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In their article on theory-based measurement, Borgstede and Eggert (2023) argue that a substantive formal psychological theory that is capable of predicting expected measurement outcomes for the theoretical objects of measurement it posits to exist is both necessary and sufficient for psychological measurement. They reveal that measurement in psychology mostly concerns the estimation of latent variables and compares unfavorably to the development of measurement in the history of physics. They, however, fail to include a comparison with the great advances in theory-based measurement achieved in modern physics. In this commentary, I describe how measurement is formalized in classical physics and examine what would be required to formalize the physical measurement of psychological phenomena. I conclude that, without an examination of the theoretical assumptions underlying current measurement procedures and a formal notion of psychological measurement, it is unlikely that psychological science will be able to generate the substantive theories suggested by Borgstede and Eggert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of compensating size effect by special structure design or structure design value has its limitation. In this article, the internal size effect and the rotation center size effect are considered, and the coupling between them is eliminated by the constraint of virtual point position. Moreover, in order to avoid the influence of other error sources on the size effect error calibration, such as the gyro-accelerometer asynchronous time and quadratic error of the accelerometer are considered in the state equation to develop a 46D Kalman filter self-calibration model. The calibration accuracy of the size effect is better than 1.2 mm by comparing the design values of the high precision inertial measurement unit physical structure dimensions. The navigation experiment shows that the accuracy of velocity can be increased by more than 4.4 times after the size effect error is compensated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport measurements performed on a cross-sectional slice prepared from a bulk GdBa2Cu3O7-x-Ag single-grain superconductor of 25 mm in diameter are described and the results presented. The sample, which was fabricated via the buffer-assisted top-seeded infiltration growth process, was capable of trapping a maximum magnetic field of ~ 1 T at 77 K. Transport measurements on superconducting, bulk single-grain RE-Ba-Cu-O [(RE)BCO] samples are generally very challenging due to their large critical current densities and poor mechanical properties. We present a straightforward and reliable approach to prepare reproducibly specimens from the parent single grain and results of transport property measurements on these samples in a commercial Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). Critical current densities determined via magnetic and transport measurements are compared and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality control of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products, and verification of their safety and efficacy, depends on reliable measurements of critical quality attributes (CQAs). The task becomes particularly challenging for drug products and vaccines containing nanomaterials, where multiple complex CQAs must be identified and monitored. To reduce (i) the risk of measurement bias and (ii) the uncertainty in decision-making during product development, the combination of orthogonal and complementary analytical techniques are generally recommended by regulators. However, despite frequent reference to "orthogonal" and "complementary" in guidance documents, neither term is clearly defined. How does one determine if two analytical methods are orthogonal or complementary to one another? Definitions are needed to design a robust characterization strategy aligned to regulatory needs. Definitions for "orthogonal" and "complementary" are proposed that are compatible with existing metrological terminology and are applicable to complex measurement problems. Orthogonal methods target the quantitative evaluation of the true value of a product attribute to address unknown bias or interference. Complementary measurements include a broader scope of methods that reinforce each other to support a common decision. Examples of the application of these terms are presented, with a focus on measurement of physical properties of nano-enabled drug products, including liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment, lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) and virus-like particles for nucleic acid delivery. The proposed framework represents a first step in advancing the assessment of the orthogonality and complementarity of two measurements and it can potentially serve as the basis for a future international standard. This framework may help product developers to implement more efficient product characterization strategies, accelerate the introduction of novel medicines to the clinic and be applicable to other therapeutics beyond nanomaterial-containing pharmaceuticals. [Display omitted] • Orthogonal or complementary measurements often recommended to reduce bias & uncertainty in nanopharmaceutical measurements • Definitions are lacking, thus the following are proposed and explained using using examples of nano-enabled drug products: • Orthogonal measurements: use different physical principles to measure the same property of the same sample • Orthogonal measurements aim to minimize method-specific biases and interferences of a measurement of a single attribute • Complementary measurements: corroborate each other to support the same decision [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane (CH4) microseepage from petroleum basins is a significant contributor to the atmospheric CH4 budget. However, research about CH4 migration and release mechanism is still very limited. This work seeks to theorize and verify the migration and release mechanism of CH4 microseepage via field measurement and physical simulation, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported in literature. Fluxes of CH4 microseepage from Dawanqi oilfield were measured, and three manifestations of release were observed, namely, continuous, flat, and episodic. Based on field observations, bench-scale physical simulation of CH4 migration through geological features of the oilfield was further conducted for 290 days. The results show that CH4 migration is mainly driven by buoyancy and diffusion. In continuous release, CH4 migration is mainly driven by buoyancy. In flat release, CH4 migration is dominated by diffusion. At low pressure, CH4 migrates upward slowly. As buoyancy increases, CH4 eventually break through the capillary pressure of the pore throat, causing spikes in CH4 concentrations in the layers above and reproducing episodic release observed during field measurement. Via field observation and verification by physical simulation, this work theorizes the migration mechanism of CH4 microseepage and its correlation with release types observed and confirms that counterbalance of buoyancy force and capillary pressure plays a critical role in episodic release of CH4 from oilfield. The findings of this study shed light on the migration mechanism and release manifestations of CH4 microseepage under different geological conditions and improve accuracy of estimating the flux of CH4 microseepage into atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite technological advances, some core disturbances due to piston coring process still occur and can be extremely difficult to identify characteristics of sedimentary structures during qualitative visual core description and core lithologies. Few quantitative methods have offered plausible ways to define the exact magnitude of the distorted sedimentary structures in imperfect sedimentary records in the context of overly limited sedimentary records. In this study, an investigation was conducted on the Kaoping slope offshore southwestern Taiwan, a region known for its high sedimentation rate (> 0.9 g/cm²/year), using both the LGD-GPC (giant piston corer) and giant gravity corer techniques. To examine how GPC procedures have shaped the retrieval of sedimentary sequences and affected core quality, we apply well-developed, non-destructive analyses, including physical property measurements, visible color reflectance and digital core images with quantitative curvature index (CI), to recovered sediments. Cores at 22°23'N, 120°13'E were as the basis for non-destructive measurement comparison. Evidence from digital core imaging and the CI calculation further supports the mechanism of piston suction. We suggest that shear deformation of sediment against the core barrel would be the prominent factor that govern the observed core disturbances in LGD-GPC cores. Meanwhile, excessive pulling forcing from a modified TORI piston and a slowly lift speed during LGD-GPC coring process may further aggravate core disturbances at the revisited site. The sedimentary length of core LGD-T43-B-PC is overestimated by more than 200%. We further demonstrate that an integration of the CI and color reflectance is an effective way to evaluate the transformation and distorted sedimentary sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effect of the physical estimation environment and the size of the to-beestimated (TBE) objects on the use of measurement units and length estimation performance. Following a betweensubjects design, forty young adults were asked to estimate the length of nine pieces of ribbon presented in two different conditions: an External Measurement condition, wherein several external measurement units were present or a No External Measurement condition in which such external measurement units were absent. The results indicated that the availability of external measurement units affected the type of measurement units that were applied as well as their frequency of use but not the estimation performance. Furthermore, it was found that participants adapted the size of the measurement units they used to the size of the TBE objects. At the same time, estimation accuracy was correlated positively with the frequency of use of external measurement units and negatively with the use of idiosyncratic units. These findings revealed participants’ flexibility in length estimation, as they adapted the choice of the measurement units to both the physical estimation environment and the size of the TBE objects. Implications for mathematics education and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineers use an array of yardsticks, ranging from visual inspection to physical measurements, occasionally combined with users' costs assessed from average long-term traffic data, to characterize a transportation facility's condition and prioritize maintenance needs. This approach is inconsistent with basic economics principles that recognize that transportation facility users optimize their well-being by making rational decisions regarding travel choices. This paper outlines a joint engineering-economic modeling framework that converts engineering indicators of facility condition to a measure of consumer welfare. The feasibility of this framework is demonstrated by applying it to a case study that assesses the welfare of users of a network composed of two substitutable bridges with deteriorating riding surfaces. The analysis accounts for increased users' costs as well as the reduction in traffic volume on a deteriorating facility due to partial diversion of its traffic to the alternate facility. Such joint engineering-economic analyses would give better appreciation of the economic impact of facility deterioration and maintenance deferrals, eventually leading to more informed maintenance decisions compared with those that rely solely on traditional engineering criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between some physicochemical properties and organoleptic assessments of duck meat quality and expert assessment of the general appearance of raw breast and leg muscles. Body, carcass, breast and leg muscle weight were analysed. For both breast and leg muscles the following parameters were recorded: water holding capacity, thermal drip, colour lightness L*, electrical conductivity after 15 minutes and 24 hours post mortem, as well as four traits subject to expert organoleptic evaluation (general appearance, colour, odour and fatness). The dependence was evaluated using the Pearson's correlation and multiple regression equations (the general appearance was treated as a dependent variable). Three sets of variables were considered as factors influencing the general appearance of the raw breast and leg muscles. First, the influence of jointly selected performance traits and physicochemical properties of meat was analysed. Next, the impact of only the second-mentioned group of discriminants was considered, and then the dependence on other organoleptic attributes. It was shown that for both muscle groups, the following have a significant effect on the general appearance: muscle weight (breast muscle P<0.0001, leg muscle P<0.0001) in the first set, electrical conductivity 15 minutes after slaughter (breast muscle P = 0.023, leg muscle P = 0.042) in the second, and colour (both muscle groups P<0.0001) in the third. Muscle weight, electrical conductivity 15 minutes post mortem and visually assessed colour can be used to make a preliminary assessment of the technological and culinary quality of duck meat. Moreover, measurement with a conductometer is an economical and fast method, possible to carry out in a slaughterhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofiber-porous systems comprising a porous substrate overlaid with nanofiber weave offer the potential for higher acoustic absorption than the substrate alone with negligible increase in thickness. The characterization of nanofibers from acoustic measurements is investigated in this work, and a regression model for predicting their acoustic properties from a single physical parameter is proposed to enable the design of nanofiber-porous systems directly from fabrication parameters. Characterization as a resistive screen via Johnson–Champoux–Allard and lumped element models for transfer matrix computations of absorption coefficient for nanofiber-porous systems exhibited good agreement with the measured spectra. The lumped element model was chosen as it was defined by fewer parameters and did not require nanofiber layer thickness measurements, eliminating the associated uncertainty. A regression model for lumped element parameters vs areal density established a design tool based on a single, easily measured physical property for optimized absorption at target frequencies without prior acoustic characterization of the nanofiber layer, enabling the analysis of complex acoustic networks incorporating nanofiber-porous systems. Practical considerations of applying adhesives at the nanofiber-porous interface were studied to evaluate possible enhancement of acoustic performance. For comparison with prior work by others, flow resistances from physical measurement and acoustic characterization were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation process was applied to the industrial circuit of the Juruti Bauxite Mine using mathematical models calibrated for the equipment and based on information from industrial sampling. The sampling campaign, mass balance routines and quantification of the process efficiency were discussed in Part I of this study and the model calibration and simulations process were the Part II objective. Simulation scenarios were defined considering the possible particle size curves for feeding the plant. Based on the simulated results, it was possible to observe which operations may be impacted by the increase in production, impacting the percentage of contaminants in the final product, indicating the necessity of equipment interventions to support increases in capacity. Another group of scenarios were established with the objective to evaluate the possibility of increasing the mass recovery and improving the quality of the fine product, by variations in the opening diameters of the apex and vortex finder of the five cyclone stages. Considering the simulated scenarios, the points of attention identified in the simulations were: (a) the washing efficiency could be reduced, in view of a consequent reduction in residence time connected to the change in characteristics of the ore fed to the plant; (b) increase capacity of the primary and secondary screens need to be done; (c) to keep the classification efficiencies, it is necessary install more cyclone units; and (d) changes in the apex diameter and vortex finder could generate results in terms of mass recovery and product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Measurement of the Circle is a short treatise by Archimedes on the area and the perimeter of a circle. It was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, along with other works attributed to Archimedes. Various versions of the Arabic translation of Measurement of the Circle were also produced. In this article, the critical editions of three Arabic versions of Measurement of the Circle are presented together with their English translations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sport Sciences / Magallat ulum Al-Riyadat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A method for predicting the complex physical properties of fabric using a simple measurement method has been developed. For this, a correlation analysis was performed between the data measured by the traditional measurement method for the physical properties of fabric, KES-FB, and by the simple measurement method, CLO Fabric Kit, which showed a high correlation. Then, a multiple regression analysis was performed between the drape coefficient and the KES-FB complex factors to find a factor that had a major influence on the drape coefficient. From this result, a regression equation for estimating the drape coefficient has been obtained. Euclidean distance calculation was used to find the fabric from the database that is most similar to the measured sample, from which the drape coefficient was predicted. Finally, it was confirmed that there is no statistical difference between the actual drape coefficient and the predicted drape coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Karbala Magazine of Physical Edu. Seiences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Optical density (OD) is a critical process parameter during fermentation, this being directly related to cell density, which provides valuable information regarding the state of the process. However, to measure OD, sampling of the fermentation broth is required. This is particularly challenging for high-throughput-microbioreactor (HT-MBR) systems, which require robotic liquid-handling (LiHa) systems for process control tasks, such as pH regulation or carbon feed additions. Bioreactor volume is limited and automated at-line sampling occupies the resources of LiHa systems; this affects their ability to carry out the aforementioned pipetting operations. Minimizing the number of physical OD measurements is therefore of significant interest. However, fewer measurements also result in less process information. This resource conflict has previously represented a challenge. We present an artificial neural-network-based soft sensor developed for the real-time estimation of the OD in an MBR system. This sensor was able to estimate the OD to a high degree of accuracy (>95%), even without informative process variables stemming from, e.g., off-gas analysis only available at larger scales. Furthermore, we investigated and demonstrated scaling of the soft sensor's generalization capabilities with the data from different antibody fragments expressing Escherichia coli strains. This study contributes to accelerated biopharmaceutical process development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of study: To evaluate the effect of the type of male castration (surgical vs. immunological) on the characteristics of Teruel dry-cured hams. Area of study: Teruel and Zaragoza (Spain). Material and methods: A total of 14 dry-cured hams from Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) male pigs intended for the Spanish Protected Designation of Origin ˈTeruel hamˈ were used. Half of them belonged to surgical castrated males (SCM) and the other half to immunocastrated males (IM). Ham weight losses during processing, physical and chemical characteristics were analyzed. Main results: There were no differences (p>0.05) due to the type of castration in ham weight losses throughout processing, thickness of subcutaneous fat, marbling, maximum stress and intramuscular fatty acid profile. However, hams from IM presented lower (p

Summary: Background: This study aimed to: 1) assess the associations of biological age acceleration based on Klemera and Doubal's method (KDM-AA) with long-term risk of all-cause mortality; and 2) compare the association of KDM-AA with all-cause mortality among participants potentially at different stages of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) continuum. Methods: The present study was based on a subpopulation of the China Kadoorie Biobank, with baseline survey during 2004–08. A total of 12,377 participants free of ischemic heart disease, stroke, or cancer at baseline were included, in which 8180 participants were identified to develop major coronary event (MCE), ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and 4197 remained free of these cardiovascular diseases before 1 January 2014. These participants were followed up until 1 Jan 2018. KDM-AA was calculated by regressing biological age measurement, which was constructed based on baseline 16 physical and 9 biochemical markers using Klemera and Doubal's method, on chronological age. We estimated the associations of KDM-AA with the mortality risk using the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from Cox proportional hazard models. We assessed discrimination performance by Harrell's C-index and net reclassification index (NRI). Findings: The participants who developed MCE (mean KDM-AA = 0.1 year, standard deviation [SD] = 1.6 years) or ICH/SAH (0.3 ± 1.5 years) during subsequent follow-up showed accelerated aging at baseline compared to those of IS (0.0 ± 1.2 years) and control (−0.3 ± 1.3 years) groups. The KDM-AA was positively associated with long-term risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.23), and the association was robust for participants potentially at different stages of the CVD continuum. Adding KDM-AA improved mortality prediction compared to the model only with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in whole participants, with the Harrell's C-index increasing from 0.813 (0.807, 0.819) to 0.821 (0.815, 0.826) (NRI = 0.011; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.019). Interpretation: In this middle-aged and elderly Chinese population, the KDM-AA is a promising measurement for biological age, and can capture the difference in cardiovascular health and predict the risk of all-cause mortality over a decade. Funding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82192904, 82192901, 82192900, 81941018). The CKB baseline survey and the first re-survey were supported by a grant from the Kadoorie Charitable Foundation Hong Kong. The long-term follow-up is supported by grants from the UK Wellcome Trust (212946/Z/18/Z, 202922/Z/16/Z, 104085/Z/14/Z, 088158/Z/09/Z), grants (2016YFC0900500) from the National Key R&D Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China (81390540, 91846303), and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (2011BAI09B01).

Background: Obesity is a serious public health problem. Existing research has shown a strong association between obesity and an individual's diet and physical activity. If we extend such an association to the neighborhood level, information about the diet and physical activity of the residents of a neighborhood may improve the estimate of neighborhood-level obesity prevalence and help identify the neighborhoods that are more likely to suffer from obesity. However, it is challenging to measure neighborhood-level diet and physical activity through surveys and interviews, especially for a large geographic area. Methods: We propose a method for deriving neighborhood-level diet and physical activity measurements from anonymized mobile phone location data, and examine the extent to which the derived measurements can enhance obesity estimation, in addition to the socioeconomic and demographic variables typically used in the literature. We conduct case studies in three different U.S. cities, which are New York City, Los Angeles, and Buffalo, using anonymized mobile phone location data from the company SafeGraph. We employ five different statistical and machine learning models to test the potential enhancement brought by the derived measurements for obesity estimation. Results: We find that it is feasible to derive neighborhood-level diet and physical activity measurements from anonymized mobile phone location data. The derived measurements provide only a small enhancement for obesity estimation, compared with using a comprehensive set of socioeconomic and demographic variables. However, using these derived measurements alone can achieve a moderate accuracy for obesity estimation, and they may provide a stronger enhancement when comprehensive socioeconomic and demographic data are not available (e.g., in some developing countries). From a methodological perspective, spatially explicit models overall perform better than non-spatial models for neighborhood-level obesity estimation. Conclusions: Our proposed method can be used for deriving neighborhood-level diet and physical activity measurements from anonymized mobile phone data. The derived measurements can enhance obesity estimation, and can be especially useful when comprehensive socioeconomic and demographic data are not available. In addition, these derived measurements can be used to study obesity-related health behaviors, such as visit frequency of neighborhood residents to fast-food restaurants, and to identify primary places contributing to obesity-related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of quantum metrology seeks to apply quantum techniques and/or resources to classical sensing approaches with the goal of enhancing the precision in the estimation of a parameter beyond what can be achieved with classical resources. Theoretically, the fundamental minimum uncertainty in the estimation of a parameter for a given probing state is bounded by the quantum Cramér-Rao bound. From a practical perspective, it is necessary to find physical measurements that can saturate this fundamental limit and to show experimentally that it is possible to perform measurements with the required precision to do so. Here we perform experiments that saturate the quantum Cramér-Rao bound for transmission estimation over a wide range of transmissions when probing the system under study with a continuous wave bright two-mode squeezed state. To properly take into account the imperfections in the generation of the quantum state, we extend our previous theoretical results to incorporate the measured properties of the generated quantum state. For our largest transmission level of 84%, we show a 62% reduction over the optimal classical protocol in the variance in transmission estimation when probing with a bright two-mode squeezed state with −8 dB of intensity-difference squeezing. Given that transmission estimation is an integral part of many sensing protocols, such as plasmonic sensing, spectroscopy, calibration of the quantum efficiency of detectors, etc., the results presented promise to have a significant impact on a number of applications in various fields of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research suggests that there is a bidirectional relationship between incidental affect (i.e., how people feel in day-to-day life) and physical activity behavior. However, many inconsistencies exist in the body of work due to the lag interval between affect and physical activity measurements.Purpose: Using a novel continuous-time analysis paradigm, we examined the temporal specificity underlying the dynamic relationship between positive and negative incidental affective states and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).Methods: A community sample of adults (n = 126, Mage = 27.71, 51.6% Male) completed a 14-day ambulatory assessment protocol measuring momentary positive and negative incidental affect six times a day while wearing a physical activity monitor (Fitbit). Hierarchical Bayesian continuous-time structural equation modeling was used to elucidate the underlying dynamics of the relationship between incidental affective states and MVPA.Results: Based on the continuous-time cross-effects, positive and negative incidental affect predicted subsequent MVPA. Furthermore, engaging in MVPA predicted subsequent positive and negative incidental affect. Incidental affective states had a greater relative influence on predicting subsequent MVPA compared to the reciprocal relationship. Analysis of the discrete-time coefficients suggests that cross-lagged effects increase as the time interval between measurements increase, peaking at about 8 h between measurement occasions before beginning to dissipate.Conclusions: The results provide support for a recursive relationship between incidental affective states and MVPA, which is particularly strong at 7-9 hr time intervals. Future research designs should consider these medium-term dynamics, for both theory development and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coupled hydraulic-mechanical system with a lumped parametric mechanical part has been set up, measured and mathematically modelled in the frequency domain. The main focus of this article is the identification of unknown system parameters, which depends on the models of coupling and dissipation. The set-up under investigation can be excited hydraulically, by flow rate, or mechanically, by force. The responding pressures of the hydraulic subsystem and the accelerations of the mechanical subsystem are measured, from which transfer functions between excitation and system states can be calculated. The property of reciprocity is used for the processing of measurement data. With a suitable two-step strategy and non-linear optimization unknown system parameters can be identified from measurements. Additionally, the agreement of model and measurement and the physical meaningfulness of these parameters are examined. The proposed model succeeds in predicting measured transfer functions, whose data weren't used for the identification of model parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derived measurements involve problems of coordination. Conducting them often requires detailed theoretical assumptions about their target, while such assumptions can lack sources of evidence that are independent from these very measurements. In this paper, I defend two claims about problems of coordination. I motivate both by a novel case study on a central measurement problem in the history of physical geodesy: the determination of the earth's ellipticity. First, I argue that the severity of problems of coordination varies according to scientists' predictive and experimental control over perturbations of the measurement process. Second, I identify a methodology by which scientists can solve hard problems of coordination and gradually increase their predictive control over perturbations. I dub this methodology 'operational pluralism' since it is driven by the introduction of alternative measurement operations that involve different physical indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach of empirical modeling of the machining process physical quantity with measurement uncertainty parameter included in the resulting power mathematical model coefficients. The proposed approach is presented through an example of modeling of the average temperature in turning like a methodology that is under the influence of various sources of measurement errors. The uncertainty budget accounts for the sources of errors of the experimental measuring system and the cutting process itself. This approach enables estimation of the reliability of the gained mathematical models and gives the possibility of identification and lowering of the main sources of errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground thermal tests are always mandatory before any space mission is flown into space. The collected results of these tests are mainly temperatures of the different parts of the spacecraft (nodes) for different mission scenarios. The measured temperatures always show differences with the expected values coming from the computer thermal mathematical models. The origin of these differences is partially related to the inherent error coming from physical measurements. The thermal parameters that compose the computer thermal mathematical models must always be correlated with the results coming from tests. This paper studies, through three thermal models, the difficulties that are found in the correlation process when the measured temperatures reach a certain level of error. Thermal parameters become more difficult to be identified when the measurement error level increases. However, the temperature fields obtained with these poor thermal parameters are good enough for the mission thermal analysis. Several error levels, different load cases and correlation for steady-state and transient cases are studied to probe these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yegah Musicology Journal / Yegah Müzikoloji Dergisi is the property of International Yegah Music Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Overwash is the cross‐shore transport of water and sediment from a waterbody over the crest of a sand or gravel barrier beach, and washover is the resulting sedimentary deposit. Washover volume, and alongshore patterns of washover distribution, are fundamental components of sediment budgets for low‐lying coastal barrier systems. Accurate sediment budgets are essential to forecasting barrier system sustainability under future climate‐driven forcing. However, comprehensive surveys of three‐dimensional washover morphology are challenging to deliver. Here, we use the results of a physical experiment, analysis of lidar data, and examples of washover characteristics reported in the literature to develop scaling relationships for washover morphometry that demonstrate volume can be reasonably inferred from planform measurements, for washover in natural (non‐built) and built barrier settings. Gaining three‐dimensional insight into washover deposits from two‐dimensional information unlocks the ability to analyze past aerial imagery and estimate contributions from washover flux to sediment budgets for past storms. Plain Language Summary: When a coastal storm drives water up and over the crest of a beach, sediment gets picked up by the flow and deposited behind the beach. That deposit, which might settle among dunes, on a marsh, or on the streets of a neighborhood, is called washover. Knowing the total volume of washover delivered by a storm event helps coastal managers account for the amount of sediment that moves through a beach system over time, known as a sediment budget. An accurate sediment budget provides an indication of environmental functioning and sustainability. However, washover volume is expensive to measure over large spatial scales—so despite its importance to sediment budgets, washover volume often goes unquantified. What if three‐dimensional washover volume could be estimated from the two‐dimensional shape and size of washover deposits visible in aerial photos? Here, we created washover deposits in a laboratory and compared them to washover in field settings to show that the area of a washover deposit is a good predictor of its volume. This relationship between area and volume unlocks information about past storm deposition captured in aerial photo archives, and enables estimation of washover volume where direct measurement of volume is unavailable or impossible. Key Points: Washover volume can be estimated from washover areaScaling relationships for washover size and shape link measurements from a physical experiment and field examplesEstimation of washover volume from aerial imagery is a step toward quantifying storm‐driven contributions to sediment budgets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-optic sensors are a powerful tool to investigate physical properties like temperature, strain, and pressure. Such properties make these sensors interesting for many applications including biomedical applications. Fiber sensors are also a great platform for distributed sensing by using the principles of optical frequency domain reflectometry. Distributed sensing is becoming more and more used to achieve high-resolution measurements and to map physical properties of biomaterials at small scale, thus obtaining 2D and 3D mapping of a particular area of interest. This work aims at building and investigating a 2D sensing carpet based on a distributed fiber sensing technique, to map local pressure applied to the carpet. The two-dimensional mapping is obtained by embedding a single-mode optical fiber inside a soft silicone carpet. The fiber has been bent and arranged in a specific configuration characterized by several parallel lines. Different fiber fixation methods have been investigated by means of a comparative analysis to perform better characterization and to achieve a more precise response of the carpet. The best pressure sensitivity coefficient (0.373 pm/kPa or considering our setup 1.165 nm/kg) was detected when the fiber was fully embedded inside the silicone carpet. This paper demonstrates the possibility of mapping a 2D distributed pressure over a surface with a resolution of 2 mm by 2 mm. The surface of investigation is 2 cm by 6 cm, containing 310 sensing points. The sensing carpet has been validated selecting several preferential positions, by testing the consistency of the results over different portions of the carpet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell–cell communication and physical interactions play a vital role in cancer initiation, homeostasis, progression, and immune response. Here, we report a system that combines live capture of different cell types, co-incubation, time-lapse imaging, and gene expression profiling of doublets using a microfluidic integrated fluidic circuit that enables measurement of physical distances between cells and the associated transcriptional profiles due to cell–cell interactions. We track the temporal variations in natural killer—triple-negative breast cancer cell distances and compare them with terminal cellular transcriptome profiles. The results show the time-bound activities of regulatory modules and allude to the existence of transcriptional memory. Our experimental and bioinformatic approaches serve as a proof of concept for interrogating live-cell interactions at doublet resolution. Together, our findings highlight the use of our approach across different cancers and cell types. A microfluidic system combines the capture, co-incubation, time-lapse imaging, and gene expression profiling of doublets to measure the distances between cells and associated transcriptional profiles due to cell–cell interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to supplement manufacturers' information, this department will welcome the submission by our readers of brief communications reporting measurements on the physical properties of materials that supersede earlier data or suggest new research applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic diagnostics across TAE Technologies' compact toroid fusion device include 28 internal and 45 external flux loops that measure poloidal flux and axial field strength, 64 three-axis (radial, toroidal, and axial) Mirnov probes, and 22 internal and external, axial-only Mirnov probes. Imperfect construction, installation, and physical constraints required a Bayesian approach for the calibration process to best account for errors in signals. These errors included flux loops not fitted to a perfect circle due to spatial constraints, Mirnov probes not perfectly aligned against their respective axes, and flux pickup that occurred within the insert (feedthrough) of the Mirnov probes. Our model-based calibration is derived from magnetostatic theory and the circuitry of the sensors. These models predicted outputs that were compared against experimental data. Using a simple least-squares optimization, we were able to predict flux loop data within 1% of relative error. For the Mirnov probes, we utilized Bayesian inference to determine three rotation angles and three amplifier gains. The results of this work not only gave our diagnostic measurements physical meaning, but also act as a safeguard to spot when instruments have malfunctioned, or when there is an error in database maintenance. This paper will go into the details of our calibration procedure, our Bayesian modeling, and the accuracy of our results compared to experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new formulation of 1-D equations of transient, compressible flows in pipes is developed. • A rigorous method is used to eliminate (inherently unquantifiable) derivatives of the Boussinesq coefficient β. • The new equations are simpler than those resulting from the standard practice of arbitrarily neglecting the derivatives. • β properly appears only in a compound coefficient (β −1) M 2 where M is the flow Mach number. • Physical measurements are used to show that (β −1) M 2 << 1 in typical flows, even when β itself is large. A rigorous analytical justification is developed for a simplification that is widely used in one-dimensional simulations of steady and unsteady flows in pipes, namely treating the flow as a 'plug flow' in which cross-sectional variations in axial velocity are neglected except for consequential shear forces on pipe walls. The proof is obtained without assuming that the flow is nearly incompressible flow and, indeed, it is found that the plug flow approximation remains good even for compressible flows at moderate, subsonic speeds. In more general analyses, explicit allowance is sometimes made for the influence of (i) the Boussinesq coefficient β and (ii) its axial rate of change ∂ β /∂ x. Typically, such analyses discard the terms in ∂ β /∂ x in the basic equations and proceed using β alone. This is done on the grounds that no method of evaluating ∂ β /∂ x is available. It is shown in this paper that discarding ∂ β /∂ x is not only unnecessary, but that it actually leads to less accurate outcomes than simply assuming plug flow. The process used to derive the analytical justification has a spin-off benefit of shedding light on alternative methods of integrating source terms over the pipe cross-section. Although the primary purpose of the paper is to demonstrate that the use of plug flow approximations can be justified rigorously for most flows, brief attention is also paid to cases where it has potential to mislead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Side-channel attacks are powerful attacks for retrieving secret data by exploiting physical measurements, such as power consumption or electromagnetic emissions. Masking is a popular countermeasure as it can be proven secure against an attacker model. In practice, software-masked implementations suffer from a security reduction due to a mismatch between the considered leakage sources in the security proof and the real ones, which depend on the microarchitecture. We propose ARMISTICE, a framework for formally verifying the absence of leakage in first-order masked implementations taking into account modeled microarchitectural sources of leakage. As a proof of concept, we present the modeling of an Arm Cortex-M3 core from its RTL description and leakage test vectors, as well as the modeling of the memory of an STM32F1 board, exclusively using leakage test vectors. We show that, with these models, ARMISTICE pinpoints vulnerable instructions in real-world masked implementations and helps the design of masked software implementations which are practically secure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Measurement of physical activity (PA) using commercial activity trackers such as Fitbit devices has become increasingly popular, also for people with haemophilia (PWH). The accuracy of the Fitbit model Charge 3 has not yet been examined. Aims: To compare the Fitbit Charge 3 against the research‐grade accelerometer ActiGraph GT3X‐BT in measuring average daily steps and minutes spent in different PA intensities. Methods: Twenty‐four young PWH wore a wrist‐worn Fitbit Charge 3 and hip‐worn ActiGraph GT3X‐BT simultaneously for seven consecutive days in free‐living conditions. Correlation of and differences between the devices for daily averages of PA parameters were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and paired t‐test, respectively. Agreement between devices was assessed using Bland‐Altman plots. Results: Twenty participants (mean age 21.8) were included in the analyses. We found moderate to high correlations between Fitbit and ActiGraph measured daily averages for all PA variables, but statistically significant differences between devices for all variables except daily minutes of moderate PA. Fitbit overestimated average daily steps, minutes of light, vigorous and moderate‐to‐vigorous PA. Bland‐Altman plots showed a measurement bias between devices for all parameters with increasing overestimation by the Fitbit for higher volumes of PA. Conclusion: The Fitbit Charge 3 overestimated steps and minutes of light, moderate and moderate‐to‐vigorous PA as compared to the ActiGraph GT3X‐BT, and this bias increased with PA volume. The Fitbit should therefore be used with caution in research, and we advise users of the device to be cognizant of this overestimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Saving energy and cutting costs without compromising indoor comfort conditions are challenging, especially in hot and humid regions such as Malaysia. This study explores a new approach to reducing energy consumption without compromising staff comfort in office buildings. This study aims to develop a method for lowering Building Energy Index (BEI) and maintaining acceptable indoor conditions while increasing productivity in office buildings. A developed triangulation method using Building Use Studies (BUS) for evaluating occupant satisfaction, physical measurements, and simulation modelling was implemented to measure indoor performance in an office building. The results indicated that enhancing six variables of building conditions managed to improve occupant satisfaction by 44%. Hence, the productivity of staff in the building increased by 16%. The findings demonstrated that a reduction of 3 h in the operating times of chillers while an increase in chillers' temperature by 1.5 °C maintained an acceptable indoor environment and reduced the building's BEI to 89.48 kWh/m2/year, with an energy saving of 21.51%, turning the case study into a low energy building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The current study was conducted to evaluate the heavy metals adsorption and sorption rate when removing them from water and processing it in the Tigris River in Samarra city, Salah El-deen, Iraq in 2021–2022 and evaluate the efficiency of zeolite for removing heavy metals, as well as to determine the high and low adsorption percentage from all heavy metals found in the river. Methodology. The study included the analysis and measurement of physical and chemical properties with low-cost natural processing with no side effects to reduce the heavy metal in the Tigris River. Finding. The results of the present study showed that the conductivity and turbidity of water decreased from 1596 to 727 µc/cm, from 343 to 22 naphthalene unit (NTU), respectively, and turbidity decreased from 633 to 491 ml/L. The concentrations of biological dissolved oxygen, total suspended solid, and total dissolved solid increased, while those of preprocessing nitrates (12.2 mg/l) differed significantly from the results of post processing (52 mg/l). Repetitive measurements showed good results for heavy metals such as Cr3+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Co2+ with 16.3, 23.1, 6.3, 14.4, 8.1, 12.5 and 17.4 mg/l, respectively; the adsorption percentage was 81.6, 81.5, 86.7, 87.3, 76.4, 89.5 and 79.7 %, respectively. Originality. The work showed the efficient processing of sewage water when treated with zeolite rocks powder being low cost and easy to use to adsorb heavy metals from water. Practical value. Zeolite as a powder ground in different sizes could be used as a layer in the filter that purifies the water to become a drinking water with low heavy metal concentrations as well as with some other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the measurements of physical and chemical characteristics of sand samples taken from Atayie, Je-wuha, Ziway (4 quarrying sites), Mekie (4 quarrying sites), and Soderie (2 quarrying sites) were analyzed by conducting different tests, such as silt content, moisture content, bulking, sieve size, unit weight, specific gravity, water absorption, and organic impurities tests. After conducting those tests, the results of sand samples taken from Atayie, Je-wuha, Alagie, and Bosat Fokie sites satisfied 100% test standard requirements. In the same way, Kiera and Atie leman sand sample satisfies the 90% test requirement while Lolie basuma sand satisfies 80% test requirements and Endala chebie satisfies 70% among 10 tests with respective requirements. However, the result of sand samples taken from Langano, Godo, Melka Jelo, and Dehera Degaga satisfies below 50% of the tests among the 10 test parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the relationship between preoperative nutritional indicators and sarcopenia in patients diagnosed with stage III colorectal cancer for the first time. To this end, we evaluated the relationships of preoperative anthropometric and nutritional indices obtained by physical measurements and nutritional assessments with skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) measurements obtained using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The participants were 135 patients (58 women; median age, 69 years). The anthropometric values obtained using an adipometer, and tape measure were evaluated in relation to the Japanese Anthropometric Reference Data (JARD 2001). The anthropometric values were associated with SMI and were highly sensitive to the sarcopenia reference cutoff values indicated by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019. Among the nutritional assessment tools, the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index was associated with SMI. Thus, preoperative anthropometric values in stage III colorectal cancer patients were associated with measurements obtained using the BIA method and can be considered clinically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In semiconductor manufacturing, virtual metrology (VM) is a method of predicting physical measurements of wafer qualities using in-process information from sensors on production equipment. The relevance vector machine (RVM) is a sparse Bayesian kernel machine that has been widely used for VM modeling in semiconductor manufacturing. Missing values from equipment sensors, however, preclude training an RVM model due to missing kernels from incomplete instances. Moreover, imputation for such kernels can lead to a loss of model sparsity. In this work, we propose a restricted RVM (RRVM) that selects its basis functions from only complete instances to handle incomplete data for VM. We conduct the experiments using toy data and real-life data from an etching process for wafer fabrication. The results indicate the model’s competitive prediction accuracy with massive missing data while maintaining model sparsity. Note to Practitioners—In recent decades, virtual metrology (VM) has focused on wafer fabrication in semiconductor manufacturing due to its advantages for process monitoring and automation. Typically, signals from production process equipment can predict wafer qualities in VM, which often leads to high data dimensionality. The relevance vector machine (RVM) is an algorithm that can provide a sparse solution to a Bayesian kernel method for a prediction model. Missing components in incomplete data due to sensor failures in wafer fabrication processes, however, hinder model training, and the existing approaches to handling missing data using imputation may lead to a loss of model sparsity. This article proposes a new method for RVM with incomplete data to train a model built on fully available instances by incorporating the available components of incomplete instances into model training. Using the proposed method, one can predict wafer qualities building a model trained to maintain its sparsity. Experiments indicate that the proposed model achieves competitive prediction performance and maintains model sparsity when incomplete instances are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a novel isosceles right triangle resonators filter is presented based on cross‐coupling technology. The whole filter is a square structure and it consists of four isosceles right triangle resonators. By introducing negative cross‐coupling between two resonators, a fourth‐order cross‐coupling dielectric waveguide filter with two out‐of‐band transmission zeros (TZs) is implemented. By changing the sign of the coupling coefficient, the TZ can be changed around the passband. Positive coupling is achieved through a coupling partition and shallow coupling blind holes, and negative coupling is achieved through symmetrical upper and lower blind holes. The new resonator structure is introduced and the design, simulation, and physical measurement of the filter are discussed. The results show that the center frequency of the filter is 3.5 GHz and the relative bandwidth is 5.7%. The passband return loss is more than 14 dB, the insertion loss is less than 0.1 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opening up of the railway to competition in Europe has been accompanied by many technical challenges never before seen in the railway field. One of these challenges concerns precise energy metering. As European railways have been a monopoly until now, the current systems can only measure the energy consumption of a single operator. In accordance with European law, the installation of an energy meter has been mandatory in new or refurbished rolling stocks since 2014. Nevertheless, these energy meters are still not fully reliable, with misreadings and missing readings being common occurrences. To address the problem of energy metering data reliability, this paper presents a method for validating the reading measurement based on a physical model and validates it in two different case studies. For the issue of energy metering data availability, different estimators are developed, and their performance are shown with the aim of calculating the missing consumptions for both case studies. Finally, the paper suggests how these methods may be implemented in other types of trains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial X-ray computed tomography is a relatively recent technology in the field of 3D coordinate metrology. The available technical solutions represent capable systems, which are continuously adapted for different applications. Nonetheless, some profound limitations and technical challenges remain (e.g. effects of the polychromatic X-ray spectrum and a strong correlation between image quality and measurement duration), which require continuous efforts in order to improve the accuracy of such systems in the context of dimensional metrology. Therefore, this contribution demonstrates the integration of CMM measurement data into a CAD model in order to generate full reference measurements, which can be used to evaluate the measurement accuracy of CT systems. Currently, much effort is being made in order to improve simulations of CT systems with the goal to realistically recreate real CT measurements. In order to validate the simulation model by comparison against physical CT measurements, the geometry of the measurement object has to be known as accurately as possible. The presented approach shows how to generate geometries from CMM reference data which are suited to be used as an input for CT simulation tools. Detailed technical descriptions of the algorithms are given and demonstrated based on real measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The (hu)MANid program is a free, web-based software using mandibular metric and morphoscopic variables to estimate sex and ancestry. The database consists of 1,745 individuals from 15 populations (modern, historic, and prehistoric). The required use of a mandibulometer presents two limitations. It is an expensive piece of equipment not available in all labs, and many users do not have experience using a mandibulometer, so error can be high. To address this, three-dimensional surface scans (3D scans) provide an alternative method for data collection. Here, the authors assess the accuracy of the (hu)MANid program on a diverse sample, compare accuracy from 3D scans and physical measurements, and evaluate whether mandibulometer measurements increase classification rates. Six metric and morphoscopic variables were collected from 3D scans (Ntotal = 555) and from bone (Ntotal = 41). Three additional mandibulometer measurements were collected from bone. Mixture discriminant analysis and non-stepwise options were applied due to reported higher correct classification and no significant difference when using stepwise options. Test samples with matching reference groups from the digital measurements had higher than chance average correct classifications for ancestry and sex/ancestry combined. Pooled sexes had correct classifications higher than chance for all comparisons except females using digital measurements. Physical measurements had a higher correct classification rate than digital measurements despite the small sample size. Including mandibulometer measurements did not significantly increase classification rates for physical measurements. Results indicate that hu(MAN)id is better than chance but suggest additional testing due to a lack of diversity in the physical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Codex Sinaiticus is generally described as one of 'the great fourth century majuscule Bibles', and its construction is often assigned to a more precise date in the middle of the fourth century. This essay surveys the evidence for the date of production of the codex and concludes that it could have been produced at any point from the early fourth century to the early fifth century. This time span may seem uncomfortably wide, but this particular range of dates makes Codex Sinaiticus an ideal candidate for AMS radiocarbon analysis. The shape of the radiocarbon calibration curve during this period means that a well-executed radiocarbon analysis of the codex should have the potential to shed further light on the date the codex was produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This technical note presents the DualSPHysics application to spillway hydraulics, and an extensive comparison has been made between the single-water and two-phase water-air modelling approaches. It has been found that the DualSPHysics code based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method could provide a promising design tool for spillway flows in the engineering field. The model is first validated on a documented skimming flow and the numerical results are also compared with those computed from a smoothed spillway flow. Then the model is further validated by a laboratory experiment for a nappe flow, where the computed flow depth and velocity are validated against the physical measurements. It has been disclosed that for a skimming flow, the single- and two-phase SPH modelling approaches lead to small differences, while for a nappe flow with more serious free surface motion, the two-phase model clearly improved the simulation accuracy. After the model is fully validated, it is applied to investigate a practical spillway flow under different flow discharges, bed slopes and step numbers, covering two distinct spillway flow regimes. From the simulation results, the flow energy dissipation features are investigated with regards to the different flow rates and spillway configurations. It has been found that the energy dissipation efficiency of a spillway is proportional to the number of the steps but inversely proportional to the flow discharge and the spillway slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing performance of the second-generation high-temperature superconducting (2G-HTS) tapes, the technology of all-REBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (REBCO, RE: rare earth) superconducting magnets has developed rapidly. However, the 2G-HTS magnet with hybrid cryocoolers constantly adjusts its operating temperature according to the actual demands, which involves the critical current when the magnet crosses variable temperature regions. In this paper, a modified ideal model based on the homogenization model is proposed, which can predict the critical current of 2G-HTS magnets more consistently. The in-field properties of REBCO tapes in variable temperature regions were tested by the physical property measurement system. Furthermore, the improved model was combined with the in-field properties of REBCO tapes to obtain the critical currents of a 2G-HTS multi-pancake (MP) coil at 20 K, 30 K, 65 K, and 77 K. The critical current of a multi-pancake coil at 77 K was experimentally verified. The modified ideal model uses the actual current density, which results are closer to the experimental results with an agreement of 97.3%. This new method proposed in this work is significant in quickly predicting critical currents for 2G-HTS magnets across variable temperature regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]