells width were higher in P. maritimum and the lowest endothecium width was observed in P. aviculare. Polygonum aviculare and P. equisetiforme showed circular pollen with shallow colpi and trilobite pollen shape with deep colpi, while P. maritimum rarely showed shallow colpi. The ovule is anatropous with basal placentation in P. equisetiforme and P. aviculare and apical placentation in P. maritimum. The young seed coat was formed by an endotesta with thick-walled cells, a mesotesta and exotesta with thin-walled cells and a tegmen composed of radially elongated cells. The fruits of the studied species are trigonous with ovate-lanceolate shape. In P. aviculare, the exocarp is thicker compared to the two other species, in P. equisetiforme, the mature exocarp consists of smaller rectangular cells with narrow cavities, and in P. maritimum showed a thinner exocarpIn conclusion, P. equisetiforme and P. aviculare are a typically distylous species from the morphological point of view and we discussed the significance of heterostyly in Polygonaceae. From this first morpho-anatomical study of Polygonum species in North Africa, we can conclude mainly that there is no significant difference between P. equisetiforme var. graecum and var. peyerinhoffi supporting a taxonomic grouping of these two varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum hydropiperoides (swamp smartweed) is a perennial plant of the Polygonaceae family. The species of the genus Polygonum are cultivated and marketed for medicinal purposes, and in the rural area, they are used in animals as a healing. The action of the extracts of their aerial parts was analyzed on cellular and tissue components in incision wounds caused in mice. The lesions caused were treated topically for ten days with diluted extracts of the named species, obtaining daily samples to perform histological studies. At the same time, and to be able to compare the evolution of the wounds, a similar procedure was performed with mice that were not treated. Significant differences were observed in the arrival and presence of neutrophils and in the appearance of fibroblasts (Student t-test for two independent samples). Among other tissue changes, the increase in vascularity was also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intended to focus on the effect of different levels of NaCl (0-400 mM, at regular intervals every 100 mM) on the growth, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant enzyme activities of Polygonum equisetiforme, a wild plant with medicinal and industrial uses, which often grows in harsh environmental conditions. Our results showed that biomass production significantly decreased with salinity, while the leaf relative water content declined only at high levels of NaCl concentration (300-400 mM). In contrast, these higher doses of salt resulted in a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Both proline and soluble sugar (e.g., fructose, glucose, and sucrose) contents were enhanced under saline conditions. The methanolic extracts of the shoots included 10 flavonoids and 9 phenolic acids. The total phenolic acids (TPA), total flavonoid compounds (TFC), and total phenolic compounds (TPC) increased with salinity, particularly at 300 mM NaCl. An increase in TPA resulted especially from an increase in quinic, gallic, and protocatechuic acids (phenolic compounds), followed by quercetin-3-O-galactoside, catechin, and epicatechin (flavonoid compounds). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased only at high salinity levels (>200 mM), while glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity increased with salinity level. A positive significant correlation between antioxidant DPPH and TPA, TFC, TPC, CAT, and APX suggests a vital protective role in controlling oxidative stress through the scavenging process. Consequently, our results indicated that P. equisetiforme shoots are rich in secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds with high potential antioxidant activities. It can be considered a salt-tolerant species able to survive at salinity levels up to 300 mM NaCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) is a rare but potentially severe adverse drug reaction. To date, identifying individuals at risk for IDILI remains challenging. This is a prospective study, where a nested case–control (1:5) design was adopted. For six patients who had abnormalities in liver function test after Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM) ingestion (susceptible group), 30 patients with normal liver function were matched (tolerant group). Based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, metabolomics analysis was done on serum samples prior to PM ingestion, to screen the differential metabolites and characterize metabolomic profiles of patient serum in the two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that there were remarkable separations between susceptible and tolerant groups. A total of 25 major differential metabolites were screened out, involving glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, histidine metabolism and aromatic amino acid metabolism. Wherein, the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curves of metabolites PE 22:6, crotonoyl-CoA, 2E-tetradecenoyl-CoA, phenyllactic acid, indole-5,6-quinone, phosphoribosyl-ATP were all greater than 0.9. The overall serum metabolic profile comprising of 25 metabolites could clearly distinguish susceptible and tolerant groups. This proof-of-concept study used metabolomics to characterize the metabolic profile of IDILI risk individuals before drug ingestion for the first time. The metabolome characteristics in patient serum before PM ingestion may predict the risk of liver injury after PM ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis are thought as primary mediators of cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the protective effect of Polygonum minus essential oil in cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. A total of forty-two male rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control, cisplatin, β-caryophyllene 150 mg/kg (BCP), PmEO 100 mg/kg + cisplatin (PmEO100CP), PmEO 200 mg/kg + cisplatin (PmEO200CP), PmEO 400 mg/kg + cisplatin (PmEO400CP) and PmEO 400 mg/kg (PmEO400). Rats in the BCP, PmEO100CP, PmEO200CP, PmEO400CP and PmEO400 group received respective treatment orally for 14 consecutive days prior to cisplatin injection. All animals except for those in the control group and PmEO400 were administered with a single dose of cisplatin (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally on day 15 and all animals were sacrificed on day 18. PmEO100CP pretreatment protected against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity by decreasing CYP2E1 and indicators of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde, 8-OHdG and protein carbonyl which was accompanied by increased antioxidant status (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) as compared to cisplatin group. PmEO100CP pretreatment also modulated changes in liver inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10). PmEO100CP administration also notably reduced cisplatin-induced apoptosis significantly as compared to cisplatin group. In conclusion, our results suggested that P. minus essential oil at a dose of 100 mg/kg may protect against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity possibly via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first report on identification of all B-type proanthocyanidins from monomers to decamers (monomers—flavan-3-ols, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, nonamers, and decamers) and some of their gallates in leaves of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica Houtt.), giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis F. Schmidt) and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtkova) J.P. Bailey). Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins were investigated using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to densitometry, image analysis, and mass spectrometry (HPTLC–MS/MS). All species contained (−)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2, while (+)-catechin was only detected in Bohemian and giant knotweed. (−)-Epicatechin gallate, procyanidin B1 and procyanidin C1 was only confirmed in giant knotweed. Leaves of all three knotweeds have the same chemical profiles of proanthocyanidins with respect to the degree of polymerization but differ with respect to gallates. Therefore, chromatographic fingerprint profiles of proanthocyanidins enabled differentiation among leaves of studied knotweeds, and between Japanese knotweed leaves and rhizomes. Leaves of all three species proved to be a rich source of proanthocyanidins (based on the total peak areas), with the highest content in giant and the lowest in Japanese knotweed. The contents of monomers in Japanese, Bohemian and giant knotweed were 0.84 kg/t of dry weight (DW), 1.39 kg/t DW, 2.36 kg/t, respectively, while the contents of dimers were 0.99 kg/t DW, 1.40 kg/t, 2.06 kg/t, respectively. Giant knotweed leaves showed the highest variety of gallates (dimer gallates, dimer digallates, trimer gallates, tetramer gallates, pentamer gallates, and hexamer gallates), while only monomer gallates and dimer gallates were confirmed in Japanese knotweed and monomer gallates, dimer gallates, and dimer digallates were detected in leaves of Bohemian knotweed. The profile of the Bohemian knotweed clearly showed the traits inherited from Japanese and giant knotweed from which it originated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum minus is a plant rich with bioactive components that contribute to food, pharmaceutical, and perfume industries. However, high moisture content in fresh plants will allow microbial activity that leads to the degradation of plant quality. This can be prevented by drying the fresh plants to preserve the characteristics of their bioactive components. The present work was conducted to determine the effect of different drying methods such as air-drying, oven-drying (40 and 60°C), and freeze-drying on essential oil (EO) yield and chemical compounds of P. minus roots. For comparison purposes, all samples were extracted by maceration with n-hexane at room temperature. Then, the samples were analysed and identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest EO yield extract was obtained from freeze-drying (4.15 ± 0.5), followed by air-drying (3.79 ± 0.19). EO yield from oven-drying at 40 and 60°C was 3.4 ± 0.14 and 0.86 ± 0.04, respectively. Results showed that by increasing the drying temperature, the EO yield would decrease and cause a loss of major chemical compounds in the P. minus root. Air-drying was found to be the best method in preserving the presence of important chemical compound in P. minus roots such as β-caryophyllene (1.43%), pentadecane (4.34%), hexadecanoic acid (3.91%) and oleic acid (3.97%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM), called Heshouwu in China, is a popular Chinese medicine in clinical practice. Several clinical studies have been conducted to evaluate the traditional therapeutic claims and to study the potential therapeutic activity of PM in dyslipidemia and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting available clinical evidence. In recent years, reports on clinical adverse reactions of Raw Radix P. multiflorum (RPM) and P. multiflorum Praeparata (PMP) have been on the increase, especially with respect to liver injury. Most liver injury cases had been assessed for causality using RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) in this paper. However, the components of PM responsible for the reported hepatotoxic effects have not yet been identified. Moreover, many of the reports are contradictory, while studies on the mechanism involved in PM-induced liver damage are not comprehensive. This study was aimed at reviewing the status of research on liver injury due to PM, including clinical characteristics, risk factors, material basis research and mechanism of action, with a view to understanding PM-induced hepatotoxicity, and taking reasonable and effective measures to prevent it. In short, quality control is still one of the major safety problems in TCM drug safety concerns. The model of safety monitoring and risk management of PM drugs is not yet developed. Indeed, the characteristics and risk factors associated with PM require both proper understanding and control of the risk by strengthening standardization of clinical applications, basic science research, quality control in manufacturing, active monitoring methodology and enhancement of international communication and cooperation. Measures should also be encouraged and implemented to promote healthy development of the TCM industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Human chymase (h-chymase) is a serine protease that forms local angiotensin II and has been proven to be related to onset of hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and post myocardial infarction cardiac remodeling. Since no chymase inhibitor was clinically available, an extensive screening for inhibition of h-chymase in three different extracts (water, hot water, and ethanol) of approximately 800 food ingredients had been performed and we identified Polygonum hydropiper L (Polygonum). Using a dried and powdered Polygonum, we conducted a prospective, single-arm, pilot study to investigate its safety and antihypertensive effect in subjects with normal high blood pressure to moderate hypertension. Methods: First, a single oral dose of Polygonum powder (4000 mg) was administered to assess acute toxicity. Then, a pilot study was conducted in 11 subjects using the sequence of placebo and Polygonum for 2 weeks each. The dose of Polygonum was increased sequentially (200–2000 mg/day). Home blood pressure and pulse rate were monitored. Results: Oral administration of Polygonum (4000 mg) did not cause any adverse events. In the dose-escalation phase, evening systolic blood pressure was significantly decreased at 800 mg, 2000 mg doses post-treatment (p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). Depressor responders to Polygonum intake had significantly higher salt intake in spot urine (p < 0.05). No adverse events or reactions occurred. Conclusion: This was the first investigation that an h-chymase inhibitory Polygonum intake for safety and tolerability was proven and, in addition, chymase inhibitory Polygonum appeared to have depressor effect especially in a hypertensive subject with excessive salt intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports the extraction of phenolic compounds from Polygonum minus using ionic liquid as extracting solvent. In this work, 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [BMIM][HSO4] was used for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Accordingly, ionic liquids based microwave-assisted extraction treatment for separating of bioactive compounds from polygonum minus was first performed in the present study. The results obtained in this work have high extraction yield in comparison with conventional solvent. UV/Vis results showed that microwave synthesis was fast, well dispersed and nanosized copper nanoparticle (CuNPs) in comparison with conventional synthesis. CuNPs was characterised by X-Rays diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive x-rays (FESEM-EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All the instrumental analyses confirmed the particles were nanosized. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of as-synthesised CuNPs showed effective inhibitory zone against three different bacteria. The photocatalytic degradation of copper nanoparticles was studied using methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes under UV light and degraded 99.9% within short time 8 and 7 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb (PM) is used to slow the aging process. Although polysaccharides are a major constituent of PM, their anti-aging properties have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the anti-aging effects of polysaccharides extracted from PM using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. Two types of water-soluble heteropolysaccharides, namely a neutral polysaccharide (RPMP-N) and an acidic polysaccharide (RPMP-A), were obtained from PM. Their structures were elucidated by various methods. The effects of these polysaccharides on the lifespan, levels of antioxidants, and activities of antioxidant-related enzymes in C. elegans were also evaluated. The results showed that RPMP-A had higher GalA content compared with RPMP-N. The average molecular weights of RPMP-N and RPMP-A were 245.30 and 28.45 kDa, respectively. RPMP-N is a α -1,4-linked dextran as the main chain, and contains a small amount of branched dextran with O-6 as the branched linkage site；RPMP-A may be a complex of α -1,4-linked dextran, HG and RG-I. Treatment with RPMP-N and RPMP-A increased the mean lifespan of C. elegans , and significantly regulated oxidative stress. RPMP-A exhibited stronger anti-aging effects compared with RPMP-N. These findings suggest that RPMP-A may be a potent antioxidant and anti-aging component that can be used for developing functional food products and effective dietary supplements. [Display omitted] • RPMP-N and RPMP-A with anti-aging activity were first identified in PM. • RPMP-A presented a stronger anti-aging activity than RPMP-N in the Caenorhabditis elegans. • Structure-activity showed that enhanced activity related to high GalA content and low M w. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the antilithiasic activity of the hydromethanolic extract of Polygonum maritimum aerial parts (Pm). The chromatographic analysis made it possible to identify 30 compounds, namely gallic acid, (+)-catechin, three isomers of myricetin deoxyhexoside, quercetin pentoside, and quercitrin as the major molecules. The microscopic and macroscopic observations together with the plasma and urinary parameters as well as the histological analysis revealed that the use of Pm extracts (37.5 and 50 mg/kg) during 15 days significantly improved the elevated pH, hyperoxaluria, hypercalcemia, and decreased the urinary volume, when compared to the ethylene glycol group (EG-group). In addition, the microscopic examination revealed that the large crystals and oxalic aggregates detected in urinary, induced by EG (ethylene glycol), were mitigated by Pm -administration. Furthermore, the Pm supplement significantly restored the levels of urea, uric acid, and creatinine, and also led to a strong diuresis which helped remove crystal debris. These results were reinforced by the histological study. The current study highlighted the potential use of Pm for its remarkable beneficial effect during the various lithogenic stages as well as for improving kidney function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PCP-80% strongly reinforced RAW264.7 immunity. • JAK-STAT, NF-κB and MAPK were among the top 10 environmental information processing-related pathways identified by KEGG. • PCP-80% activates JAK-STAT, MAPKs and NF-κB pathways to participate in macrophage activation. This work aimed to illuminate the mechanism of Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (PCP-80%) triggered immune activation. Results showed that PCP-80% enhanced the protein expression of COX-2 and iNOS, along with increasing the release of NO, ROS, cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) in RAW264.7 cells. RNA-seq analysis revealed 2160 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following PCP-80% treatment, comprising 1142 up-regulated and 1018 down-regulated genes. In addition, for investigating possible regulatory mechanisms, the NF-κB, MAPKs, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways were also chosen based on bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, these findings were further corroborated through Western blot experiments, validating the activation of JAK-STAT (reduction of JAK1 in cells and elevation of p-STAT3 in the nucleus), MAPK (elevation of p-p38, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK), and NF-κB (elevation of p-IκBα in cells, reduction of cytoplasmic p65, and increase of nuclear content of p-p65) in macrophage activation induced by PCP-80%. Besides, the production of NO and TNF-α was decreased by the inhibitor of the three pathways. In conclusion, these findings provide strong evidence that PCP-80% effectively modulates the immune response of macrophages, with significant involvement of the JAK-STAT, MAPKs, and NF-κB signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. is a traditional Chinese medicine with extensive distribution and robust adaptability, but comprehensive research on its acid and alkali resistance is presently lacking. This study aimed to analyze the effects of 5 months of continuous pH stress on the physiological and photosynthetic parameters of P. multiflorum , and the content of effective components. Results revealed that pH stress significantly influenced the normal growth, physiological functions, and photosynthetic indicators of P. multiflorum. At soil pH 4.5, the tubers of P. multiflorum exhibited the highest levels of 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β- d -glucoside (THSG) and total anthraquinones at 5.41% and 0.38%, respectively. However, increased soil pH significantly reduced the content of THSG and total anthraquinones. Reference-free transcriptome analysis was further conducted on P. multiflorum treated at pH 4.5 and 9.5, generating a total of 47,305 unigenes with an N50 of 2118 bp, of which 31,058 (65.65%) were annotated. Additionally, 2472 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among them, 17 DEGs associated with the biosynthesis of THSG and anthraquinones were screened. A comprehensive analysis of differential gene expression and effective component content demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the content of effective components and the 14 DEGs' expression but a negative correlation with soil pH. This study highlighted the influence of varying soil pH values on the effective component content of P. multiflorum. Specific acidic conditions proved beneficial for the synthesis and accumulation of THSG and total anthraquinones in P. multiflorum , thereby enhancing the quality of the medicinal material. [Display omitted] • PH effects on the P. multiflorum physiology and effective components were analyzed. • The effective component content of P. multiflorum is the highest in the pH 4.5. • RNA-seq revealed the molecular mechanisms of P. multiflorum under pH stress. • The contents of THSG and anthraquinones were positively correlated with 14 DEGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of new pharmaceutical identities, particularly anti-infective agents, represents an urgent need due to the increase in immunocompromised patients and the ineffectiveness/toxicity of the drugs currently used. The scientific community has recognized in the last decades the importance of the plant kingdom as a huge source of novel molecules which could act against different type of infections or illness. However, the great diversity of plant species makes it difficult to select them with probabilities of success, adding to the fact that existing information is difficult to find, it is atomized or disordered. Persicaria and Polygonum constitute two of the main representatives of the Polygonaceae family, which have been extensively used in traditional medicine worldwide. Important and structurally diverse bioactive compounds have been isolated from these genera of wild plants; among them, sesquiterpenes and flavonoids should be remarked. In this article, we firstly mention all the species reported with pharmacological use and their geographical distribution. Moreover, a number of tables which summarize an update detailing the type of natural product (extract or isolated compound), applied doses, displayed bioassays and the results obtained for the main bioactivities of these genera cited in the literature during the past 40 years. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, diuretic, gastroprotective and neuropharmacological activities were explored and reviewed in this work, concluding that both genera could be the source for upcoming molecules to treat different human diseases.

Managing invasive exotic plant species is a complex challenge, especially for Asian knotweeds (Reynoutria spp.). Tarping is a regularly cited but poorly documented control method, which consists of covering the ground with a tarp (agricultural tarp, geotextile, geomembrane, etc.) to create a physical barrier to hinder plant growth and deprive the plants of light in order to deplete their rhizomatous reserves. To improve our knowledge of tarping in order to identify the key factors of its success or failure, we reviewed the relevant grey and scientific literature and conducted an international survey among managers to collect feedback on tarping experiments. In the literature, as well as in the field, practices are quite heterogeneous, and the method’s effectiveness is highly contrasted. A better consideration of knotweed biology may improve the efficacy of the method. Based on the bibliography and survey work, we propose practical recommendations including covering the entire stand, extending the tarping up to 2.5 m beyond its edges for a period of at least six years, and ensuring regular monitoring. Even though tarping does not seem to be a one-size-fits-all solution to eradicate knotweed, it could still be a useful control method once knotweed has become a critical management issue.

Four selected species of family Polygonaceae Juss. viz. Persicaria salicifolia (Brouss. ex Willd.) Assenov, Persicaria senegalensis (Meisn.) Soják, Polygonum bellardii All. and Polygonum equisetiforme Sm. were subjected to botanical, chemical and numerical studies. The botanical part deals with macro- and micromorphological characters of the whole plant. The chemical part deals with extraction and identification of 17 compounds including flavones, flavonols, flavone C-glycosides and phenolic acids. The botanical and chemical results of the four selected species were subjected to a numerical analysis.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Polygonum perfoliatum L. (PP) is classified as a heat-clearing and detoxifying agent in traditional Chinese medicine, and is believed to possess therapeutic properties for treating eczema, furuncles, and venomous snake bites. Previous studies have demonstrated that PP extract exhibits multiple bioactivities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidation, and antiviral properties. However, no existing studies have evaluated the effects of PP on animal models of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin symptoms, which are closely associated with traditional ethnic usage., Aim of the Study: In present study, therefore, we aimed to explore the potential anti-atopic effect of Polygonum perfoliatum L. ethanol extract (PPE) in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced dermatitis-like skin lesions., Materials and Methods: For reaching this aim, DNCB-induced mice with AD-like skin inflammation were subjected to topical administration of PPE gels for a period of 21 days, and subsequently, the biological impacts of PPE were evaluated., Results: PPE gels effectively mitigated AD-like skin symptoms induced by DNCB in mice, as demonstrated by a marked reduction in epidermal thickness and dermatitis severity. Moreover, PPE significantly decreased the production of various cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IgE, in addition to suppressed the production of key inflammation-related enzymes (iNOS and COX-2) and decreased the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB in AD-like skin samples. Furthermore, PPE treatment inhibited the abnormally elevated CD4+/CD8+ ratio in DNCB-induced AD mice. The results of the skin irritation test revealed that PPE exhibited no adverse toxicity in mice at dose of 10 mg/day., Conclusions: PPE exhibits potential as a safe therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis by efficiently mitigating DNCB-induced atopic symptoms and diminishing inflammation, and does not carry the risk of over-immunosuppression or treatment-associated adverse effects., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) holds that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) belong to the category of "thoracic fullness". Polygonum perfoliatum L. (PPL), a Chinese medicinal herb with the effect of treating thoracic fullness, was recorded in the ancient Chinese medicine book "Supplements to Compendium of Materia Medica". It has been used since ancient times to treat NAFLD. However, the underlying mechanism and active components of PPL against NAFLD remains unclear., Aim of Study: To identify the main active components and the anti-NAFLD mechanism of PPL., Materials and Methods: Network pharmacology, UPLC/QE-HFX analysis, and molecular docking were employed to determine the main bioactive compounds and key targets of PPL for the NAFLD treatment. This effect was further validated with administration of PPL (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) to NAFLD model mice for 5 weeks. Systemic signs of obesity, biochemical parameters, and histological changes were characterized. Immunohistochemistry, western blot, and PCR analysis were conducted to elucidate the mechanistic pathways through which PPL exerts its effects., Results: Network pharmacology revealed 77 crossover genes between the PPL and NAFLD. The kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis show that PPL treat NAFLD mainly regulating glucose-lipid metabolism mediated by PI3K/AKT signal pathway. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis show that PPL treat NAFLD mainly regulating inflammation mediated by cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. In accordance with the anticipated outcomes, administration of PPL in a dose-dependent manner effectively mitigated insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Histopathological evaluation corroborated the hepatoprotective effects of PPL against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, as evidenced by the inhibition of de novo fatty acid synthesis and promotion of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). Further research showed that PPL blocked cytokine production by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, thereby reducing immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, five flavonoids from PPL, including quercetin, baicalein, galangin, apigenin, and genistein were identified as key compounds based on ingredient-target-pathway network analysis. Molecular docking show that these active compounds have favorable binding interactions with AKT1, PIK3R1, and MAPK1, further confirming the impact of PPL on the PI3K/AKT pathway., Conclusions: Through the combination of network pharmacology prediction and experimental validation, this work determined that therapeutic effect of PPL on NAFLD, and such protective effect is mediated by activating PI3K/AKT-mediated glucolipid metabolism pathway and hepatic NF-κB-mediated cytokine signaling pathway., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The raw and processed roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb is a popular traditional Chinese medicine. However, Polygoni Multiflori Radix is easily contaminated by toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins during harvesting, processing, and transportation, thereby posing a health risk for consumers. This study aims to investigate the presence of fungi on the surface of raw and processed Polygoni Multiflori Radix collected from four producing areas using high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, the genera Xeromyces, Cystofilobasidium, Eurotium, and Aspergillus were the dominant fungus, and significant differences are presented in four areas and two processed products. Three potential mycotoxin-producing fungi were detected, namely Trichosporon cutaneum, Aspergillus restrictus, and Fusarium oxysporum. The α-diversity and network complexity showed significant differences in four areas. Chao 1 and Shannon were highest in Yunnan (YN), then incrementally decreased from SC (Sichuan) to AH (Anhui) and GD (Guangdong) areas. Meanwhile, α-diversity was also strongly influenced by processing. Chao 1 and Shannon indices were higher in the raw group, however, the network complexity and connectivity were higher in the processed group. In conclusion, the assembly and network of the surface microbiome on Polygoni Multiflori Radix were influenced by sampling location and processing. This work provides details on the surface microbiome of Polygoni Multiflori Radix samples, which could ensure the drug and consumers' safety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We don't have any conflicts of interests., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Context: Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc (Polygonaceae), the root of which is included in the Chinese Pharmcopoeia under the name 'Huzhang', has a long history as a medicinal plant and vegetable. Polygonum cuspidatum has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammation, hyperlipemia, etc., Objective: This article reviews the pharmacological action and the clinical applications of Polygonum cuspidatum and its extracts, whether in vivo or in vitro . We also summarized the main phytochemical constituents and pharmacokinetics of Polygonum cuspidatum and its extracts., Methods: The data were retrieved from major medical databases, such as CNKI, PubMed, and SinoMed, from 2014 to 2022. Polygonum cuspidatum , pharmacology, toxicity, clinical application, and pharmacokinetics were used as keywords., Results: The rhizomes, leaves, and flowers of Polygonum cuspidatum have different phytochemical constituents. The plant contains flavonoids, anthraquinones, and stilbenes. Polygonum cuspidatum and the extracts have anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, anticancer, heart protection, and other pharmacological effects. It is used in the clinics to treat dizziness, headaches, traumatic injuries, and water and fire burns., Conclusions: Polygonum cuspidatum has the potential to treat many diseases, such as arthritis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, and cardiac hypertrophy. It has a broad range of medicinal applications, but mainly focused on root medication; its aerial parts should receive more attention. Pharmacokinetics also need to be further investigated.

A new cycloartane-type triterpenoid, 24,31-epoxy-24-ethylcycloartan-3α-ol (1), was isolated from the rhizomes of Polygonum bistorta. The structure of 1 was elucidated using a combination of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques and HR-EI-MS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.) is a persistent native weed of China. This weed is characterized by high genetic and biological plasticity having a capacity to spread on a landscape scale. The present study planned to investigate the infection of a plant parasitic powdery mildew on P. aviculare on a landscape scale in three different locations of Shenyang during 2018. These locations were selected with a control treatment for proper comparison. Different growth parameters were observed and calculated by coefficient of determination ( R2). Maximum temperature (Maxt) ranged 25-30 °C and Minimum temperature (Mint) between 17 -20 °C with relative humidity 64-78% played a vital role for the emergence and flourishing of pathogen pressure on the plant. The elevated value of R2 = 0.97 for Mint with RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) < 5 recorded excellent prediction followed by R2 = 0.82 with RMSE < 5-10 for Maxt recorded very good model prediction. Highly significant (P < 0.001) height of Polygonum aviculare was recorded (23.125 ± 0.59) in parasite free plants compared to (20.99 ± 0.96) location-I having Mean ± SD. Both temperature ranges has a significant effect (P < 0.0001) with (F = 5.917; P < 0.0001; F = 25.721; P < 0.0001) three locations; however, the effect of the locations on plants height (P. aviculare) did not differ statistically (F = 2.102; P > 0.05) between two temperature ranges from 25-30 °C and 17-20 °C. According to our findings, plant parasitic powdery mildew (pathogen strain HMLAC226) affected significantly with growth characteristics of prostrate knotweed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between invasive plants and other species in their introduced ranges may facilitate or hinder the process of invasion. Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed), Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed), and their hybrid Fallopia × bohemica (Bohemian knotweed) are widespread invasive plants in North America and Europe. These species possess extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) that attract mutualist insect protectors in their native ranges. Popillia japonica Newman, 1841 (Japanese beetle) is a primary herbivore of invasive Fallopia spp. in these species' native range in Japan. These natural enemies are reunited in North America, where Fallopia spp. have been repeatedly introduced as ornamental plantings of residential and commercial properties since the 1800s, and the Japanese beetle has become a widespread insect pest. Spread of Fallopia spp. and their hybrids along linear features of urban landscapes such as roads, railways, and waterways make their performance in urban environments important to these invasive species' impact. To test the role of insect interactions in the success of Fallopia japonica and F. × bohemica in urban conditions in their invasive range, we examined ant visitation, Japanese beetle abundance and herbivory, ant-Japanese beetle interactions, pollinator visits, and seed production. All active herbivory observed was by Japanese beetles. Leaf area loss to herbivory was much lower than levels reported in Japan, suggesting partial enemy release. New Fallopia leaves were more frequently visited by ants than mature leaves, while Japanese beetle herbivory was observed on mature but not on new leaves. All ant species observed visiting invasive Fallopia EFN were native to North America. Active physical defense by these ants against Japanese beetles was observed but was rare. Native and non-native insects visited Fallopia flowers, followed by seed production. Our results indicate that both native and non-native species may facilitate invasion of Fallopia through pollination and protection mutualisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A divergent approach toward the protecting‐group‐free total synthesis of oxidized benzofulvene sesquiterpenoids is described. Highlight of our synthesis includes regio‐ and stereoselective assembly of the common intermediate 9 by the orchestrated application of a Pd(0)‐catalyzed reductive dehalogenation, a solvent‐free methylenation, and a vinylogous Stork enamine aldol condensation in a substrate‐controlled manner. The advanced intermediate 9 was efficiently transformed to nicotianasesterpenes A, B, and a polygonum sesquiterpenoid, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how different nitrogen (N) forms and application levels promote plant growth and assist in manganese (Mn) remediation of Polygonum pubescens Blume (P. pubescens) cultured in soil with a high Mn level. The effects of ammonium chloride (a) and urea (u), at three application levels (10, 20, and 30 mg L−1 N) and control (no N addition, CK) on the growth, Mn accumulation, and enzymatic anti-oxidative defenses of P. pubescens were examined. In general, both ammonium-N and urea-N promoted the plant mass and height of P. pubescens. The total Mn amount of roots, stems, and leaves in N treatments were higher (p < 0.05) than that of CK. The ammonium-N treatments showed greater plant biomass and Mn accumulation compared to the urea-N ones. In general, the accumulations of Mn, Cr, Zn, and Cu were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the N fertilizer treatment than those in the control; while the accumulations of Pb were higher (p < 0.05) in P. pubescens across all N fertilizer treatments than those in the control. The N addition decreased the contents of O2− and H2O2 in the leaves of P. pubescens, while increasing the activities of enzymatic anti-oxidative defenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This study aimed to optimize the preparation process of Radix Polygonum Multiflorum Preparata-Herba Taxilli tea bags. [Methods] Taking the comprehensive weighed score of total flavonoid content, soup color, aroma and taste as an indicator, the preparation process of tea bags was optimized using an orthogonal test. [Results] The results of the orthogonal test show that the optimal preparation process for the Radix Polygonum Multiflorum Preparata-Herba Taxilli tea bags are as follows : particle size of 14 meshes, solid to liquid ratio of U40, brewing temperature of 70 °C, and brewing time of 10 min. [Conclusions] The optimized preparation process is reasonable and feasible. It is suitable for the production of Radix Polygonum Multiflorum Preparata-Herba Taxilli tea bags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergence at an appropriate time and place is critical for maximizing plant fitness and hence sophisticated mechanisms such as seed dormancy have evolved. Although maternal influence on different aspects of dormancy behavior has been identified, its impact under field conditions and its relation to plant fitness has not been fully determined. This study examined maternal effects in Polygonum aviculare on release of seed primary dormancy, responses to alternating temperatures, induction into secondary dormancy, and field emergence patterns as influenced by changes in the sowing date and photoperiod experienced by the mother plant. Maternal effects were quantified using population threshold models that allowed us to simulate and interpret the experimental results. We found that regulation of dormancy in P. aviculare seeds by the maternal environment is instrumental for maximizing plant fitness in the field. This regulation operates by changing the dormancy level of seeds dispersed at different times (as a consequence of differences in the sowing dates of mother plants) in order to synchronize most emergence to the seasonal period that ultimately guarantees the highest reproductive output of the new generation. Our results also showed that maternal photoperiod, which represents a clear seasonal cue, is involved in this regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative analysis of multicomponents by the single-marker (QAMS) method was established and the relationship between F value (the ratio of the sum of the contents of emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside to the sum of the contents of emodin and physcion) and the steaming time was found to identify and differentiate Polygonum multiflorum Radix and its processed product. Emodin was considered as the control substance, and the correction factors of physcion, emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were computed. In addition, the contents of the four components were determined. When the F value is greater than or equal to 1.0, the sample was identified as Polygonum multiflorum Radix, and if the F value was between 0.6 and 1.0, the sample of Polygoni multiflori Radix Preaparata was processed incompletely. The F value of the qualified Radix Polygonum multiflorum should be no more than 0.6. However, the influence of different sample injection volumes and the chromatographic columns and instruments used on the durability of the correction factors and RSD ≤3% hindered accurate identification; therefore, a QAMS method using an external standard value with methodological verification was developed. We redefined the "Polygonum multiflorum rules." The method using "Polygonum multiflorum rules" revised after optimization of the determination results was used, as it was accurate and led to convenient operation and low inspection costs, and moreover, the method could differentiate Polygoni multiflori Radix Preaparata and Polygonum multiflorum Radix medicinal samples and precisely identify samples that were different from the completely processed product Polygoni multiflori Radix Preaparata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simple, fast and economical method was developed to enrich the dianthrones. • A HPLC-UV/LTQ-FT-ICR-MS method was described for structural characterization. • 45 dianthrone derivatives were characterized or tentatively identified. • The result verified that there are lots of dianthrone glycosides in P. multiflorum. Dianthrone derivatives are minor constituents of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM). These derivatives are potential hepatotoxic components in PM. Fraction D 6 contains many dianthrone derivatives and was successfully enriched using an efficient three-step approach. An effective and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique coupled with ultraviolet detection (UV) and a linear ion trap FT-ICR hybrid mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV/LTQ-FT-ICR-MS) method were successfully developed to separate and identify the dianthrones of the fraction D 6. The characteristic diagnostic fragment ions and characteristic fragmentation pathway of the seven dianthrone standards, namely, Polygonumnolide B1 (S1), Polygonumnolide C3 (S2), Polygonumnolide C2 (S3), Polygonumnolide E (S4), Polygonumnolide A1 (S5), Polygonumnolide A2 (S6) and cis-emodin dianthrones (S7), were compared with unknown compounds in fraction D 6 , and 45 dianthrone derivatives were characterized or tentatively identified. Of these derivatives, 32 new dianthrone derivatives were tentatively characterized in PM. Therefore, LTQ-FT-ICR-MS combined with a selective enrichment method provided a powerful means for analyzing dianthrone derivatives. This study provides a meaningful basis for correcting some mistakes in previous studies, as well as further quality control and pharmacological and toxicological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Long-term data indicate zonation between Polygonum ferrugineum and P. acuminatum. • P. acuminatum escaped inundation stress by shoot elongation, but not P. ferrugineum. • P. acuminatum has higher competitive ability than P. ferrugineum regardless of the water level. • The water level is the primary factor determining zonation between these species. We assessed the zonation of two emergent macrophytes, Polygonum ferrugineum and Polygonum acuminatum, and experimentally tested the effects of water level fluctuations and competition on the growth of these two species. We modelled the abundance of both species as a function of depth using a Bayesian approach based on a 16-year dataset from a subtropical floodplain. Then, we designed a factorial experiment in which species were planted in monocultures and mixtures and subjected to three water level treatments (low, high and variable) for 30 days. All response variables and relative yields were analysed with a two-way ANOVA. The modelled data showed that the two species colonize different depths, with P. acuminatum colonizing shallower areas than P. ferrugineum. Biomass accumulation did not differ between species in monocultures, but P. acuminatum showed significantly higher shoot and internode lengths when it grew submerged, indicating different survival strategies between the two species. P. acuminatum resisted inundation through an escape strategy, elongating above the water surface, while P. ferrugineum did not show this strategy. In mixtures, P. acuminatum showed a significantly higher competitive ability than P. ferrugineum , indicating that the former species has advantages over the latter during the colonization phase. These results are consistent with our observational results because they show that P. acuminatum can dominate in shallower areas by having morphological adaptations to intermittent fluctuations in water level and a competitive advantage over P. ferrugineum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persicaria jucunda (Meisn.) Migo var. rotunda (Z.Z.Zhou & Q.Y.Sun) Bo Li was originally published in the genus Polygonum L. and treated as a variety of P. rotundum Meisn. [=Persicaria jucunda (Meisn.) Migo]. After carefully comparing the macro- and micro-morphological characteristics of the achenes, leaf epidermis and tepals and the habitat between the variety and its typical variety, we confirmed that P. jucunda var. rotunda is clearly different from P. jucunda and should not be treated as a variety, but be raised to a specific rank as P. rotunda (Z.Z.Zhou & Q.Y.Sun) Bo Li. The species is distylous and could be easily distinguished from all other Persicaria taxa by a combination of morphological characters, such as completely decumbent leafless basal branches, almost sessile leaves, linear-lanceolate with rounded leaf bases, spicate, short and dense inflorescences, slender pedicels longer than bracts and dimorphic flowers and achenes. P. rotunda is endemic to several large wetlands of eastern China and usually occurs as one of the dominant species in some plant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum perfoliatum L. belongs to the genus Polygonaceae and has a long history to be used as a Chinese medicinal herb to reduce swelling, control body temperature, and promote detoxification. However, its anticancer activity and mechanisms of action have not been evaluated yet. In the present study, we used several cell lines and xenograft models from different cancers to demonstrate the broad-spectrum anticancer activity of P. perfoliatum L as well as its underlying mechanisms of action in vitro and in vivo. The ethyl acetate extract of P. perfoliatum L showed good anticancer activity and was further fractioned to obtain five active components, including PEA to PEE. Among these fractions, PEC showed the strongest cytotoxicities against various cancer cell lines. It was further observed that PEC inhibited cancer cell growth, arrested cells at G2 phase, and induced apoptosis in vitro and suppressed tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, PEC decreased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and micro-vascular density (MVD) in tumor tissues in vivo. It also promoted the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, increased the activities of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), enhanced the secretion of interleukin 2 (IL-2) by spleen cells, and raised the levels of IgG, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies in tumor-bearing mice in vivo , which were at least partially responsible for the anticancer activity of PEC. In summary, PEC has shown broad-spectrum anticancer activities without causing any host toxicity in vitro and in vivo and may be developed as a preventive and therapeutic agent against human cancer. Further studies are urgently needed to determine the anticancer compounds in PEC and their detailed molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of many theoretical explanations, the plant richness pattern along the mountain elevation gradient is still debatable. Here we considered East district of Sikkim state in the Eastern Himalaya to study plant richness pattern of vascular plants along an elevation gradient of 500–3300 m at 100, 200 and 300 m elevation steps. The study evaluates species-area relationships along the elevation gradient, spread over four major forest types i.e., low (tropical to sub-tropical, up to 900 m), middle (subtropical, 750–1500 m), upper (wet temperate, 1500–2700 m) and Rhododendron-Conifer Zone (cold temperate/sub-alpine, 2700–3600 m) with 664 species from 367 genera and 131 families. Pteridium aquilinum was found to be the most diverse species occurring in all 28-elevation steps along 500–3300 m, followed by Polystichum lentum, Polygonum runcinatum and Nephrolepis cordifolia those occured in 23 elevation steps. In general, a hump shaped pattern was observed for plant richness of all life forms along the elevation gradient. The peaks became prominent, with the increase in scale of extent from 100 m (R2 = 50%) to 300 m (R2 = 78%) through 200 m (R2 = 55%) elevation steps, using 2nd order polynomial fitting. The reduction in tree height and richness was noticed beyond 2300 m allowing dominance of herbs owing to climatic constraints. Using generalized additive model, temperature could explain the maximum deviance of > 47%. Soil explained 36.4% deviance, followed by precipitation (21.6% deviance) in the plant richness. However, the ecotone effect of different forest types explained the mid-elevation peaks in plant richness more prominently than the geographic area availability. Further, inclusion of disturbance and biotic interactions may improve ecological understandings on the plant richness pattern along the elevation gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-four compounds were obtained from Pteroxygonum giraldii and were classified as five triterpenes (1 – 5), two sterols (6 and 7), two quinones (8 and 11), three stilbenes (9 , 10 and 18) and twelve flavonoids (12 – 17 , 19 – 24). Seventeen of these compounds were obtained from the genus Pteroxygonum for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of this plant was also discussed. Compounds 10 , 12 and 23 can serve as the fingerprints for P. giraldii , and compounds 12 , 13 , 17 and 22–24 are recognized as typical metabolites of P. giraldii. Both Pteroxygonum and Polygonum might have the same origin and could be classified into the same tribe among Polygonaceae. Furthermore, due to the presence of stilbenes, Pteroxygonum may have some taxonomic relationships with Fallopia , Rumex and Reynoutria. • Twenty-four compounds are reported from Pteroxygonum giraldii. • The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and data comparison. • Seventeen of these compounds were isolated from Pteroxygonum for the first time. • Pteroxygonum may have some taxonomic relationship with Fallopia , Rumex and Reynoutria. • The compounds indicate relationships between Pteroxygonum giraldii and others within the family Polygonaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant capacities of 11 populations of P. equisetiforme collected from the Saharan, arid, and semi-arid bioclimatic zones in Tunisia were investigated. Total phenolic content varied from 31 ± 5 to 113 ± 4 mg GAE/g dw. Flavonoid content varied from 29 ± 2 to 130 ± 10 mg QRE/g dw and condensed tannins ranged between 8 ± 1 and 33 ± 2 mg CTE/g dw. P. equisetiforme showed a high antioxidant potential, with the total antioxidant capacity varying from 10 ± 2 to 71 ± 3 mg GAE/g dw. The DPPH scavenging activity ranged from 12 ± 1 to 51 ± 6 mM TRE/g dw and the EC 50 of reducing power ranged between 68 ± 5 and 210 ± 20 μg/mL. Plants collected from the Saharan climate showed the highest phytochemical and antioxidant activity. LC–ESI-MS analysis allowed identification of 19 compounds, of which quinic acid, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, and cirsiliol were identified as major compounds. High quantitative and qualitative variability in the phenolic acid and flavonoid fractions between the studied populations were observed. Overall, P. equisetiforme could be considered as a prospective source of useful natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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