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The bioactive properties of underutilized corks such as Quercus cerris cork and planted Quercus suber cork in the Eastern Mediterranean are not well-known but are crucial in developing lignocellulosic biorefineries. To assess their biological potential, hydroethanolic cork extracts of Quercus cerris and Quercus suber were analyzed for phenolic composition, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antimicrobial activities, and hepatoxicity, as well as NO-production inhibition. Here, we show that a mild hydroethanolic extraction of Q. cerris and Q. suber corks yielded 3% phenolic extracts. The phenolic composition was similar in both cork extracts, with phenolic acids and ellagitannins as the primary compounds. The bioactivity of hydroethanolic cork extracts from Q. cerris surpassed that of Q. suber and showed effectiveness against all cancer cell lines tested. This first comprehensive study on the bioactivities of different corks involves detailed characterizations of phenolic compounds of cork extracts using UPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn, evaluations of the antioxidant properties with TBARS and OxHLIA methods, evaluation of antiproliferative activity against gastric (AGS), lung (NCI-H460), colon (CaCo2), and breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines, as well as evaluations of hepatotoxicity and NO-production inhibition. The findings from this study will help bolster the potential of using underutilized cork-rich barks as a valuable resource in bark-based biorefineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural polyphenols may be very effective lipid antioxidants; however, the studies pertaining to specific commodities, such as refined olive kernel oil (OKO), are extremely limited, and thus there is a lack of relevant information. To provide coverage for this gap in the literature, this study was performed with the view of testing structurally related natural hydroxycinnamates, namely caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), and p-coumaric acid (CouA), as effective OKO antioxidants, and establishing concentration–activity relationships. First, a ranking concerning the antioxidant potency of the three polyphenols was attempted using the radical probe DPPH, and then the compounds were assayed using OKO as the lipid substrate. Employing a concentration–activity model, the potency of the three polyphenols to stabilize OKO, based on Rancimat measurements, was CA > CouA ≈ FA. A further simulated long-term trial revealed that all three polyphenols may be equally effective in inhibiting peroxide onset over a period of 40 days, but the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation evidenced that FA may be a more efficient antioxidant. The outcome was that all three polyphenols tested may behave as very effective agents against oxidative OKO rancidity, and the prospect of producing such compounds from agri-food wastes may provide unprecedented opportunities for replacing the controversial synthetic antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee silverskin (CSS) is a by-product released as waste after roasting coffee beans. This by-product can be used as a functional food ingredient as it contains many valuable compounds such as fibers, sugars, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and flavonoids. In this research, the effects of the partial substitution of animal fat with CSS on physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties in chicken patty production were investigated. For this purpose, four different groups of chicken patties were produced in which animal fat was replaced with CSS at different rates (control: 12% fat, SS1: 10% fat + 2% silverskin, SS2: 8% fat + 4% silverskin, SS3: 6% fat + 6% silverskin). The substitution of animal fat with CSS resulted in decreases in pH, moisture content, water activity, and color values while increasing TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and moisture retention. The cooking process also significantly affected the physicochemical properties (p < 0.01). Textural parameters, apart from adhesiveness, were affected by the replacement of animal fat with CSS. While hardness increased compared to the control, resilience, and springiness decreased. On the other hand, cohesiveness was similar in control and SS1 but decreased in other ratios. The use of CSS affected all sensory characteristics, and the sensory evaluation scores closest to the control were determined in the group that used 2% CSS instead of animal fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying techniques play vital roles in the post-harvest processing of medicinal plants because they control microbial growth and enzymatic breakdown of plant nutrients. Cymbopogon citratus possesses diverse medicinal values in different cultures. However, little is known about the effect of drying methods on the phytochemical and phenolic acid content of lemongrass. The study comparatively evaluated the effect of drying methods on phytochemical and phenolic acids in the stalk, root and leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus. The phytochemical test was done by standard techniques while the phenolic acids were analyzed by the high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. The presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and tannins was detected via qualitative phytochemical analyses. The results of the quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the concentrations of terpenoi ds (2.63 to 2.00 mgLI/g extract) and saponins (4.60 to 3.79 mg DE/g extract) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in all oven-dried samples. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the alkaloids, saponins and terpenoids contents of shade- and oven-dried samples. The HPLC analysis of phenolic acids revealed higher concentrations of total phenolic (0.09 vs 25.35 mg GAE/g extract), caffeic (1.0 x 10-4 vs 4.5 x 10-4 mg/g extract) and coumaric (1.9 x 10-4 vs 4.5 x 10-4 mg/g extract) acids in the oven-dried compared with shade-dried samples. The study showed that the variations in the phytochemical and phenolic acids constituents of shade- and oven-dried tissues of C. citratus may provide useful data germane for determining lead compounds during post-harvest processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a pseudocereal originally grown in the Andean region of South America. This study focused on investigating the changes in phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity in white and red quinoa varieties after short-term fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v®. During fermentation, pH and lactic acid formation were monitored every three hours until pH was below 4.6. The quinoa phenolic profile was quantified via LC–UV–MS. Total polyphenol content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP) were determined via spectrophotometric methods. The findings showed that fermentation resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.001) in TPC from 4.68 to 7.78 mgGAE·100 g−1 for the white quinoa and from 5.04 to 8.06 mgGAE·100 g−1 for the red quinoa variety. Gallic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid detected in unfermented quinoa samples (averaging 229.5 μg·g−1). Fermented white quinoa showed an 18-fold increase in epicatechin, while catechin was found only in fermented red quinoa (59.19 μg·g−1). Fermentation showed a significantly positive impact on the iron-reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) of quinoa (p < 0.05). Red quinoa had a higher FRAP antioxidant capacity than the white variety; a similar trend was observed with the DPPH assay. There was a significant correlation (r > 0.9, p < 0.05) between TPC and antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, short-time lactic fermentation effectively increased phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in both quinoa varieties. Overall, red quinoa showed higher polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity compared to the white variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cacao fruit is a rich source of polyphenols, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which possess significant health benefits. The accurate identification and quantification of these bioactive compounds extracted from different parts of the cacao fruit, such as pods, beans, nibs, and cacao shells, require specific treatment conditions and analytical techniques. This review presents a comprehensive comparison of extraction processes and analytical techniques used to identify and quantify polyphenols from various parts of the cacao fruit. Additionally, it highlights the environmental impact of these methods, exploring the challenges and opportunities in selecting and utilizing extraction, analytical, and impact assessment techniques, while considering polyphenols' yield. The review aims to provide a thorough overview of the current knowledge that can guide future decisions for those seeking to obtain polyphenols from different parts of the cacao fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Northern Algeria, Pistacia Lentiscus berries are cold-pressed to extract a valuable oil with medicinal uses. However, after the berries are defatted, the residue (cake) is still underestimated, although it is a rich source of bioactive compounds. This work aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from Pistacia Lentiscus berries cake (LBC) and to investigate some in vitro biological activities of the rich-phenolic optimized extract. Box Behnken's design of experiments (BBD) was applied to explore the effect of three independent variables (temperature, duration of extraction, and ethanol in water fraction) at three levels, and then HPLC with a Diode Array Detector was used for analysis of its polyphenol composition. Afterwards, the optimized extract was assessed for its antioxidant and antidiabetic capacities. The validated model confirmed the best operative condition of extraction as 50%, 60 °C, and 86 min for, respectively, the ethanol concentration, temperature, and duration of extraction, and the predicted results were experimentally confirmed. Under these conditions, the obtained extract interestingly showed an IC50 of 61.79 ± 0.40 µg/mL against the free radical ABTS• versus Trolox as a positive control (IC 50 = 50.67 ± 0.32 µg/mL). Moreover, a promising anti-α-amylase capacity has been shown by the sonicated LBC extract with an IC50 of 99,82 ± 2,03 µg/mL. These in vitro biological activities should be due to the bioactive phenolic composition of the LBC extract. Indeed, twelve phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the optimized extract, comprising six flavonoids, five phenolic acids, and a phenylethanoid (Tyrosol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To evaluate antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of aerial and underground parts of Dalbergia sissoo extracts. Methods: Shed dried and powdered plant parts were initially extracted in methanol and subsequently partitioned in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and 1-butanol successively. Antioxidant and radical scavenging potential of methanol extracts and fractions of each parts were evaluated using Total phenolic content (TPC) and Total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2' -azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation radical scavenging, reducing power (potassium ferricyanide-trichloroacetic acid system), ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential, lipid peroxidation inhibition activity and total antioxidant activity assays. Results: TPC and TFC values for methanol extracts and various fractions ranged from 0.23-4mg/L gallic acid equivalents and from 30-545 mg/L rutin equivalent respectively, Methanol extracts and all fractions of roots and aerial parts showed higher TPC and TFC values. Methanol extracts and aqueous fractions of roots and aerial parts and n-butanol fractions of root showed lower EC50 values for 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging than the other plant extracts. The 2, 2' -azinobis, radical scavenging, total antioxidant potential and ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential values confirmed the presence of potent antioxidant potential values confirmed the presence of potent antioxidant principles in the methanol extract of roots. All the extracts of the roots showed high antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. Conclusion: The crude methanol extract of root can be explored further for in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallic acid (GA), a phenolic acid found in fruits and vegetables, has been consumed by humans for centuries. Its extensive health benefits, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties, have been well-documented. GA's potent antioxidant capabilities enable it to neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and protect cells from damage. Additionally, GA exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, making it a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases. It also demonstrates anticancer properties by inhibiting cancer cell growth and promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, GA offers cardiovascular benefits, such as lowering blood pressure, decreasing cholesterol, and enhancing endothelial function, which may aid in the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. This review covers the chemical structure, sources, identification and quantification methods, and biological and therapeutic properties of GA, along with its applications in food. As research progresses, the future for GA appears promising, with potential uses in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals aimed at improving overall health and preventing disease. However, ongoing research and innovation are necessary to fully understand its functional benefits, address current challenges, and establish GA as a mainstay in therapeutic and nutritional interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for bioactive secondary metabolites of natural origin is increasing every day. Micropropagation could be a strategy to respond more quickly to market demands, regardless of seasonality. This research aims to evaluate in vitro-grown plants of two hop varieties, namely Columbus and Magnum, as a potential source of bioactive compounds. The extracts were characterized in terms of total phenolic content by a Folin–Ciocalteu assay and antioxidant capacity by DPPH•, ABTS+, and FRAP assays. The bioactive compound profile of the extracts from both varieties was determined by using UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS. The results confirmed richness in (poly)phenols and other secondary metabolites of the in vitro-grown hop plantlets. Thirty-two compounds belonging to the major families of phytochemicals characteristic of the species were identified, and twenty-six were quantified, mainly flavonoids, including xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol, phenolic acids, as well as α- and β-acids. This study confirms the validity of in vitro-derived hop plantlets as source of bioactive compounds to be used in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, five Algerian date cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were investigated for their antioxidant contents, phenolic profiles, and some pharmacological properties (anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant activities). The results showed that the Tanslit cultivar was the most concentrated in total phenolic compounds and flavonoids with 433.03±0.47 96 mg QE/100g DM and 102.5±3.96 mg QE/100g DM, respectively. The Tamdjohert cultivar was the richest on anthocyanins (9.83±0.07mg CE/100g DM). HPLC analysis indicated that the Tamdjohert cultivar contained a high flavonoids concentration (8.22 ± 0.53mg/100g DM), and the Takarmoust cultivar displayed the highest concentration of phenolic acids (15.64±0.41mg/100g DM). The results indicated that the Litim cultivar exhibited strong hydroxyl radical inhibition (134.95±18.07mg GAE/100g DM), and also potently inhibited a-amylase activity (35.19±4.98%). The Tamdjohert cultivar exerted the highest reduction of inflammatory mediators (255.87±18.47mg GAE/100g DM). This study demonstrated that date fruit was a good source of bioactive compounds with important pharmacological properties and can be considered as functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soybean is the main oil crop in Northeast China. Continuous monocropping is more commonly used for soybean production due to rising market demand and arable land constraints. However, autotoxic substances, such as phenolic acids, produced by continuously cropped soybean can reduce yield and quality. The mycorrhiza formed of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant roots regulate the metabolic activities of the host plant and increase its disease resistance. The main purpose of this study was to inhibit the production of phenolic acids and determine the adverse effects on the growth of continuous monocropping soybean by inoculating Funneliformis mosseae (F. mosseae). Results: Transcriptomics results showed that the production of phenolic acids in continuous monocropping soybean roots was mainly regulated by the expression of the CHS6, PCL1, SAMT, SRG1, and ACO1 genes, and the expression of these genes was significantly downregulated after inoculation with F. mosseae. Metabolomics results showed that continuous monocropping soybean roots inoculated with F. mosseae inhibited phenolic acid production through the phenylpropane biosynthetic, α-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, and other metabolic pathways. Phenolic acids in the phenylpropane metabolic pathway, such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, phthalic acid, and vanillic acid, decreased significantly after inoculation with F. mosseae. The combined analysis of the two showed that genes such as YLS9 and ARF3 were positively correlated with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and so on, while genes such as CHS6 and SRG1 were negatively correlated with butyric acid and so on. Conclusion: F. mosseae regulated the expression of functional genes and related phenolic acid metabolic pathways produced by continuous monocropping soybean roots, inhibiting the production of phenolic acid autotoxic substances in continuous cropped soybean, and slowing down the disturbance of continuous monocropping. This study provides a new solution for continuous monocropping of plants to overcome the autotoxicity barrier and provides a new basis for the development and utilization of AMF as a biological agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are involved in multiple aspects of plant life, including plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. They are also vital for the formation of secondary metabolites in various plants. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a famous herbal medicine and has been used commonly for > 2000 years in China, as well as widely used in many other countries. S. miltiorrhiza is extensively used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in clinical practices and has specific merit against various diseases. Owing to its outstanding medicinal and commercial potential, S. miltiorrhiza has been extensively investigated as an ideal model system for medicinal plant biology. Tanshinones and phenolic acids are primary pharmacological constituents of S. miltiorrhiza. As the growing market for S. miltiorrhiza, the enhancement of its bioactive compounds has become a research hotspot. S. miltiorrhiza exhibits a significant response to various PGRs in the production of phenolic acids and tanshinones. Here, we briefly review the biosynthesis and signal transduction of PGRs in plants. The effects and mechanisms of PGRs on bioactive compound production in S. miltiorrhiza are systematically summarized and future research is discussed. This article provides a scientific basis for further research, cultivation, and metabolic engineering in S. miltiorrhiza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncontrolled inflammation is a crucial factor in the development of many diseases. Anti-inflammatory molecules based on natural sources are being actively studied, among which Aristida depressa Retz (Ar.dp) has been traditionally used as a paste to heal inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic potential of an ethanolic extract of A. depressa through a battery of in vivo and in vitro models. The ethanolic extract of A. depressa was prepared by maceration and chemically characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, which revealed the presence of quercetin, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, and sinapic acid; its antioxidant capacity was then screened with the DPPH in vitro assay, which indicated moderate scavenging capacity. A protein denaturation assay was next performed to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of Ar.dp, which showed significant inhibition (44.44%) compared to the standard drug (diclofenac sodium), with 89.19% inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The in vivo safety profile of Ar.dp was evaluated in accordance with the OECD-425 acute toxicity guidelines and found to be safe up to 5 g/kg. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potentials of Ar.dp were evaluated at three different doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) in acute (carrageenan-induced edema: 84.60%, histamineinduced paw edema: 84%), sub-chronic (cotton-pellet-induced granuloma: 57.54%), and chronic (complete-Freund's-adjuvant-induced arthritis: 82.2%) models. Our results showed that Ar.dp had significant (p < 0.05) antiinflammatory effects over diclofenac sodium in the acute and chronic models. Histopathology studies indicated reduced infiltration of paw tissues with inflammatory cells in Ar.dp-treated animals. Similarly, Ar.dp showed significant (p < 0.05) analgesic (yeast-induced-pyrexia model: 23.53%) and antipyretic (acetic-acid-induced writhing model: 51%) effects in a time-dependent manner. In silico studies on the interactions of COX-1 and COX-2 with the eight ligands mentioned earlier confirmed the inhibition of enzymes responsible for inflammation and fever. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that Ar.dp has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties that are likely linked to its pharmacologically active phenolic bioactive molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studying the interactions of bioactive phenolic acids [ferulic acid (FA), caffeic acid (CA), and chlorogenic acid (CGA)] with the carrier protein bovine hemoglobin (BHb) helps to understand their modes of binding and transport, which affect their bioavailability. The protein–ligand complexes exhibited binding constants (Kb) in the range of 104 M−1, indicating a reversible mode of association. BHb–CA complexation attenuated the inherent fluorescence of BHb (β2-Trp37 dominant fluorophore) through a static quenching mechanism. However, a combined (static and dynamic) quenching mechanism was observed for the BHb–FA/CGA complexes. In this study, the thermodynamic parameter, ΔG°, determined from fluorescence spectroscopy, was negative, suggesting that the complexation of BHb with phenolic acids was spontaneous. The negative change in enthalpy [ΔH° = –(8.539 ± 1.331) kJ mol−1, –(10.620 ± 1.028) kJ mol−1, and –(8.637 ± 0.232) kJ mol−1 for BHb–FA, BHb–CA, BHb–CGA complexes, respectively] and positive entropy change [ΔS° = + (63.862 ± 1.218) J mol−1 K−1, +(67.108 ± 1.681) J mol−1 K−1, and +(62.540 ± 1.058) J mol−1 K−1 for BHb–FA, BHb–CA, BHb–CGA complexes, respectively] indicated that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces stabilized the complexes. Computational studies also illustrated similar interactive forces in BHb–ligand complexes. Changes around the microenvironment of the Trp residues in the binding process were verified using various spectral measurements. Circular dichroism and Fourier infrared spectroscopies illustrated a decrease in the α-helical content of BHb during complexation. Fibril inhibition properties of the ligands were verified using ThT assay, ANS binding studies, Congo Red assay, turbidity assay, Soret absorption measurements, and CD spectral measurements. The structure–activity relationship, binding affinity, and interactive forces between the protein and phenolic acids could explain the order of anti-fibrillation properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins (AFs) are hazardous carcinogens and mutagens produced by some molds, particularly Aspergillus spp. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to isolate and identify endophytic bacteria, extract and characterize their bioactive metabolites, and evaluate their antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic, and cytotoxic efficacy against brine shrimp (Artemia salina) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). Among the 36 bacterial strains isolated, ten bacterial isolates showed high antifungal activity, and thus were identified using biochemical parameters and MALDI-TOF MS. Bioactive metabolites were extracted from two bacterial isolates, and studied for their antifungal activity. The bioactive metabolites (No. 4, and 5) extracted from Bacillus cereus DSM 31T DSM, exhibited strong antifungal capabilities, and generated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polyphenols. The major VOCs were butanoic acid, 2-methyl, and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) in extracts No. 4, and 5 respectively. Cinnamic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid were the most abundant phenolic acids in extracts No. 4, and 5 respectively. These bioactive metabolites had antifungal efficiency against A. flavus and caused morphological alterations in fungal conidiophores and conidiospores. Data also indicated that both extracts No. 4, and 5 reduced AFB1 production by 99.98%. On assessing the toxicity of bioactive metabolites on A. salina the IC50 recorded 275 and 300 µg/mL, for extracts No. 4, and 5 respectively. Meanwhile, the effect of these extracts on HepG2 revealed that the IC50 of extract No. 5 recorded 79.4 µg/mL, whereas No. 4 showed no cytotoxic activity. It could be concluded that bioactive metabolites derived from Bacillus species showed antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic activities, indicating their potential use in food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to Chinese ancient books, both fruits and rhizomes of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua have medicinal and edible values. Up to now, there is no report about the metabolite profiles and regulatory network in fruits and different year-old rhizomes of P. cyrtonema. Results: In this study, we performed integrative analyses of metabolome and transcriptome to reveal the dynamic accumulation and regulatory network of fruits and different year-old rhizomes in P. cyrtonema. The relative content of phenolic acids, lignans and coumarins, flavonoids and alkaloids increased with growth years, while steroids and lipids decreased with it. In addition, the relative content of nucleotides and derivatives, flavonoids, organic acids, steroids and lipids in fruits were higher than rhizomes. Genes that might relate to the biosynthesis of polysaccharides, flavonoids, triterpene saponins and alkaloids biosynthesis were further analyzed by transcriptome analysis, including sacA, GMPP, PMM, CCoAOMT, CHI, ANR, CHS, DXS, GGPS, ZEP, CYP72A219 and so on, for their expressions were positively correlated with the relative content of the metabolites. Additionally, the correlation network in sugar and aromatic amino acids metabolites were constructed to further illustrate the biosynthesis of polysaccharides, flavonoids and alkaloids in P. cyrtonema, and some transcription factors (TFs) were screened, such as C2C2, MYB, bZIP, GRAS and NAC. Conclusions: This study can deepen our understanding of the accumulation patterns and molecular mechanism of the main compounds in P. cyrtonema, and provide reference for the standardize production of P. cyrtonema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosemary extracts contain bioactive components such as organic acids, terpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. The extraction methods include ultrasonic assisted steam distillation, organic solvent extraction, enzymatic-assisted extraction, and supercritical CO2 extraction, among others. Rosemary extracts has many biological functions, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant. The application of rosemary extracts in animal husbandry can enhance the disease resistance, immune function, and antioxidant capacity of the body, thereby improving the productive performance of animals and the quality of livestock products. This article reviews the extraction process, physicochemical properties, physiological functions and application of the active ingredients of rosemary in animal breeding, providing a reference for the application of rosemary extracts as safe, green, and efficient feed additives in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fenugreeks (Trigonella L. spp.), belonging to the legume family (Fabaceae), are well-known multipurpose crops that their materials are currently received much attention in the pharmaceutical and food industries for the production of healthy and functional foods all over the world. Iran is one of the main diversity origins of this valuable plant. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids profile, proximate composition, content of diosgenin, trigonelline, phenolic acids, total carotenoids, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, and tannins, mucilage and bitterness value, and antioxidant activity of the seed of thirty populations belonging to the ten different Iranian Trigonella species. Results: We accordingly identified notable differences in the nutrient and bioactive compounds of each population. The highest content (mg/100 g DW) of ascorbic acid (18.67 ± 0.85‒22.48 ± 0.60) and α–tocopherol (31.61 ± 0.15‒38.78 ± 0.67) were found in the populations of T. filipes and T. coerulescens, respectively. Maximum content of catechin was found in the populations of T. teheranica (52.67 ± 0.05‒63.50 ± 0.72 mg/l). Linoleic acid (> 39.11% ± 0.61%) and linolenic acid (> 48.78 ± 0.39%) were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the majority in the populations of T. stellata (54.81 ± 1.39‒63.46 ± 1.21%). The populations of T. stellata were also rich in trigonelline (4.95 ± 0.03‒7.66 ± 0.16 mg/g DW) and diosgenin (9.06 ± 0.06‒11.03 ± 0.17 mg/g DW). Conclusions: The obtained data provides baseline information to expand the inventory of wild and cultivated Iranian Trigonella species for further exploitation of rich chemotypes in the new foods and specific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic foot ulcer caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus strains is a troublesome concern that threatens public health. Due to the few treatment options, it is essential to develop a new alternative antibacterial agent with high efficacy. In the current study, we evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of usnic acid (UA), a secondary metabolite of lichens. Microdilution broth and crystal violet methods were applied to determine the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities, respectively. To further elucidate the biofilm inhibition, scanning electron microscopy imaging was performed. In addition, the antioxidant activity of UA was investigated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of UA was observed as an amount of 23.02 and 312.5 μg/mL, respectively. UA suppressed biofilm formation and motivated the reduction of free oxygen radicals. The present study may open up a new perspective to combat biofilm-forming enterococci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wolfberry, esteemed as a traditional Chinese medicinal material and functional food, is replete with nutrients and boasts a diverse array of health benefits, including hypoglycemic, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-enhancing properties. Notably, inflammation is a pivotal factor in the onset and progression of numerous diseases. Despite this, there is a paucity of research on the comprehensive evaluation of the components found in different wolfberries, and the exploration of their primary active components is limited. To address this issue, we conducted a comprehensive targeted metabolomics analysis, employing statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), KEGG pathway analysis, and volcano plots to delineate the compositional differences among red, black, and yellow wolfberries. Furthermore, we investigated the antiinflammatory effects of their primary components through in vitro experiments. Our analysis revealed a total of 1,104 chemical compositions in the three wolfberries, with alkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and lipids being the predominant nutritional components. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these compositions were primarily involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ABC transport, and galactose metabolism pathway. Moreover, our study demonstrated that quercetin exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated HUVECs. It effectively inhibited the production of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-1β, while also downregulating the gene and protein expression levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. In conclusion, our findings indicate that there are variations in compositions among the three wolfberries, with flavonoids being the most abundant, and in vitro studies also confirmed the anti-inflammatory potential of quercetin. It is worth noting that Lycium ruthenicum contains higher levels of antioxidant components and possesses greater nutritional value, providing valuable insights for the future development and utilization of the three wolfberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis is a complex mixture formed from exudates that bees collect from plants and then mix with beeswax and their own salivary enzymes. Chilean propolis is characterized by the presence of phenolic compounds, which are considered responsible for the biological activities. The endemic species Escallonia pulverulenta (Ruiz and Pav.) Pers. [Escalloniaceae] is a recognized source of exudate to produce propolis. This study reports for the first time the chemical profile and antibacterial activity of E. pulverulenta exudate and leaves, as well as two samples of Chilean propolis. Palynological and morphological analysis showed the presence of E. pulverulenta as one of the main species in the propolis samples. UPLC-MS/MS analyses enabled the identification of phenolic acids in the leaves and in the propolis. Conversely, flavonoids are mainly present in exudates and propolis. Quercetin is the most abundant flavonol in the exudate, with similar concentrations in the propolis samples. Nevertheless, the main compound present in both samples of propolis was the flavanone pinocembrin. The antibacterial results obtained for exudate and propolis have shown a similar behavior, especially in the inhibition of Streptococcus pyogenes. These results show the importance of the exudates collected by the bees in the chemical composition and antibacterial capacity of propolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for organic and biodynamically cultivated fireweeds worldwide has led to a paucity of studies on the effects of solid-phase fermentation and various growth techniques on the quantities of biologically active substances and their antioxidant activity. This experiment was carried out in 2023 at the organic farm in the Jonava district (Safarkos village, Lithuania). The aim of this work was to investigate polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids) and antioxidant activity in fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub) leaves fermented for 24 and 48 h in solid-phase fermentation and natural, organic, and biodynamic cultivation. Fireweeds have high quantities of polyphenols and strong antioxidant activity. The method employed for determining antioxidant activity was spectrophotometric, for measuring polyphenols, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the relationships between the average content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in fermented fireweed leaves grown in different systems. This study's findings demonstrated that the leaves of fireweed cultivated organically had the greatest concentration of total flavonoids, total phenolic acids, and total polyphenols. Comparing the fermentation process effect, the amount of predominant phenolic acids—chlorogenic, p-coumaric, and ellagic acids—as well as the content of oenothein B, during the fermentation process significantly decreased, but the concentration of quercetin-3-O-glucoside after a short time of the fermentation process significantly increased. According to the obtained results, it would be possible to create various health-giving and nature-friendly products from fireweeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grains and beans are abundant in bioactive substances.This study investigated the bioactive substances in a multi-grains formula (MGF) composed of mung bean, tartary buckwheat, black rice, black sticky rice, oat germ rice, and white rice.Polyphenols and inositol (PIEs) were extracted from MGF before and after high-temperature air fluidization (HTAF) processing, and the antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated in vitro.Results showed that the PIEs of MGF mainly contained phenolic acids, flavonoids, myo-inositol, and D-chiro-inositol.The highest scavenging rate of MGF PIEs for ABTS cationic free radicals, DPPH free radicals, and hydroxyl free radicals reached 92.28%, 75.02%, and 87.21%, respectively, and its scavenging ability increased in a concentration-dependent manner within a certain concentration range.At the same time, MGF PIEs also showed a certain total reducing capacity and Fe2+ chelating capacity, with the highest reaching 1.26 mg vitamin C equivalent /mL and 1.85 mmol Fe2+, respectively.After the HTAF process, the scavenging abilities for DPPH free radicals, total reducing capacity, and Fe2+ chelating capacity of MGF were further improved.The correlation analysis showed that total flavonoids and total polyphenols were the most critical antioxidant components of MGF.Their contents were significantly correlated with ABTS cationic radical scavenging capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, and total reducing capacity (P<0.001), and the correlation was higher than that of myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol (P<0.01).The total reducing capacity was the most representative antioxidant evaluation index of MGF.It was significantly correlated with total polyphenols (P<0.001), total flavonoids (P<0.001), myo-inositol (P<0.001), and D-chiro-inositol (P<0.01) contents.To sum up, the PIEs of MGF showed strong antioxidant activity, and HTAF treatment which improved the cooking quality of MGF could also retain or slightly improve the antioxidant activity of MGF.This research provided a certain theoretical basis for the prevention of oxidative stress metabolic diseases via multi-grain diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The seeds of Boraginaceae species constitute a source of γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6)-rich oils, mainly those of Borago officinalis. However, there are many wild unexplored Boraginaceae taxa that are potentially GLA producers. This work scrutinizes the seeds of several Greek Boraginaceae species for fatty acids (FAs), phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and in vitro antiproliferative activity against HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. The FA profiles were checked by GC-FID, and GLA (FA% of total FA) highlights in Symphytum bulbosum (26.2), S. creticum (23.2), and Lithodora zahnii (17.4). The total FA content ranged from 9.2 in Alkanna methanaea to 27.3 g/100 g of seeds in Alkanna corcyrensis. The antioxidant activity of the water/methanol extracts, evaluated by the ABTS and DPPH methods, was in line with other GLA producer seeds. Phenolic acids were analyzed by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS, and rosmarinic acid ranged from 160.2 in S. bulbosum to 479.7 mg/100 g in L. zahnii. The MTT assay showed dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effects of the water/methanol extracts against HT-29 cancer cells, especially those of C. major and L. zahnii (GI50 of 600 and 375 μg/mL for 72 h-exposed cells). This work constitutes the first approach to evaluate the seeds of Boraginaceae taxa from Greece as functional oil providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the impact of variety and harvest time on the visual appearance, nutritional quality, and functional active substances of six lotus root cultivars: "Xinsanwu", "Wuzhi No. 2", "Baiyuzhan", "Huaqilian", "Elian No. 6", and "Elian No. 5". Samples were collected monthly from December 2023 to April 2024. A nutrient analysis revealed a decrease in the water content with a delayed harvest. The total soluble solids and soluble sugar content peaked towards the end and middle-to-late harvest periods, respectively. Starch levels initially increased before declining, while the soluble protein exhibited a triphasic trend with an initial rise, a dip, and a final increase. The vitamin C (Vc) content varied across cultivars. Functional active substances displayed dynamic changes. The total phenolics initially decreased, then increased, before ultimately declining again. The total flavonoid content varied by both cultivar and harvest time. The phenolic acid and flavonoid content mirrored the trends observed for total phenolics and total flavonoids. Gastrodin was the most abundant non-flavonoid compound across all varieties. "Wuzhi No. 2" and "Baiyuzhan" displayed higher levels of functional active substances and starch, while the Elian series and "Xinsanwu" cultivar exhibited a greater content of Vc, soluble sugar, and soluble protein. Specific harvest periods yielded optimal results: "Wuzhi No. 2" (H1 and H5), "Huaqilian" (H2), and "Baiyuzhan" (H3 and H4) demonstrated a high nutrient and functional active substance content. Overall, the lotus roots harvested in period H4 achieved the highest score. Overall, this study provides the foothold for the rapid identification of superior lotus root cultivars and the valorization of lotus root by-products via advanced processing methods. Additionally, it offers valuable insights for market participants and consumers to select optimal varieties and harvest times based on their specific needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromatographic analysis of phenolic phytochemicals in foods has significantly advanced over the past decade (2014–2024), meeting increasing demands for precision and efficiency. This review covers both conventional and advanced chromatographic techniques used for detecting phenolic phytochemicals in foods. Conventional methods like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Thin-Layer Chromatography, and Gas Chromatography are discussed, along with their benefits and limitations. Advanced techniques, including Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography, Nano-LC, Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography, and Capillary Electrophoresis, are highlighted for their innovations and improved capabilities. The review addresses challenges in current chromatographic methods, emphasizing the need for standardized and validated procedures according to the Food and Drug Administration, European Cooperation for Accreditation of Laboratories, and The International Organization for Standardization guidelines to ensure reliable and reproducible results. It also considers novel strategies for reducing the environmental impact of chromatographic methods, advocating for sustainable practices in analytical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantified the fatty acid profile and total chlorogenic acid content of various Ethiopian cultivars of the Plectranthus edulis tuber, traditionally known as 'Agew Dinich'. Lipid extraction utilized the Folch method and the acid-catalyzed derivatization method to derivatize the fatty acids into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were used. Whereas maceration was used to extract chlorogenic acid from the fresh and freeze- dried tuber samples. Analysis revealed a total of thirteen fatty acids in all P. edulis samples, with nine classified as saturated and four as unsaturated. Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in P. edulis and accounted for 40.57%–50.21% of the total fatty acid content. The second and third most abundant fatty acids in the P. edulis sample were stearic and linoleic acids, which accounted for 8.38%–12.92% and 8.12%–11.28%, respectively. We reported chlorogenic acid for the first time in this potato species and found it to contain a concentration of 211± 4.2–300±24.7 mg/100g of dry weight basis when the determination was made using fresh samples. On the other hand, these samples yielded a chlorogenic acid concentration ranging from 115 ±8.6 mg/100g-175±3.9 mg/100g of freeze-dried powder samples. These findings suggest that P. edulis tubers could represent a significant dietary source of both chlorogenic acid and fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation has been shown to trigger a wide range of chronic diseases, particularly inflammatory diseases. As a result, the focus of research has been on anti-inflammatory drugs and foods. In recent years, the field of medicinal and edible homology (MEH) has developed rapidly in both medical and food sciences, with 95% of MEH being associated with plants. Phenolic acids are a crucial group of natural bioactive substances found in medicinal and edible homologous plants (MEHPs). Their anti-inflammatory activity is significant as they play a vital role in treating several inflammatory diseases. These compounds possess enormous potential for developing anti-inflammatory drugs and functional foods. However, their development is far from satisfactory due to their diverse structure and intricate anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the various types, structures, and distribution of MEHP phenolic acids that have been identified as of 2023. We also analyze their anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms in inflammatory diseases through NF-kB, MAPK, NLRP3, Nrf2, TLRs, and IL-17 pathways. Additionally, we investigate their impact on regulating the composition of the gut microbiota and immune responses. This analysis lays the groundwork for further exploration of the anti-inflammatory structure-activity relationship of MEHP phenolic acids, aiming to inspire structural optimization and deepen our understanding of their mechanism, and provides valuable insights for future research and development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), which are members of the Moringaceae family, are one of the herbal plants that are widely known in Indonesia. Phytochemical contents of moringa leaf, such as flavonoid, quercetin, and phenolic acid, are believed to have an effect on improvement of NAFLD. Therefore, moringa leaf is considered as one the herbal plants that can be used as supplementation in the form of adjuvant therapy to NAFLD. The study objective of our research is to review the effect of giving moringa leaf to the liver, especially the histopathologic features. This study will be conducted on literature review research design, more specifically in the form of a systematic review. Research Method. Five major electronic web databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, were used in identifying literature from 2014 to 2023. Results. From a comprehensive analysis of 13 relevant literature sources, we elucidate the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on liver histopathology, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we provide insights into its safety profile concerning human health. Conclusion. The phytochemical content of Moringa oleifera leaf extract had shown a significant benefit in plant medicinal sector. From the research that had been done, Moringa oleifera leaf extract contributes to give significant improvement on liver histopathological features, glucose, and lipid metabolism on animal sample model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary biomarkers in urine remain elusive when evaluating diet-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. In our previous study, we conducted a randomized controlled crossover trial to compare the short-term (4-weeks) effects of the balanced Korean diet (BKD) with Western diets, including the 2010 dietary guidelines for Americans (2010 DGA) and typical American diet (TAD), on various metabolic indices in obese Korean adults. Building on this work, the current research focuses on the impact of these dietary interventions on oxidative stress (d-ROMs and BAP) and inflammation (CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1) biomarkers in serum, and the concurrent urine metabolomes. Each dietary regimen was in silico and experimentally examined for their antioxidant levels using ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, as well as total flavonoid (TFC) and total phenolic (TPC) contents. We assessed post-intervention variations in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in serum, as well as the urine metabolite profiles for the participants (n = 48, average age: 41 years). Antioxidant contents and associated total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly higher for the recommended diets (BKD and 2010 DGA) compared to TAD (p < 0.05). Butanol extracts from recommended diets (BKD and 2010 DGA) showed significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to TAD in ABTS (p < 0.01), DPPH, and FRAP (p < 0.05) assays. Consistent results were observed in total phenolic and flavonoid contents, mirroring their respective antioxidant activities. Following the intervention period, oxidative stress & inflammation markers in serum varied marginally, however, the urine metabolite profiles were clearly demarcated for the BKD and Western dietary groups (PC1 = 5.41%). For BKD group, the pre- and post-intervention urine metabolite profiles were clearly segregated (PLS2 = 2.93%). Compared to TAD, urine extracts from the recommended dietary group showed higher abundance of benzoic acid & phenolic derivatives (VIP > 0.7, p < 0.05). Metabolites associated with oxidative stress were observed higher in the urine samples from Western dietary groups compared to BKD. Urine metabolomics data delineated the post-intervention effects of three dietary interventions which corroborates the respective findings for their effects on metabolic indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effects of traditional regional processing methods and modern drying methods on the ketone and phenolic acid components in Yu Salvia Miltiorrhiza produced in Fangcheng, Henan Province, as well as their effects on the characteristics of the final product of Salvia Miltiorrhiza drink slices, in order to determine the processing method for fresh-cut Yu Salvia Miltiorrhiza drink slices. Different regional processing methods, such as sun drying, shade drying, sweating, and drying, were selected. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine and analyze the content of ketone and phenolic acid components. Acetonitrile-0.02% phosphoric acid solution was used as the mobile phase for gradient elution; the detection wavelength was set at 270 nm, and the column temperature was maintained at 20°C. Fresh Yu Salvia Miltiorrhiza was washed, dried in a constant-temperature oven at 30-40°C until the moisture content reached 20%-30%, sliced into 3 mm thick pieces, and further dried in a constant-temperature oven at 30-40°C. The appearance, content of active ingredients, and overall quality of the Salvia Miltiorrhiza drink slices obtained by this processing method were superior to those obtained by traditional processing methods, improving production efficiency and reducing costs, and showing promising application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared aqueous and ethanolic solvents to evaluate the in vitro anticancer, anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activity of Hypnea pannosa seaweed extracts. Additionally, the study evaluated the extract's preliminary phytochemical composition, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The analysis revealed the presence of several phytochemicals and the range of total phenolic (11.14±0.17 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and flavonoid (5.83±0.09 mg quercetin equivalent/g) content in the ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (half-maximal inhibitory concentration=6.32±0.04 µg/ml) and the most potent anticancer effect against COLO 829 melanoma cancer cell lines (half-maximal inhibitory concentration=95.70 µg/ml). It also exhibited the most potent anti-elastase and anti-collagenase effect against human melanoma cells, with halfmaximal inhibitory concentration values of 48.53 and 48.76 µg/ml, respectively. The ethanol extract showed maximum antibacterial activity and the highest inhibition zone of 14.5 and 14 mm against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis shows that many polyphenols are present in ethanol extract, which has received importance in cosmeceutical perspectives (3925-3893 cm-1). The study hence provides evidence that the ethanol extract of Hypnea pannosa has significant potential for antioxidants, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-elastase and anti-collagenase and may lead to further cosmeceutical applications through the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aimed to characterize the composition of the ethyl acetate extract obtained from Centaurea acaulis L. and assess its dermatoprotective and antioxidant properties. The secondary metabolite composition was established by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was assessed using four different assays, including DPPH, ß-carotene, CUPRAC, and reducing power assays. Furthermore, the in vitro photoprotective effect was evaluated by measuring sun protection. The HPLC-TOF/MS analysis identified the presence of 19 bioactive compounds in the ethyl acetate extract. Major components such as rosmarinic acid and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid were detected, along with other compounds including caffeic acid, cichoric acid, gentisic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, vanilic acid, gallic acid, apigenin-7-glucoside, catechin, kaempferol, and quercetin. The ethyl acetate extract of Centaurea acaulis L. exhibited strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, ß-carotene, CUPRAC, and reducing power assays, outperforming standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tannic acid, and ascorbic acid. Additionally, the extract demonstrated a high ability to absorb UV radiation, with an average sun protection factor of 40.20 ± 0.11. These findings highlight the significant antioxidant and dermatoprotective potential of the ethyl acetate extract from Centaurea acaulis L., suggesting its potential use in cosmetic and dietary additive formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studied the influence of phytochemical compounds on the germination time of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth). Over the 72 hours germination period, the contents of total and most individual free amino acids, particularly histidine, showed substantial increases. The content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was also greatly increased, from 0.24 μg/g to 2.7 μg/g, representing a nearly ninefold increase. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were positively related with germination time, with TPC highest at 62.49 mg GAE/100 g DW at 72 h, and TFC increased from 18.87 mg RE/100 g DW to 30.05 mg RE/100g.DW at 72 hours. The contents of individual phenolic acids and flavonoids, such as, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and rutin, experienced noticeable increases. However, vanillic and catechin were only detectable at 72 hours, respectively. Antioxidant capacity measured by DPPH and FRAP assays increased from 102.30 to 128.95 mgTE/100g DW and 694.13 to 836.93 mg FeSO4/100g DW mmol/g, respectively, and therefore highlighting the enhanced antioxidant potential of germinated pigeon pea. The results from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) supported these findings. The study emphasizes the potential of germination to enhance the phytochemical compounds of pigeon pea seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk. methanolic extract was tested for its antibacterial activities against Pectobacterium carotovorum, P. atrosepticum, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Streptomyces scabiei bacterial strains. The plant extract was also tested for its antifungal properties against strains of Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, and Rhizoctonia solani. The potent antibacterial activities were recorded against R. solanacearum after treatment with the extract at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL with an inhibition zone of 9.67 ±0.57 mm. The methanolic extract also showed promising antifungal effects against B. cinerea and F. oxysporum, with fungal growth inhibition percentages of 86.22 ±0.33% and 82.00 ±0.55%, respectively, which were higher than the standard antifungal drug. The plant extract’s HPLC analysis identified 12 phenolic compounds and 6 flavonoid compounds, with HPLC peaks matching the used standards. Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, coffeic acid, ellagic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, methyl gallate, ferulic acid, vanillin, pyrocatechol, and cinnamic acid were the phenolic compounds that were identified. The flavonoid compounds found in the extracts were daidzein, naringenin, quercetin, kaempferol, hesperetin, apigenin, and rutin, arranged from high to low abundance. Furthermore, according to the GC-MS analysis, the most abundant compounds detected in the plant extract were n-hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (z,z), á-sitosterol, betulin, phorbol, cis-13-octadecenoic acid, and octadecanoic acid. These compounds in HPLC and GC-MS analyses were proven to have antibacterial as well as antifungal properties. Based on the obtained antimicrobial results, H. bacciferum methanolic extracts could be recommended as a promising antibacterial and antifungal agent, as well as a safe alternative to many antimicrobial pesticides for the environment and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review explores the underutilized buckwheat hulls, sprouts, and grain and sprout extracts, concentrating on their nutritional characteristics, health advantages, and possible uses in developing functional food products. Buckwheat, a pseudocereal, is emphasized for its impressive nutritional content, including high levels of dietary fiber, essential minerals, and vitamins, as well as bioactive compound content, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids mainly rutin. The paper discusses the significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of buckwheat hulls, sprouts, and extracts, which contribute to their utility in creating healthier, functional food products. Buckwheat sprouts are noted for their enhanced levels of antioxidants and nutrients compared to mature grains. Meanwhile, buckwheat hulls, traditionally seen as by-products, are identified as sources of dietary fiber and flavonoids, suitable for use in dietary supplements and functional foods. The extracts from these parts are rich in bioactive compounds that offer health-promoting effects. The possible effects of addition of buckwheat hulls, sprouts, and extracts to food products in terms of nutritional, textural, and sensory properties are also discussed. The review underscores the need for further research to optimize the use of buckwheat less-utilized parts and to better understand their health impacts. By highlighting the novel uses and health benefits of buckwheat hulls, sprouts, and extracts, the review contributes to the growing field of sustainable food practices and the development of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many marine red algae species are used as food sources around the world. Here, the study focuses on free radical scavenging properties as a beneficial activity of the red alga Neopyropia yezoensis (Susabi-nori), which is consumed in Japan, and investigates quantitative changes in the compounds that could affect the activity due to processing steps. It was found that the dried and roasted samples showed more active radical scavenging properties detected by the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay compared to the fresh samples. The contents of phenolic compounds, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), chlorophylls, and carotenoids were evaluated; it was suggested that an increase in phenolic compounds was responsible for the enhancement of the activity. On the other hand, no correlation with the activity was found for MAAs, chlorophylls, and carotenoids. Furthermore, by comparing three different sampling times (early December, early January, and early March), it was found that the sample taken in early December showed the highest radical scavenging activity. These results suggest that the useful activities of N. yezoensis, including its antioxidant activity, can be influenced by its processing steps and harvest time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotinus coggygria is widely recognized its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihemorrhagic, and wound-healing properties. In this, aimed to evaluate the phenolic contents, cytotoxicity/proliferation, hemolytic, antimicrobial, genotoxic, apoptotic, necrotic activities, and in vivo wound healing effects of C. coggygria, a plant species known to have beneficial effects on wound healing. TOF-LC/MS analyzes revealed that the methanol extract of C. coggygria leaves contained flavonoids and phenolic compounds such as gallic acid (18.5 mg/kg), catechin (4.6 mg/kg), protocatesic acid (0.6 mg/kg), vanillic acid (8.4 mg/kg), ellagic acid (0.1 mg/kg), rosmarinic acid (0.1 mg/kg), quercetin (15 ppb) and C. coggygria stems contained such as gallic acid (24.6 mg/kg), catechin (155.1 mg/kg), chlorogenic acid (1.9 mg/kg), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (383.3 mg/kg), rutin (2.5 mg/kg), ellagic acid (15.1 mg/kg), apigenin 7-glycoside (10.5 mg/kg), rosmarinic acid (0,4 mg/kg), quercetin (15.2 mg/kg), naringenin (279.1 mg/kg). Consequently, C. coggyria has a positive effect on wound healing with antibacterial properties, particularly against E. coli, and without cytotoxic, genotoxic, or hemolytic effects at test concentrations. In the in vivo burn model, wounds treated with leaf and stem extracts healed faster than the control group. Thus, C. coggygria is an effective plant for wound healing with antibacterial properties, particularly against E. coli, and without cytotoxic, genotoxic, and hemolytic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agapanthus africanus L. (Amaryllidaceae) is a traditional herbal remedy widely used in South African traditional medicine. The phytochemical and biological profiles of this medicinal species have been rarely reported. Therefore, the current study evaluates the chemical composition of the total extract and different fractions of the subterranean organs of A. africanus along with their anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activities for the first time. As a result, a group of eight metabolites belonging to different chemical classes, including flavonoids, fatty acids, phenolic acid derivatives, and steroids were isolated and identified for the first time using different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Among the tested fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (82.00 ± 1.85 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried sample and 110.6 ± 2.2 mg rutin equivalent/g dried sample, respectively), as well as the highest DPPH scavenging properties (IC 50 =151.59 ± 1.36 μg/mL). The same fraction showed promising α -glucosidase inhibitory potential and anti-proliferative activity against HCT-116 (human colon cancer) (IC 50 = 53.75 ± 0.36 and 8.51 ± 0.5 μg/mL, respectively). Ultimately, molecular docking analysis of the isolated metabolites revealed their moderate to promising binding affinities to α-glucosidase, α-amylase, catalase, and CDK2 enzymes, highlighting their potential contribution to the observed effects of A. africanus. These results provide new insight into the potential of A. africanus as a natural source of medicinally relevant metabolites. [Display omitted] • The chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-proliferative and antidiabetic activities of A. africanus were explored. • A group of steroids, fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic acid derivatives were isolated from A. africanus for the first time. • The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited remarkable phenolic and flavonoid contents. • The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant, cytotoxic and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials. • Molecular docking of the isolated metabolites showed their interesting binding ability to a group of targeted enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noncovalent interactions of 4 selected phenolic acids, including gallic acid (GA), caffeic acid (CA), chlorogenic acid (CGA), and rosmarinic acid (RA) with lactoferrin (LF) were investigated. Compound combined with LF in the binding constant of CA > GA > RA > CGA, driven by van der Waals and hydrogen bonding for GA, and hydrophobic forces for others. Conformation of LF was affected at secondary and ternary structure levels. Molecular docking indicated that GA and CA located in the same site near the iron of the C-lobe, whereas RA and CGA bound to the C2 and N-lobe, respectively. Significantly enhanced antioxidant activity of complexes was found compared with pure LF, as demonstrated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis(2-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) models. Caffeic acid, CGA, and RA significantly decreased the emulsifying stability index and improved foam ability of LF, and the effect of CA and RA was the most remarkable, respectively. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the effect of roasting on the oil quantities, bioactive properties, colour, fatty acids and polyphenols of seeds roasted in pan at roasting times was investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid quantities of roasted seeds are assayed among 186.59 (control) and 429.29 mgGAE/100 g (20 min) to 810.00 (10 min) and 903.33 mg/100 g (5 min), respectively. The heat treatment increased the oil and total phenol quantities of the chia seeds compared to the control, depending on the increase in roasting time. In addition, the antioxidant effect of the seeds in the 5‐min roasting process was the same as in the control, but it showed differences with other roasting times. As the roasting time increased, a significant increase was observed in the L* values of the seeds and this reduced the brightness of the seeds. The 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid and catechin quantities of the chia seeds roasted for 15 and 20 min were higher than the 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid and catechin amounts of control and chia seeds roasted for 5 and 10 min. Linolenic acid was found to be the highest in chia oils, and its amount changed between 63.66 (20 min) and 66.88% (control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the phytochemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity of successive extracts of Centaurea calcitrapa L. (C. calcitrapa) aerial flowering parts, they were assessed in vitro. Using a spectrophotometer, the sample absorbance at 517 nm was used to quantify the scavenging activity. The negative control was DPPH. In the current study, the diffusion using agar wells technique was adapted to measure antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical analysis was performed using the recommended standard procedures. The methanol extract of C. calcitrapa exhibited high levels of total phenolic acids expressed as gallic acid (GA), measured as (97.25 ± 0.73 mg GAE/g) content compared to the chloroform, acetyl acetate, and aqueous extracts (27.42 ± 0.29, 64.25 ± 0.96, and 17.25 ± 0.73 mg GAE/g), respectively. Additionally, the methanol extract had a higher total tannin (27.52 ± 0.53 mg TAE/g) content compared to the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts (12.02 ± 0.55, 26.01 ± 0.81, and 7.35 ± 0.56 mg TAE/g), respectively, while the aqueous extract contains a lower percentage of flavonoids (141.10 ± 1.31 mg RTE/g) compared to the higher content achieved by the methanol extract (425.93 ± 1.27 mg RTE/g). The hydroxyl groups of the flavonoid and the phenolic compounds found in C. calcitrapa are essentially scavenging free radicals. Radical scavenging activity was highest in the methanol extract (IC50 = 2.82 μg/mL), aqueous extract (IC50 = 8.03 μg/mL), ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 4.79 μg/mL), and chloroform extract (IC50 = 6.33 μg/mL), as compared to the standard scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.52 μg/mL). The antibacterial properties of C. calcitrapa against Gram-negative bacterial strains Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Acinetobacter baumanii, in addition to Gram-positive strains Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, revealed inhibition zone diameter. The findings of this investigation establish that the aerial flowering parts of C. calcitrapa have substantial antibacterial action against human infections, and the plant can serve as a significant antioxidant that can be employed to prevent and treat severe degenerative diseases brought on by oxidative stress. qPCR showed that C. calcitrapa extracts elevate both SOD1 and SOD2 (cellular oxidation markers) with remarkable folds (1.8-fold for SOD1 and SOD2) with ethyl acetate plant extract against ascorbic acid as a control. This result reflects that C. calcitrapa extracts have remarkable antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of Ilex paraguariensis (known as Yerba mate), used as a popular beverage, are a very well-recognized plant material with various biological activities, including analeptic (because of caffeine), anti-obesity (phenolics, saponins), antimicrobial, and antiviral (phenolics, saponins). Here, the chemical compositions of the leaves of two European Ilex species (× meserveae and aquifolium) with three varieties each were investigated. The terpenoid, saponin, and polyphenolic fractions were submitted for LC-MS or GC-MS analysis against a standard Mate leaf. In addition, the aroma profiles of all the species were analysed using HS-SPME-Arrow prior to GC-MS analysis. All fractions were subjected to antiviral and cytotoxic assays. We found 86 compounds in all accessions, with limonene, linalool, and p-cymene being predominant. There were minor similarities between the volatile compositions of the European and South American species. We found ursolic and oleanolic acid to be the main compounds in the terpenoid fraction. Mono-caffeoylquinic acids and di-caffeoylquinic acids were the main constituents of the polar fractions. About 180 compounds from the saponin group were tentatively identified, of which 9 and 3 were selected as distinctive markers for I. meserveae and I. aquifolium, respectively. Based on chemical screening, I. aquifolium Silver Queen was chosen as the source of terpenoid and saponin fractions and polyphenol extracts. The most substantial inhibition of cancer cell growth was observed with saponin in the case of the MCF7 (human breast cancer) cell line, while for LoVo and L929 cell lines (human colorectal cancer and reference mouse fibroblasts), it was slightly weaker. These results should be analysed further as a promising chemoprevention of colorectal and gastrointestinal cancers. Saponin and polyphenolic extracts exhibited similar activities against HSV-1 and HAdV-5, with 4-log reduction in virus titres. This study focuses our attention on a field of potential antiviral formulations derived from European holly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternate bearing is a common challenge in horticultural plants, leading to irregular yield in successive years. The potential role of phenolic compounds in regulating this phenomenon, however, is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of phenolic compounds in alternate bearing in pistachio trees by analysing samples from different parts of the "Uzun" cultivar over two consecutive years. Seven phenolic compounds (gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and quercetin) were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography at 10-day intervals. Significant variations were observed in the levels of certain phenolic compounds between "ON" and "OFF" years, suggesting a potential role for these compounds in alternate bearing. Ferulic acid exhibited a significant decrease in leaves and shoots, indicating its translocation to the nuts, leading to a sharp decline during the nut lignification process. A negative and significant correlation between ferulic and caffeic acid levels was observed in the "ON" and "OFF" years, which may be linked to the alternate bearing and kernel development process in pistachio. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of phenolic compounds in regulating alternate bearing in pistachio trees and could inform future strategies for enhancing pistachio yields and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds found in high amounts in aronia fruit, three different extraction methods (classical, ultrasound, and ultrasonic), three different traditional solvents (water, ethanol, acidified 80% methanol) as well as five different natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were used. Color indices as L*, a*, b*, C*, and H° values, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), total antioxidant capacity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential assays), and phenolic compounds of the aronia fruit extracts were analyzed. There were significant differences in the measured parameters depending on the extraction method and solvent type. Extracts in ultrasound and classical extraction had similar and higher TPC than those in ultrasonic extraction. The highest TFC (66.87 mg of QE/g) was determined in the extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction, and the highest TMA content (1551.08 mg of Cyn-3-glu/kg) was determined in the extracts by ultrasonic extraction. In the statistical evaluations, the highest average TPC (66.71 and 60.97 mg of GAE/g, respectively) was determined in the aronia extracts prepared with choline chloride:acetic acid and choline chloride:citric acid. Using NADES increased the TPC, and TFC while providing results close to methanol in the TMA content. Based on these results, better results will be obtained using these solvents in obtaining extracts used in the production of functional foods in the food industry with high TPC, TFC, and monomeric anthocyanin content. The present study shows the potential for creating ecofriendly solvents with enhanced extraction capabilities compared to classical solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from aronia fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]