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Selecting objects is a key element of \ac{hci}. Successful selections of \ac{ui} elements allow users to chose display options, input text, open and close applications but also to select the objects one intends to interact with. Without successful selections, no viable input and therefore interaction would be possible. Through the introduction of mobile and pervasive computing, the design space for input has changed dramatically. Objects are more and more selected without using intermediary devices by way of mid-air and touch gestures, fully fulfilling the promises of direct manipulation. However, this introduces several new challenges. \ac{ui}s relying on mid-air and touch gestures as input means do not necessarily include intermediary devices like mice or physical keyboards and feedback indicators like cursors. Those \ac{ui} elements traditionally serve as moderators between users and systems, allowing users to still perform successful interactions even with less precise input. When no intermediary devices are included in the \ac{ui}, however, a higher degree of precision in input as well as knowledge about how systems process user input is expected from users. Further, through the absence of feedback indicators no implicit corrections of input gestures based on hand-eye coordination are possible, only upon success or failure one can correct their selection strategy. This thesis presents solutions to overcome the resulting challenges by systematically analysing the mentioned problem space, presenting empirical as well as artefact contributions, and discussing said solutions in the broader context of \ac{hci}. The proposed solutions include a soft- and hardware based general hand tremor correction approach for mobile touchscreens, optimizations for list selections on small mobile touchscreens, comparisons of mid-air gesture type performances for smart home contexts, conflict solving strategies in multi-user mid-air gesture scenarios, and a model of how ocular dominance and handedness affects deictic mid-air gesture accuracy. The solutions were developed based on an introduced model of object selection in \ac{hci}, the Interaction Loop. This model allows to analyse interaction processes as well as breaks resulting from omitting intermediaries and feedback indicators. To achieve the empiric and artefact contributions presented in this thesis, the standard \ac{ucd} process was refined to account for the requirements of research in mobile and pervasive computing. Yet the version presented here can also be applied in \ac{hci} research in general. In general, solutions were developed based on information about user behaviour collected before developing said solutions. The main development strategy were adjusting \ac{ui}s to accustom for user specific and context specific characteristica. Subsequently, solutions were evaluated using standard \ac{hci} methods.

Introduction The G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1) is a potential prognostic marker in breast cancer. However, its role in male breast cancer (MBC) is still unknown. This study evaluates the expression of GPER-1 in MBC samples and correlates these data with clinical and pathological parameters including patients' survival. Material and methods For this retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained cohort of patients with MBC, we examined 161 specimens for GPER-1 expression using immunohistochemistry. An immunoreactive score (IRS) was calculated based on staining intensity and the percentage of positive tumour cells. Then, we correlated GPER-1 IRS with clinical and pathological parameters, and overall and relapse-free survival. Results About 40% of MBC samples were positive for GPER-1 expression (IRS ≥ 4). There was no significant correlation with clinicopathological parameters, such as hormone receptor status or grading. However, a statistical trend was observed for tumour size (≥ 2 cm, p = 0.093). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed no significant correlation with relapse-free survival. However, there was a significant correlation with overall survival, but when we adjusted the log-rank p-value to compensate for the cut-off point optimization method, it rose above 0.1. Additionally, GPER-1-positive patients were older at diagnosis. When adjusted for age by multivariable Cox regression analysis, the significance of GPER-1 status for survival was further reduced. Conclusions We found no significant prognostic value of GPER-1 in this MBC cohort as anticipated from studies on female BC. Future studies with higher sample size are needed to further verify a potential sex-specific role of GPER-1.

Parahydrogen (pH2 ) is a convenient and cost-efficient source of spin order to enhance the magnetic resonance signal. Previous work showed that transient interaction of pH2 with a metal organic complex in a signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) experiment enabled more than 10 % polarization for some 15 N molecules. Here, we analyzed a variant of SABRE, consisting of a magnetic field alternating between a low field of ∼1 μT, where polarization transfer is expected to take place, and a higher field >50 μT (alt-SABRE). These magnetic fields affected the amplitude and frequency of polarization transfer. Deviation of a lower magnetic field from a "perfect" condition of level anti-crossing increases the frequency of polarization transfer that can be exploited for polarization of short-lived transient SABRE complexes. Moreover, the coherences responsible for polarization transfer at a lower field persisted during magnetic field variation and continued their spin evolution at higher field with a frequency of 2.5 kHz at 54 μT. The latter should be taken into consideration for an efficient alt-SABRE. Theoretical and experimental findings were exemplified with Iridium N-heterocyclic carbene SABRE complex and 15 N-acetonitrole, where a 30 % higher 15 N polarization with alt-SABRE compared to common SABRE was reached.

Aims To examine the association of frozen shoulder (FS) with demographic and diabetes-related outcomes in individuals with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 (T2D) diabetes aged ≥30 years. Materials and methods Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for demographics were used to calculate the proportion of FS in association with age, gender, diabetes duration, body mass index (BMI), haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) and diabetes treatment. Results The unadjusted percentage of FS was higher in T1D compared to T2D (0.22% vs. 0.06%). In T1D, adjusted regression models revealed higher prevalence of FS in women than men (0.26 [0.20–0.34] % vs. 0.15 [0.11–0.21] %, p=0.010). No significant relationship of age and BMI with FS was found in both diabetes types. Longer diabetes duration was associated with a higher proportion of FS in T1D (p7% was related to a higher proportion of FS compared to HbA1c ≤7% (0.25 [0.19–0.32] vs. 0.12 [0.08–0.20] %, p=0.007), while an inverse relationship was found in T2D (HbA1c ≤7%: 0.08 [0.07–0.10] vs. HbA1c >7%: 0.05 [0.04–0.06] %, p=0.001). Conclusions Different associations of FS with gender and HbA1c were observed for T1D and T2D; however, longer diabetes duration increases the risk for FS independent of diabetes type. Musculoskeletal diseases are still underreported in individuals with diabetes and awareness should be raised for FS as a specific diabetes complication.

The development of hyperpolarization technologies enabled several yet exotic NMR applications at low and ultra‐low fields (ULF), where without hyperpolarization even the detection of a signal from analytes is a challenge. Herein, we present a method for the simultaneous excitation and observation of homo‐ and heteronuclear multiple quantum coherences (from zero up to the third‐order), which give an additional degree of freedom for ULF NMR experiments, where the chemical shift variation is negligible. The approach is based on heteronuclear correlated spectroscopy (COSY); its combination with a phase‐cycling scheme allows the selective observation of multiple quantum coherences of different orders. The nonequilibrium spin state and multiple spin orders are generated by signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) and detected at ULF with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)‐based NMR system., Ultra‐low field COrrelation SpectroscopY (ULF COSY): Hyperpolarized homo‐ and heteronuclear (1H‐19F) multiple quantum coherences (MQCs) from zero to the third order were observed at 91 μT by SQUID based NMR. MQCs were assigned by using density matrix simulations and measured here by a phase cycling modified ULF COSY sequence. The method allowed us to look deeper inside hyperpolarization processes at low magnetic fields.

Our study aimed to analyse treatment strategies after failure of initial metformin mono-therapy in adult patients with type-2 diabetes (T2DM). The DIVE and DPV databases were combined and 16,681 adult patients with T2DM and metformin mono-therapy identified. Patients were analysed depending on whether metformin was continued (MET), or whether it was combined with other oral antidiabetics (OAD), with GLP-1 antagonists (GLP-1) or with basal insulin (BOT/BOT plus). Metabolic control, body weight and hypoglycaemia, micro- and macro-vascular events were compared within 1 year. A total of 11,911 (71%) participants continued MET until the end of the observation period, 3334 (20.0%) were intensified using OAD, 579 (3%) started on GLP-1, and 857 (5%) were initiated on BOT/BOTplus. Predictors of OAD and BOT/BOTplus therapy were elevated HbA1c, longer diabetes duration and the presence of micro- and macro-vascular diseases, while GLP-1 therapy was predicted by younger age, female sex, higher body weight and shorter diabetes duration. Micro- and macro-vascular diseases were negative predictors of GLP-1 therapy. Effects on HbA1c were highest in the BOT/BOTplus and OAD group, while GLP-1 treatment had the best effect on body weight. BOT/BOTplus and OAD show good HbA1c reduction even in patients with longer diabetes duration and in older patients. GLP-1 therapy is effective concerning weight loss in overweight patients and is more often used in females and patients with shorter diabetes duration. Interestingly, despite several studies showing positive effects on micro- and macro-vascular outcomes, prevalent macro-vascular diseases are no predictors of GLP-1 use.

(5S,6S)-Aminotenuazonic acid, a new 3-acyltetramic acid, related to the well-known mycotoxin tenuazonic acid has been isolated from fruiting bodies of Laccaria bicolor. Its structure was mostly established by analysis of its 2D NMR and HR-(+)-ESI-MS spectra. A total synthesis starting from N-Boc-l-isoleucine gave (5S,6S)-aminotenuazonic acid in 8 % yield over nine steps (67 % de). The key steps of the total synthesis are a light-initiated Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag radical chain reaction and a Dieckmann cyclisation. The relative and absolute configurations of the natural product were determined by comparison of its NMR and CD spectra with those of the corresponding enantiopure synthetic compounds. Metabolic profiling of crude extracts of different mushrooms showed that aminotenuazonic acid is present in all four of the investigated Laccaria species. Aminotenuazonic acid shows phytotoxic activities against the root and shoot growth of Lepidium sativum, Pinus sylvestris and Arabidopsis thaliana comparable to those of tenuazonic acid.

A number of Ir–N-heterocyclic carbene (Ir–NHC) complexes with asymmetric N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been prepared and examined for signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). Pyridine was chosen as model compound for hyperpolarization experiments. This substrate was examined in a solvent mixture using several Ir–NHC complexes, which differ in their NHC ligands. The SABRE polarization was created at 6 mT and the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance signals were detected at 7 T. We show that asymmetric NHC ligands, because of their favorable chemistry, can adapt the SABRE active complexes to different chemical scenarios.

Hintergrund: Um einen Einblick in die bisherige Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Datenintegrationszentrum (DIZ) der Universitätsmedizin Magdeburg (UMMD) und der UMMD selbst zu geben, wird exemplarisch ein Datenprojekt der Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin (KRN) vorgestellt.[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], 65th Annual Meeting of the German Association for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (GMDS), Meeting of the Central European Network (CEN: German Region, Austro-Swiss Region and Polish Region) of the International Biometric Society (IBS)

Background: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is based on different magnetic blood properties before and after oxygen consumption caused by neuronal activity measured as spatial resolved “blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)” signal. Thus, fMRI allows detecting areas of increased[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 65th Annual Meeting of the German Association for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (GMDS), Meeting of the Central European Network (CEN: German Region, Austro-Swiss Region and Polish Region) of the International Biometric Society (IBS)

Deficits of disparity divergence found with objective eye movement recordings may not be apparent with standard clinical measures of negative fusional vergence (NFV) in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency.This study aimed to determine whether NFV is normal in untreated children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency and whether NFV improves after vergence/accommodative therapy.This secondary analysis of NFV measures before and after office-based vergence/accommodative therapy reports changes in (1) objective eye movement recording responses to 4° disparity divergence step stimuli from 12 children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency compared with 10 children with normal binocular vision (NBV) and (2) clinical NFV measures in 580 children successfully treated in three Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial studies.At baseline, the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial cohort's mean NFV break (14.6 ± 4.8Δ) and recovery (10.6 ± 4.2Δ) values were significantly greater (P.001) than normative values. The post-therapy mean improvements for blur, break, and recovery of 5.2, 7.2, and 1.3Δ, respectively, were statistically significant (P.0001). Mean pre-therapy responses to 4° disparity divergence step stimuli were worse in the convergence insufficiency group compared with the NBV group for peak velocity (P.001), time to peak velocity (P = .01), and response amplitude (P.001). After therapy, the convergence insufficiency group showed statistically significant improvements in mean peak velocity (11.63°/s; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.6 to 16.62°/s), time to peak velocity (-0.12 seconds; 95% CI, -0.19 to -0.05 seconds), and response amplitude (1.47°; 95% CI, 0.83 to 2.11°), with measures no longer statistically different from the NBV cohort (P.05).Despite clinical NFV measurements that seem greater than normal, children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency may have deficient NFV when measured with objective eye movement recordings. Both objective and clinical measures of NFV can be improved with vergence/accommodative therapy.

Der Genus Colletotrichum aus der Abteilung der Ascomyceten stellt viele kologisch und konomisch bedeutende Erreger der Antraknose Krankheit verschiedener Kulturpflanzen. Das Pathosystem Colletotrichum higginsianum – Arabidopsis thaliana ist pr destiniert, um die hemibiotrophe Interaktion zwischen Phytopathogen und Wirtspflanze zu untersuchen, da es sich bei beiden Organismen um etablierte und sequenzierte Modellorganismen handelt. Der Infektionszyklus beginnt mit der mechanischen Penetration der Wirtspflanze, die durch spezialisierte Zellen, den sogenannten Appressorien, erm glicht wird. Anschlie end etabliert der Erreger eine biotrophe Prim rhyphe in der ersten infizierten Zelle. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt ist die Plasmamembran des Wirts intakt und das pflanzliche Immunsystem muss unterdrückt werden. Ein bisher unbekanntes Signal vermittelt einen bergang in die Nekrotrophie. Hier werden lange, dünne Sekund rhyphen ausgehend von der Prim rhyphe gebildet, welche die Wirtsmembran durchbrechen und anschlie end Nachbarzellen kolonisieren. Die grunds tzliche Fragestellung dieser Arbeit war, welche Virulenzfaktoren von C. higginsianum wichtig für die Transition von der Biotrophie zur Nekrotrophie sind. In diesen Studien wurde entdeckt, dass C. higginsianum ein virulenzspezifisches Minichromosom besitzt, das spontan verloren gehen kann. Hierzu wurden anf nglich zwei Virulenzmutanten untersucht (vir-49 und vir-51), die aus Vorarbeiten einer T-DNA Insertionsmutagenese stammten und einen biotrophen Arrest zeigten. Die Genomsequenzierungen der C. higginsianum Mutanten und der Vergleich mit einem voll assemblierten Referenzgenom offenbarte, dass sowohl vir-49 als auch vir-51 keine Sequenzen für das Minichromosom 11 besa en. Durch die zielgerichtete Integration eines Gens für ein Fluoreszenzprotein in Sequenzen von Chromosom 11 wurde ein Reporterstamm hergestellt. Mit Hilfe von Durchflusszytometrie und der anschlie enden Sortierung von Einzelzellen konnten kongenische C. higginsianum Varianten (chr11Δ Mutanten) isoliert werden, die kein Fluoreszenzsignal besa en und folglich das Chromosom nicht mehr besitzen sollten. Es konnte beobachtet werden, dass Minichromosom 11 genetisch nicht stabil ist, da etwa eine von 2000 Zellen kein Chromosom 11 mehr besa (0,05 %). Nach der Verifizierung mittels Pulsed-Field Gelelektrophorese konnte der Zusammenhang zwischen der Anwesenheit von Minichromosom 11 und der Virulenz best tigt werden. Bei der Interaktion der chr11Δ Mutante mit A. thaliana konnten Zelltod-Ereignisse von Wirtszellen beobachtet werden, die auf Abwehrreaktionen der Pflanze schlie en lie en. Durch Infektionen diverser A. thaliana Mutanten, die Defekte in verschiedenen abwehrrelevanten Genen besitzen, sollte versucht werden, wichtige Komponenten des Immunsystems aufzudecken. A. thaliana Mutanten, die defizient für Tryptophan-abgeleitete Sekund rmetabolite sind, waren suszeptibel gegenüber der C. higginsianum chr11Δ Mutante. 2 Um zu untersuchen, welche Gene auf Chromosom 11 essentiell für die Virulenz sind, wurden mittels homologer Rekombination gezielte Deletionen auf dem Chromosom vorgenommen. Die Analyse verschiedener Mutanten mit Deletionen auf dem linken Arm von Chromosom 11 legte nahe, dass mehr als ein Gen für den Virulenzdefekt der chr11Δ Mutante verantwortlich ist. Es lag nahe, dass der hochexprimierte Effektorkandidat EC116 (Gen 4, CH63R_14384) sowie mindestens ein weiteres Genprodukt der Gene 5 bis 8 auf Chromosom 11 für die volle Virulenz von N ten ist. Bei der eingehenden Analyse des potentiellen Effektors EC116 konnte beobachtet werden, dass C. higginsianum St mme, die verschiedene EC116-Fusionsproteine exprimierten, einen Defekt in der Virulenz zeigten. Dabei konnte in vielen F llen ein dominant negativer Effekt in Anwesenheit der endogenen Kopie beobachtet werden. Zur Identifikation potentieller Interaktionspartner wurden massenspektrometrische Analysen durchgeführt.