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Solar vapor generation technology is a promising strategy for clean energy-driven water treatments. The recently developed convection flow enhanced evaporator achieved a new breakthrough in the evaporation rate (over 10 kg m−2·h−1). However, the coupling of convection flow and evaporator is insufficient. The convection rate inside the evaporator is usually substantially lower than that outside, limiting the steam diffusion. In this study, a straightforward 3D evaporator with multi-vertical sheets was facilely obtained through 3D printing and assembly. The simulation results showed that the convection rate inside the evaporator is higher than that inside the inlet, and the humidity inside the evaporator is much lower than that inside the evaporator surface, resulting in enhanced vapor generation and diffusion. The ultra-high evaporation rate of 28.4 kg m−2·h−1 was finally achieved based on the full use of the convection flow. The correlation between convection flow and evaporation rate was linear, and the convection flow mechanism improving the evaporation rate was clarified. The cumulative mass change of the 3D evaporator in 8 h under an outdoor open system reached 70.7 kg m−2. The associated desalinated seawater ion concentrations met the standards for healthy drinking water. [Display omitted] ● A 3D evaporator was obtained through 3D printing and assembly. ● It presented a solar-to-vapor energy efficiency of 122.6% under 1.0 sun. ● The vertical sheets of 3D evaporator were well coupled with the convection flow. ● A high evaporation rate of 28.4 kg m−2 h−1 is accomplished at 1.0 sun and 6 m s−1. ● The mechanism of convection flow enhancing evaporation rate is expounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Saturated long-chain esters of isopulegol were synthesized and their activities as permeation enhancers for transdermal delivery of amlodipine and flurbiprofen were investigated, in contrast to the saturated fatty acids and isopulegol, as well as their physical mixtures. Methods: In vitro permeation experiments, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were introduced to investigate the regulation of enhancers in the skin permeability and biophysical properties. With in vitro cytotoxicity test and in vivo erythema model, the skin irritation of enhancers was evaluated. Results: The esters significantly increased the permeation of amlodipine and flurbiprofen, whereas saturated fatty acids and isopulegol had no such effect and even decreased the drug permeation when they were used alone or in combination. These results were supported by CLSM and ATR-FTIR studies, which revealed that only the esters could decrease the order of the alkyl chains in the skin lipids. Additionally, almost no skin irritation and cytotoxicity were observed for these esters. Conclusions: Saturated long-chain esters of isopulegol are shown to be suitable permeation enhancers for transdermal drug delivery. Covalent attachment of isopulegol and saturated fatty acids might represent a promising strategy to design novel and potent permeation enhancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A newly isolated Critrobacter farmeri SC01 can degrade m-cresol effectively. [•] LC–MS analysis detected four new peaks and the intermediates were confirmed. [•] GC–MS analysis confirmed the presence of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. [•] FT-IR analysis confirmed the formation of muconolactone during the biodegradation of m-cresol. [•] The intermediates in m-cresol degradation proved a new orth-cleaving metabolic pathway. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background and Aim Endoscopic diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) remains challenging. Autofluorescence imaging ( AFI) can identify indistinct mucosal lesions; however, its ability to diagnose GERD has not been determined. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic capabilities of standard white light imaging ( WLI) and AFI using pH/impedance testing as gold standard. Methods In this prospective observational trial, 95 consecutive patients with classic reflux symptoms were screened in two tertiary care referral hospitals and 82 were included. GerdQ questionnaire was administered to each patient. Endoscopy with WLI and AFI, and ambulatory 24-h pH/impedance monitoring were performed. Erosive esophagitis on WLI was defined as positive for GERD, whereas on AFI endoscopy, the appearance of one or more longitudinal purple lines > 1 cm was defined as indicative of GERD. We assessed the diagnostic capacities of each method, as well as inter-observer agreement on AFI findings. We also looked at factors associated with having a positive AFI finding. Results The sensitivity and accuracy of AFI (77% and 67%, respectively) in detecting GERD were higher than those of WLI (21% and 52%, respectively), although the specificity of AFI (53%) was lower than that of WLI (97%); McNemar test showed a significant difference ( P = 0.000). Inter-observer reliability analysis of AFI findings indicated substantial agreement ( Kappa = 0.630, P = 0.000). Multivariate analysis showed that abnormal AFI findings significantly correlated with positive pH/impedance result (odds ratio = 0.242, 95% confidence interval = 0.087-0.673, P = 0.007). Conclusions AFI can reveal GERD-related mucosal changes, invisible on conventional WLI, thus improve the endoscopic diagnosis of GERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) may be located at sites throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Clinical characteristics of HGM, role of Helicobacter pylori infection, natural history, and relationship to neoplastic transformation have not sufficiently been explored. Aim. To retrospectively study the prevalence, histological features, and clinical characteristics of HGM among Chinese patients who underwent upper GI endoscopy. Methods. Endoscopic, histological, and clinical records of patients, who underwent upper GI endoscopy ( n = 6802) and colonoscopy ( n = 3504), respectively, between May 2011 and May 2012, were collected and retrospectively analyzed. A total of 6716 sex- and age-matched patients without HGM were enrolled as controls. Results. HGM was diagnosed in 86 cases (51 esophageal, 0.75%; 35 duodenal, 0.51%). Male:female ratio was 1.4:1 (30/21) for esophageal HGM, 1.7:1 (22/13) for duodenal HGM, and 1.1:1 (3557/3159) for controls. Two histopathological types of HGM were identified: foveolar epithelium alone and foveoloar epithelium together with gastric glands. Helicobacter pylori were present in 19.6% of cases with esophageal HGM and 20.0% of cases with duodenal HGM. Esophageal HGM was significantly associated with dysphagia and globus; duodenal HGM was not significantly associated with GI symptoms. Intestinal metaplasia was present in two and three patients in both groups, respectively, with no dysplasia or carcinoma. Conclusion. HGM was present in fewer patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy, and it was more often present in men. A careful endoscopic examination is required to diagnose HGM, and it should be supported with a biopsy when indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Acid modification can improve the PCM loading of halloysite-based FSPCM. • Improvement of PCM loading via acid modification was systematically interpreted. • A novel halloysite-based FSPCM cement panel was developed. • Effect of cement thermal conductivity on its performance in building was identified. Phase change material (PCM) with large thermal storage capacity and constant phase change temperature is one of the most promising materials for building energy saving. However, its leakage problem and poor thermal conductivity have largely hindered its large-scale application. This study, therefore, utilizes acid-modified halloysite to encapsulate PCM for preparing form-stable PCM with enhanced thermal storage capacity and systematically investigates the thermal conductivity enhancement on the thermal performance of FSPCM cement panel by a lab-scale test chamber. The study results indicated that the maximum PCM loading for the acid-modified halloysite-based FSPCM was 55 wt%, 10 wt% higher than that of the original one and the associated mechanism of acid-modification was in-depth discussed. The as-prepared FSPCM had comparatively high thermal storage capacity and appropriate phase change temperature. Although the addition of FSPCM may decrease the mechanical properties of cement panels, the prepared sample can still meet the standard for building application. More importantly, the thermal conductivity enhancement of the FSPCM cement panel had a different impact on its thermal performance for various models and the reasons for this difference were systematically investigated. The study results can provide insights into the preparation and building application of FSPCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbiota has been proposed as a pivotal role in the progression of Spondyloarthritis (SpA), however diverse results remain to be synthesized. We performed a systematic review to collect evidence on the characteristic of the gut microbiota in patients with SpA, as compared to controls. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, through June 1, 2021 for studies that compared gut microbiota of cases with SpA versus healthy controls. Of 3756 records identified, 28 studies from 23 articles were included in the analysis. Results of β-diversity showed SpA patients hold a significantly different microbial composition compared with controls. Several taxa-level differences of gut microbiota between SpA (and its subtypes) cases and controls were identified. Fourteen studies including only patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) reported increased amounts of Actinobacteria, Dialister, Streptococcus , and Clostridium bolteae , and decreased amounts of Bacteroidales and Parasutterella in AS cases versus controls in ≥ 3 studies. Dialister invisus was increased in axial-SpA cases versus controls in 3 studies. Bacteroides fragilis was increased in enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) cases versus controls in 2 studies. For all SpA studies, Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Bacteroidaceae were increased, whereas Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidales, and Akkermansia were decreased in cases versus controls in ≥ 3 studies. Over 40% of the studies showed comparable data of both sex and age between cases and controls. The microbial characteristics of SpA summarized in the systematic review laid the groundwork for evidence-based microbial treatment. The microbial variance among subtypes of SpA remains to be explored. Further studies are needed to elucidate how the altered microbiota participate in the pathogenesis of SpA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pregabalin alleviates the hyperalgesia induced by SNI. • Pregabalin decreases the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in SNI rats. • Pregabalin significantly reduces the level of PKCε/TRPV1 and reactive astrocytes in SNI rats. Pregabalin has been increasingly used in recent years, and becoming a first-line medication for the clinical treatment of neuropathic pain. However, the mechanisms underlying pregabalin-induced neuropathic pain alleviation remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether PKC epsilon (PKCε)/ transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1(TRPV1) signaling pathway participated in pregabalin-induced analgesia during treatment of neuropathic pain using rat models of spared nerve injury (SNI). The left hind paw withdrawal mechanical thresholds (PWMT) of rats were measured preoperatively one day before and on day 1, 4, 7 and 14 after surgery. On day 7 after SNI surgery, the rats received ligation operation were administrated with pregabalin intraperitoneally and were intrathecally injected with PKC Inhibitor BIM Ⅰ or PKC agonist PMA for seven consecutive days, IL-1β and IL-6 expression levels in the spinal cord of rats were then assessed. Furthermore, we analyzed the PKCε, TRPV1, pTRPV1 and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein levels and the expression of reactive astrocytes and the PKCε, TRPV1 and pTRPV1 positive cells on day 14 after SNI. Our findings indicated that pregabalin could relieve neuropathic pain to a certain extent by suppressing the PKCε/TRPV1 signaling pathway and inhibiting inflammatory processes in the spinal cord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We demonstrate the controlled synthesis of ZnO branched nanorod arrays on fluorine-doped SnO2-coated glass substrates by the hierarchical solution growth method. In the secondary growth, the concentration of Zn(NO3)2/hexamethylenetetramine plays an important role in controlling the morphology of the branched nanorod arrays, besides that of diaminopropane used as a structure-directing agent to induce the growth of branches. The population density and morphology of the branched nanorod arrays depend on those of the nanorod arrays obtained from the primary growth, which can be modulated though the concentration of Zn(NO3)2/hexamethylenetetramine in the primary growth solution. The dye-sensitized ZnO branched nanorod arrays exhibit much stronger optical absorption as compared with its corresponding primary nanorod arrays, suggesting that the addition of the branches improves light harvesting. The dye-sensitized solar cell based on the optimized ZnO branched nanorod array reaches a conversion efficiency of 1.66% under the light radiation of 1000W/m2. The branched nanorod arrays can also be applied in other application fields of ZnO. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An interpolation theorem for weak Orlicz spaces generalized by N-functions satisfying M Δ condition is given. It is proved to be true for weak Orlicz martingale spaces by weak atomic decomposition of weak Hardy martingale spaces. And applying the interpolation theorem, we obtain some embedding relationships among weak Orlicz martingale spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Space radiation was linked to neurological damage and behavioral deficits which raised concerns of increased degenerative risk on the brain and development of Alzheimer's disease following space travel. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effects of irradiation by 56Fe and 28Si in CRND8 mice, an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Methods: Six-month-old CRND8 mice were exposed to whole body irradiation by 56Fe and 28Si at 0.5 Gy and 2 Gy doses. Behavior tests were administered 1-month to 3-months post-irradiation. Amyloid deposition and other pathological changes were analyzed 3-months and/or 6-months post-irradiation. Results: The Novel Object Recognition test showed some decline in 8-month-old mice compared to non-irradiated CRND8 mice. Male mice also showed a loss of freezing behavior in the fear conditioning contextual test following irradiation. Golgi staining revealed a loss of spines in hippocampal neurons after irradiation. Total amyloid immunohistochemistry showed a robust increase in 3-months post-irradiation 56Fe groups which became normalized to non-irradiated group by 6-months post-irradiation. However, 2 Gy 28Si caused a trend towards increased plaque load at 3-months post-irradiation which became significant at 6-months post irradiation only in male CRND8 mice. While 0.5 Gy Fe did not induce obvious changes in the total number of iba-1 positive microglia, more hippocampal microglia were found to express PCNA after 0.5 Gy Fe treatment, suggesting potential involvement of microglial dysfunction. Conclusions: Overall, our study provides new evidence of gender-specific and ion-dependent effects of space radiation on cognition and amyloid pathology in AD models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coal gangue dump may introduce heavy metal(oid)s (HMs) into surrounding agricultural soils, posing potential health risks to nearby communities. This study evaluated heavy metal(oid) pollution in agricultural soils adjacent to a gangue dump at an abandoned coal mine in Chongqing, Southwest China. The concentrations of HMs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were quantified using ICP-MS, and the contamination status was assessed using the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI). Heavy metal(oid) contamination was detected in soils across a depth of 0–30 cm, particularly pronounced in the topsoil layer (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths). Cu emerged as the predominant contaminant across all examined depths, with average Igeo values of 1.20, 1.21, and 1.16 for the 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm depths, respectively, indicating moderate contamination. The CF for Cu was 3.55, 3.55, and 3.50 for these respective depths, classifying it as considerable contamination. The PLI values ranged from 1.61 to 2.50, with a mean value of 2.12, indicating overall contamination. The ecological risk assessment indicated that the soil's ecological risk was low at all depths. Cd was the major contributor to the RI, accounting for 48%, 47%, and 42% at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm depths, respectively. Health risk assessments revealed significant non-carcinogenic risks to children (mean HI = 1.30) and unacceptable carcinogenic risks to both adults and children (mean TCR = 3.26 × 10–4 and 1.53 × 10–3, respectively). This study underscores the critical need for comprehensive risk assessments using multiple indicators to prioritize remediation efforts for HMs, providing a scientific basis for effective environmental management and public health protection in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change material (PCM) based thermal storage technology can help mitigate the increasing energy problems caused by the rapid economic developments and population growth. However, the extremely low thermal conductivity of PCM has substantially impeded their wide applications in practice. Therefore, this study has developed a novel palmitic acid (PA)/halloysite nanotubes (Hal) form-stable PCM (FSPCM) with enhanced thermal conductivity utilizing the synergetic effect of carbon nanocoating and graphene addition. To enhance the thermal conductivity of the Hal, the C-Hal (CH) was firstly prepared through sucrose decomposition, and the effect of calcination temperature and sucrose concentration on the CH were systematically investigated for identifying the optimal carbonization condition. Then, the obtained CH was used to encapsulate PA by a low-cost and facile direct impregnation method, and the leakage test was implemented to identify the loading of the FSPCM. Meanwhile, graphene was added to further improve the thermal conductivity of the FSPCM. Finally, the critical thermal, microstructure, and chemical compatibility properties of as-prepared PA/CH/graphene FSPCM were systematically investigated. The study results indicated that the FSPCM exhibits melting temperature at 62.89 °C with a thermal energy storage density of 71.35 J/g and desirable thermal reliability. More importantly, the thermal conductivity of the prepared FSPCM has been substantially improved up to 1.51 W/mK, which is 3.60 times that of pristine PCM. The main reason is that the synergistic effects of carbon nanocoating and graphene addition have built a continuous highway for heat transfer. The study provides a practical means to greatly improve the thermal conductivity of the FSPCM, thereby promoting its practical applications. [Display omitted] • PCM low thermal conductivity largely impedes its wide applications. • Carbon coating and graphene were utilized to improve PCM thermal conductivity. • The PCM thermal conductivity can be improved by 260%. • The synergistic effect on thermal conductivity enhancement was elaborated. • Results provide a practical means to largely improve PCM thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: DNBSEQ™ platforms are new massively parallel sequencing (MPS) platforms that use DNA nanoball technology. Use of data generated from DNBSEQ™ platforms to detect single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small insertions and deletions (indels) has proven to be quite effective, while the feasibility of copy number variants (CNVs) detection is unclear. Results: Here, we first benchmarked different CNV detection tools based on Illumina whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of NA12878 and then assessed these tools in CNV detection based on DNBSEQ™ sequencing data from the same sample. When the same tool was used, the CNVs detected based on DNBSEQ™ and Illumina data were similar in quantity, length and distribution, while great differences existed within results from different tools and even based on data from a single platform. We further estimated the CNV detection power based on available CNV benchmarks of NA12878 and found similar precision and sensitivity between the DNBSEQ™ and Illumina platforms. We also found higher precision of CNVs shorter than 1 kbp based on DNBSEQ™ platforms than those based on Illumina platforms by using Pindel, DELLY and LUMPY. We carefully compared these two available benchmarks and found a large proportion of specific CNVs between them. Thus, we constructed a more complete CNV benchmark of NA12878 containing 3512 CNV regions. Conclusions: We assessed and benchmarked CNV detections based on WGS with DNBSEQ™ platforms and provide guidelines for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are a common bacterial secretion system that facilitates communication between bacteria and hosts, playing a role in the settlement and metamorphosis of some marine larvae. However, the induction mechanism of bacterial OMVs on larval metamorphosis in macrofouling organisms, such as mussels Mytilus coruscus , remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the size, composition, and induction activity of OMVs secreted by various bacteria. Our findings revealed substantial differences in the size, composition, and induction activity of OMVs across different bacterial strains. When correlating the biofilm activity of these strains with the induction activity of their respective OMVs, a significant correlation was observed between the induction activity of OMVs and that of biofilms. Furthermore, our investigation demonstrated that lysozyme, protease, and lipases could decrease the induction activity of OMVs, with lipases exhibiting the most effective inhibitory effect. This research presented a novel approach to inhibit the settlement and metamorphosis of macrofouling by depredating bacterial OMVs. [Display omitted] • OMVs were first found to induce larval settlement and metamorphosis in mussels. • The induction capability of OMVs from different bacteria showed variability. • The mechanism of OMV-induced metamorphosis of mussel larvae was elucidated. • A green method to prevent macrofouling by degrading OMVs was discovered. • The most effective way to reduce mussel recruitment was by treating OMVs with lipase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Predictive markers for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) outcomes in patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) are poorly defined. We aimed to investigate changes in gut microbiota pre- and post-FMT and to assess the potential value in determining the total copy number of fecal bacterial siderophore genes in predicting FMT responsiveness. Methods: Patients with active UC (Mayo score ≥ 3) who had undergone two FMT procedures were enrolled. Fecal samples were collected before and 8 weeks after each FMT session. Patients were classified into clinical response and non-response groups, based on their Mayo scores. The fecal microbiota profile was accessed using metagenomic sequencing, and the total siderophore genes copy number via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, we examined the association between the total siderophore genes copy number and FMT efficacy. Results: Seventy patients with UC had undergone FMT. The clinical response and remission rates were 50% and 10% after the first FMT procedure, increasing to 72.41% and 27.59% after the second FMT. The cumulative clinical response and clinical remission rates were 72.86% and 25.71%. Compared with baseline, the response group showed a significant increase in Faecalibacterium, and decrease in Enterobacteriaceae, consisted with the changes of the total bacterial siderophore genes copy number after the second FMT (1889.14 vs. 98.73 copies/ng, P < 0.01). Virulence factor analysis showed an enriched iron uptake system, especially bacterial siderophores, in the pre-FMT response group, with a greater contribution from Escherichia coli. The total baseline copy number was significantly higher in the response group than non-response group (1889.14 vs. 94.86 copies/ng, P < 0.01). A total baseline copy number cutoff value of 755.88 copies/ng showed 94.7% specificity and 72.5% sensitivity in predicting FMT responsiveness. Conclusions: A significant increase in Faecalibacterium, and decrease in Enterobacteriaceae and the total fecal siderophore genes copy number were observed in responders after FMT. The siderophore genes and its encoding bacteria may be of predictive value for the clinical responsiveness of FMT to active ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the intestinal microbiota in duodenal ulcer (DU) patients, effects of proton pump inhibitors,clarithromycin and amoxicillin, PCA) for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium (BSEF) on intestinal microbiota. DU patients were randomly assigned to receive either PCA (group TT) or PCA plus BSEF(group TP). The fecal microbiome was conducted using high throughput 16S rDNA gene and internal transcribed spacer sequencings. The diversity and abundance of intestinal bacteria in the DU were significantly lower than health check control (HC) group. In the TT group, the abundance and diversity of both intestinal bacteria and fungi decreased after PCA treatment, compared with those before treatment, whereas in the TP group no obvious changes were observed. In the TT group at all the time points, both the intestinal bacteria and fungi were different from those in the HC group. However, in the TP group, at 10w the bacterial flora abundance was close to that in the HC group. The results indicate that anti- H. pylori treatment induced significant decrease in the diversity of intestinal microbiota, while the combined therapy supplemented with BSEF could protect and restore the intestinal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, mullite was adopted in order to absorb Palmitic Acid (PA) via a direct impregnation method. The prepared PA/mullite form-stable phase change materials (FSPCM) were systematically characterized by the Leakage Test (LT), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TG) and Cooling Curve Method (CCM). The results indicated that, among these composites with different mass fractions of PA, the sample with the 32 wt % Palmitic Acid has the best properties without any leakage. The enthalpy of 32%PA/68%mullite FSPCM is 50.8 J/g for melting process, and 58.3 J/g for solidifying process. The phase change point of 32%PA/68%mullite FSPCM is 64.1 °C for melting and 58.7 °C for solidifying. The heat storage efficiency of the PA/mullite FSPCM was enhanced considerably by adding mullite. The leakage and thermal properties of PA/mullite FSPCM were discussed and the performance of the FSPCM has been apparently improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by complex heterogeneity, high recurrence and metastasis rates, and short overall survival, owing to the lack of endocrine and targeted receptors, which necessitates chemotherapy as the major treatment regimen. Exosome-like nanovesicles derived from medicinal plants have shown great potential as novel biotherapeutics for cancer therapy by delivering their incorporated nucleic acids, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), to mammalian cells. In this study, we isolated exosome-like nanovesicles derived from B. javanica (BF-Exos) and investigated their influence and underlying molecular mechanisms in TNBC. We found that BF-Exos delivered 10 functional miRNAs to 4T1 cells, significantly retarding the growth and metastasis of 4T1 cells by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and promoting ROS/caspase-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, BF-Exos were shown to inhibit the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, contributing to anti-angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. In vivo, BF-Exos inhibited tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in breast tumor mouse models, while maintaining high biosafety. Overall, BF-Exos are considered promising nanoplatforms for the delivery of medicinal plant-derived nucleic acids, with great potential to be developed into novel biotherapeutics for the treatment of TNBC. [Display omitted] • B. javanica -derived exosome-like nanovesicles were identified for the first time. • Plant exosomes as a nanoplatform for sufficiently delivering therapeutic miRNAs. • Plant exosomes in retarding tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of the gastric microbiota in patients with gastric polyposis (GP) remain unclear. Given this we collected gastric antrum and gastric body biopsies from healthy controls (HC.A and HC.B group) and gastric antrum, gastric body and polyp biopsies from patients with multiple gastric polyps (GP.A, GP.B and GP.P group) for 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the diversity of the gastric flora in the GP group was significantly lower than that of the HC group. The gastric flora composition of the GP group was significantly different from the HC group. However, flora diversity and compositions in different parts of the stomach (gastric antrum, gastric body or polyp tissue) were not significantly different. H. pylori abundance could influence the composition of gastric microbiota. Meanwhile, patients with fundic gland polyps (FGPs) and those with hyperplastic polyps (HPs) had considerably similar gastric bacterial compositions. We constructed a microbial dysbiosis index (MDI) based on the gastric microbiota at the genus level as a predictive model, and it was able to distinguish between individuals in the GP and HC groups. These findings showed that intragastric flora dysbiosis may be closely related to the occurrence and development of gastric polyps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a vital cytokine that plays a crucial role in the development and regeneration of the nervous system. It has been extensively studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various neural diseases. However, as a protein drug, limited natural source seriously hinders its translation and clinical applications. Conventional extraction of NGF from mouse submandibular glands has a very high cost and potentially induces immunogenicity; total synthesis and semi-synthesis methods are alternatives, but have difficulty in obtaining correct protein structure; gene engineering of plant cells is thought to be non-immunogenic, bioactive and economical. Meanwhile, large molecular weight, high polarity, and negative electrical charge make it difficult for NGF to cross the blood brain barrier to reach therapeutic targets. Current delivery strategies mainly depend on the adenovirus and cell biodelivery, but the safety and efficacy remain to be improved. New materials are widely investigated for the controllable, safe and precise delivery of NGF. This review illustrates physiological and therapeutic effects of NGF for various diseases. Moreover, new progress in production and delivery technologies for NGF are summarized. Bottlenecks encountered in the development of NGF as therapeutics are also discussed with the countermeasures proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transdermal delivery of antigen and chemokine proteins that activates the maturation of skin dendritic cells (DCs) and direct the migration of activated DCs to lymph and spleen is an important alternative to conventional vaccines. However, stratum corneum forms a barrier to skin penetration. The poor cellular uptake of free antigens and chemokines also limits transcutaneous immunization efficacy. In this work, a pair of iontophoresis‐driven microneedle patches is constructed, of which, two kinds of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from Escherichia coli transformed by plasmid encoding gp100 (IPMN‐G) and chemokine ligand 21 (IPMN‐C) are incorporated within microneedles, respectively. The topical application of IPMN‐G and IPMN‐C shows the effectiveness of transdermally delivering gp100 and CCL21 secreting vesicles to skin DCs. With iontophoresis as a driving generator, the release and uptake of transgenic OMVs in target cells are significantly enhanced, with transcutaneous immunization initiated. The in vivo applications of IPMN‐G and IPMN‐C with a 12 h interval retard the progression and prevent the occurrence of tumor spheroids. IPMN‐GC is shown as a promising triplatform in engineering transgenic OMV‐incorporated microneedles, driven by iontophoresis into a transcutaneous vaccine, providing a noninvasive system for the transdermal delivery of antigen and chemokine proteins for transcutaneous vaccination‐meditated immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Although accumulation of misfolded tau species has been shown to predict cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies but with the remarkable diversity of clinical manifestations, neuropathology profiles, and time courses of disease progression remaining unexplained by current genetic data. We considered the diversity of misfolded tau conformers present in individual AD cases as an underlying driver of the phenotypic variations of AD and progressive loss of synapses. Methods: To model the mechanism of tau propagation and synaptic toxicity of distinct tau conformers, we inoculated wild-type primary mouse neurons with structurally characterized Sarkosyl-insoluble tau isolates from the frontal cortex of six AD cases and monitored the impact for fourteen days. We analyzed the accumulation rate, tau isoform ratio, and conformational characteristics of de novo-induced tau aggregates with conformationally sensitive immunoassays, and the dynamics of synapse formation, maintenance, and their loss using a panel of pre-and post-synaptic markers. Results: At the same concentrations of tau, the different AD tau isolates induced accumulation of misfolded predominantly 4-repeat tau aggregates at different rates in mature neurons, and demonstrated distinct conformational characteristics corresponding to the original AD brain tau. The time-course of the formation of misfolded tau aggregates and colocalization correlated with significant loss of synapses in tau-inoculated cell cultures and the reduction of synaptic connections implicated the disruption of postsynaptic compartment as an early event. Conclusions: The data obtained with mature neurons expressing physiological levels and adult isoforms of tau protein demonstrate markedly different time courses of endogenous tau misfolding and differential patterns of post-synaptic alterations. These and previous biophysical data argue for an ensemble of various misfolded tau aggregates in individual AD brains and template propagation of their homologous conformations in neurons with different rates and primarily postsynaptic interactors. Modeling tau aggregation in mature differentiated neurons provides a platform for investigating divergent molecular mechanisms of tau strain propagation and for identifying common structural features of misfolded tau and critical interactors for new therapeutic targets and approaches in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of near-infrared (NIR) region in solar thermal radiation accounts for almost half, and it brings great cooling energy consumption to buildings when incident indoors. While in the NIR region, most of the thermal radiation energy is concentrated in the low wavelength range of 780–1100 nm. As a typical NIR shielding material, alkali tungsten bronzes has shown great application potential, but its shielding ability at the low wavelength of NIR region still needs to be improved. In this work, nanocrystalline lanthanum tungsten bronze have been prepared by solid state reaction method, and exhibit strong NIR absorption in the low wavelength of NIR region. Nanocrystalline lanthanum tungsten bronze also shows good photocatalytic properties, its electronic structure and optical properties have been further studied by first principles calculation. Nanocrystalline lanthanum tungsten bronze is expected to play an important role in energy-saving windows due to its excellent optical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Developed an efficient energy-saving building model based on transparent heat-shielding glass and energy-storage cement. • Halloysite nanotubes have been successfully used for energy storage cement. • Transparent heat shielding glass and energy storage cement have a synergistic effect on building temperature regulation. • The energy saving and economic payback period of the best scheme are 23.4% and 4.82 respectively. Transparent heat-shielding (THS) glass based on selective absorbing materials has great application prospects in reducing building energy consumption. However, the heat generated by absorbing near-infrared light will also increase the indoor temperature, meanwhile, a single energy-saving material often causes obvious indoor temperature differences. This paper presents an energy-saving building room based on Cs x WO 3 @TiO 2 coated glass (CG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)/halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) energy storage cement (CP/F). The Cs x WO 3 (CWO) nanoparticles coating with TiO 2 enhanced the stability of THS materials. The PEG/HNTs energy storage material exhibits a desirable phase change temperature of 28.70 °C, and relatively high latent heat of 74.84 J/g. The test room result shows that the combination of CG and CP/F can reduce the room temperature by about 10 °C, which is greater than the sum of CG and CP working alone owing to the synergistic effect of two materials, that is, CP/F can absorb part of the heat from CG. The combination of CG and CP/F made the indoor temperature distribution more uniform, with the maximum temperature difference decreasing from 6.7 °C to 3.1 °C. The annual energy saving of CP/F-CG in Changsha and Hong Kong is 14.7 % and 23.4 % respectively, and the economic payback period is 6.57 and 4.82 years respectively. The experimental results provide a new perspective on the development of energy-saving buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phase change material-integrated interfacial solar vapor generator (SVG) is proposed. • Mass change of PCM-integrated SVG was 1.5 times that of the conventional evaporator. • COMSOL simulations indicate the performance of PCM-integrated SVG can be improved. • The study provides a novel strategy to improve all-day vapor generation yield. Owing to the intermittent nature of solar energy, the water generation yield of interfacial solar vapor generation during the nighttime is limited. Herein, we propose a phase change material (PCM)-integrated solar vapor generator to address this limitation. Specifically, three types of polyethylene glycol (PEG800, PEG1500, PEG2000)/expanded graphite (EG) form-stable PCMs (FSPCMs) with different thermophysical properties were fabricated. Upon comparing the performances of the three FSPCMs, PEG1500/EG was found to be the optimal specimen and the associated mechanism was discussed in detail. Further, a proof-of-concept evaporator was assembled to find that the all-day mass change of the FSPCM-integrated solar vapor generator was 1.5 times that of the conventional evaporator and 3.0 times that of pure water. Moreover, the mass change of the FSPCM-integrated solar vapor generator during the night was 3.6 times that of the conventional evaporator. Benefiting from the thermal energy storage capacity of the prepared FSPCMs, the FSPCM-integrated solar vapor generator can store the extra energy of the sun in the daytime and achieve continuous vapor generation in both daytime and nighttime. Furthermore, COMSOL simulations indicate that the overall performance of the FSPCM-integrated solar vapor generator can be further improved because the FSPCM module has good scalability. In a word, this study provides a novel strategy to effectively improve the all-day vapor generation yield of interfacial solar vapor generation and inspires further research aimed at the use of thermal storage technology to enable round-the-clock solar vapor generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound repair, along with skin appendage regeneration, is challenged by insufficient angiogenesis and neural regeneration. Therefore, promoting both proangiogenic and neuro-regenerative therapeutic effects is essential for effective wound repair. However, most therapeutic systems apply these strategies separately or ineffectively. This study investigates the performance of an all-in-one smart dressing (ASD) that integrates angiogenic functional materials and multiple biological factors within a light crosslinked hydrogel, forming a multi-functional dressing capable of facilitating simultaneous micro-vascularization and neural regeneration. The ASD uses a zeolite-imidazolate framework 67 with anchored vanadium oxide (VO2@ZIF-67) that allows for the on-demand release of Co2+ with fluctuations in pH at the wound site to stimulate angiogenesis. It can simultaneously release CXCL12, ligustroflavone, and ginsenoside Rg1 in a sustained manner to enhance the recruitment of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells, inhibit senescence, and induce neural differentiation to achieve in situ nerve regeneration. The ASD can stimulate rapid angiogenesis and nerve regeneration within 17 days through multiple angiogenic and neuro-regenerative cues within one dressing. This study provides a proof-of-concept for integrating functional nanomaterials and multiple complementary drugs within a smart dressing for simultaneous angiogenesis and neural regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke, but effective treatments are lacking, and neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis. In the innate immune response to cerebral hemorrhage, microglia first appear around the injured tissue and are involved in the inflammatory cascade response. Microglia respond to acute brain injury by being activated and polarized to either a typical M1-like (pro-inflammatory) or an alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. These two polarization states produce pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. With the discovery of the molecular mechanisms and key signaling molecules related to the polarization of microglia in the brain, some targets that regulate the polarization of microglia to reduce the inflammatory response are considered a treatment for secondary brain tissue after ICH damage effective strategies. Therefore, how to promote the polarization of microglia to the M2 phenotype after ICH has become the focus of attention in recent years. This article reviews the mechanism of action of microglia's M1 and M2 phenotypes in secondary brain injury after ICH. Moreover, it discusses compounds and natural pharmaceutical ingredients that can polarize the M1 to the M2 phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas bubble is a common defect in high-purity fused silica materials, but the formation of the second phase particles related to gas bubble and its mechanism remain unclear till now. In this work, we have presented a method for characterization of colored gas bubbles in high-purity fused silica crucibles for Czochralski silicon by the means of TEM and EDX. Based on it, the origin of the coloring of the gas bubbles is demonstrated to be induced by the gathering of Fe impurity and then, the formation of high-density second phase—ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3) crystals around the gas bubbles. Moreover, our results provide insight into the formation mechanism of second phase crystals which can be induced by stress field variations around gas bubbles during the cooling process that probably promoted by volume shrinkage effect and increasing solubility of gas from gas bubbles into fused silica substrate. The understanding of the second phase particle formation mechanism in high-purity fused silica materials is valuable for its further controlling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the high thermal capacity and nearly constant temperature during phase change, phase change material has been considered one of the most promising solar thermal energy storage materials. However, the development of high-performance shape-stabilized phase change material (SSPCM) based on a low-cost and eco-friendly supporting material remains a big challenge. Herein, a systematic experimental framework is proposed and used to respond to the challenge. By applying this framework, acid-modified fly ash (AMFA) was firstly used as the supporting material for lauric acid (LA) to prevent its leakage, while carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were utilized to improve its thermal conductivity. Specifically, the LA/AMFA/CNTs composites were synthesized via a facile and low-cost direct impregnation method. Subsequently, the as-prepared composites were systematically investigated by various characterization techniques. The results of leakage tests exhibited that the acid treatment could improve the PCM loading of fly ash and the relevant mechanism of acid-modified fly ash was identified. With the introduction of CNTs, the heat transfer efficiency of LA/AMFA/CNTs had been enhanced substantially. More importantly, compared with conventional supporting materials, the used fly ash in this work revealed much better environmental sustainability which we believe is of vital importance for the large-scale application of SSPCMs. Therefore, the study results not only facilitate the development of the desirable SSPCM based on cheap and eco-friendly supporting material and promote its practical application, but also serve to improve the comprehensive utilization level of fly ash solid waste. • Acid modification of fly ash was carried out to improve the latent heat of the SSPCM. • Mechanism of the latent heat enhancement was in-depth analyzed. • Heat transfer enhancement mechanism of the SSPCM was provided. • Sustainable assessment of the prepared SSPCM was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive molecular analyses of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are lacking. Here, we generate multi-omic profiling of 257 primary and 176 metastatic regions from 182 HCC patients. Primary tumors rich in hypoxia signatures facilitated polyclonal dissemination. Genomic divergence between primary and metastatic HCC is high, and early dissemination is prevalent. The remarkable neoantigen intratumor heterogeneity observed in metastases is associated with decreased T cell reactivity, resulting from disruptions to neoantigen presentation. We identify somatic copy number alterations as highly selected events driving metastasis. Subclones without Wnt mutations show a stronger selective advantage for metastasis than those with Wnt mutations and are characterized by a microenvironment rich in activated fibroblasts favoring a pro-metastatic phenotype. Finally, metastases without Wnt mutations exhibit higher enrichment of immunosuppressive B cells that mediate terminal exhaustion of CD8+ T cells via HLA-E:CD94-NKG2A checkpoint axis. Collectively, our results provide a multi-dimensional dissection of the complex evolutionary process of metastasis. [Display omitted] • Multi-regional and multi-omic profiles of paired primary and metastatic HCC tumors • Polyclonal, early dissemination and APM defects result in high ITH in metastases • Wnt-wt subclones show stronger selection for metastasis than Wnt-mut counterparts • Focal and arm-level SCNA deletion events are genomic drivers of HCC metastasis Sun et al. characterize multi-regional and multi-omics (genomics, transcriptomics, scRNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics, and IHC) profiles for paired primary and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma from 182 patients. They reveal high intratumor heterogeneity in metastatic HCCs, complex evolutionary trajectories, subclonal selection, and crucial roles of tumor microenvironment (cancer-associated fibroblast and B cells) during metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ships in ocean waves are suffered from cyclic wave loads which can cause fatigue damage to ship structures. Classification societies require owners to carry out fatigue assessment for ship structure for its potential great loss caused by fatigue failure. Currently there are many fatigue assessment methods including simplified method, deterministic method, spectral-based method and time domain method. But none of them predict fatigue life precisely and effectively. Based on linear superposition theory and the assumption that a linear relationship occurred between waves and ship structural response, some scholars proposed the hybrid frequency-time domain method. This method avoids the imprecise narrow band approximation in spectral-based method and adopts rainflow counting instead. However, the hybrid method is not applied extensively on ship fatigue assessment because relevant research is insufficient. In this paper, aiming to validate the hybrid method, a segmented ship model test is carried out, and the short-term fatigue damages of a 4600TEU container forecasted by hybrid method and traditional methods are compared. Results shows that the hybrid method forecasts the closest fatigue damage prediction to time domain analysis and owns enough efficiency. But in some area located at midship, hybrid method may predict lower fatigue damage than time domain method. • Using hybrid frequency-time domain method to conduct fatigue analysis of container ship. • A segmented ship model test was carried out to validate the numerical results. • The fatigue damage predications obtained from hybrid method and traditional method were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leakage issue and low thermal conductivity largely restrict feasibility of fatty acid in real application of thermal energy storage (TES). In this paper, a novel form-stable phase change material (FSPCM) capric acid/diatomite (CA/DT) for TES was prepared using direct impregnation method by using CA as PCM and diatomite as supporting material. The fabricated composites were investigated in detail via the leakage test to determine the optimization proportion, and the real mechanism of preventing leakage by diatomite was analyzed. The characterization techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, intelligent paperless recorder technology, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy were applied to systematically investigate the thermal properties, microstructure and thermal compatibility of the prepared composites. The results showed that the maximum mass ratio of CA adsorbed into DT without leakage is as high as 50 mass%, which is mainly ascribed to the porous structure of DT. The selected FSPCM has a melting point of 34.9 °C and latent heat of 89.2 J g−1. What is more, the CA/DT FSPCM exhibits a distinctly enhanced thermal stability by TG analyses. The heat transfer efficiency of the CA/DT FSPCM is higher than that of pristine CA. Due to the high adsorption capacity, high latent heat, good thermal stability as well as low cost, the CA/DT FSPCM can be considered as potential materials for thermal energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments for depressive disorder. Sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine exerts a rapid and robust antidepressive effect. However, it is still unclear whether ketamine usage in ECT is efficacious as an antidepressant. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of ketamine in ECT among patients with depressive disorder. MEDLINE, EMBASE, the CENTRAL and PsycINFO for randomized controlled trials were searched to assess the effects of ketamine used in ECT until 31 Mar 2018 (PROSPERO: CRD42018081024). Sixteen studies including 928 patients were enrolled. At the end of ECT, no significant standardized mean difference (SMD) was observed in favor of the ketamine group. Depressive scores were lower in the ketamine group after 1st ECT and 3rd to 6th ECTs. The depressive scores were lower after 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th ECTs when the ketamine was used as an add-on anesthetic, while the depressive scores were lower after 1st ECT when ketamine alone was used. Ketamine in ECT showed no better response and remission rate, while increased adverse events, especially related to cardiovascular and psychiatric systems, during the whole ECT course. In conclusion, although ketamine used in ECT cannot reduce the depressive symptoms at the end of treatment, it could accelerate the antidepressive effect in depressive patients receiving ECT, especially in those who used ketamine as an add-on anesthetic. However, ketamine cautiously needs to be administered in ECT due to the possibility of increased risk of side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T6SS plays an important role in biofilm formation, but how bacterial T6SS regulates biofilm formation and its effect on marine invertebrate settlement is still unclear. Here, the role of T6SS spike protein VgrG and VgrG protein synthesis gene on biofilm formation and Mytilus coruscus settlement was examined. Deletion of the core gene vgrG of T6SS resulted in a decrease in the growth capability of Leisingera aquaemixtae and inhibition of the ability of biofilm formation. The OMV content and inducing activity of Δ vgrG biofilms were decreased respectively by 20.72% and 59.70% compared with the wild-type biofilms. OMVs induced the settlement of M. coruscus , while VgrG proteins did not induce mussel settlement directly. Addition of VgrG proteins resulted in the upregulation of OMVs in the Δ vgrG biofilms. Adding OMVs caused no increasing inducing activity of Δ vgrG biofilms. Interestingly, the inducing activity of Δ vgrG biofilms both by adding VgrG proteins alone, and by adding VgrG proteins and OMVs in combination increased significantly, and restored to the inducing capability of wild-type biofilms. Thus, bacterial T6SS spike protein VgrG could mediate mussel settlement by increasing the OMV content of biofilms. The present findings shed new light on the interaction between T6SS and marine invertebrate settlement. • Extracellular outer membrane vesicles induced mussel plantigrade settlement. • VgrG proteins did not directly induce mussel plantigrade settlement. • Inducing activity was reduced in biofilms formed by knocking out vgrG gene. • Adding VgrG proteins promoted biofilm inducing activity on mussel settlment. • Inducing activity was restored in biofilms by VgrG proteins and OMVs in combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Natural polysaccharides derived from medicinal plants, that are Dendrobium (DPS), Lycium barbarum (LBP), Ginseng (GPS), and Poria Cocos (PCP) were firstly combined with sodium alginate (SA) to construct microcapsules and improved the morphology, encapsulation efficiency, Biocompatibility and protective capability in drug loading. Diverse typical therapeutics, including VO 2 @ZIF67 nanoparticles, small molecule drugs salvianolic acid B (SaB)/ginsenoside (Rg1), probiotic Bacillus bifidus , and biomacromolecules SDF-1 were wrapped into 1.5 % GPS-0.5 % SA model microcapsules, respectively. Better mobility and formability were significantly observed, and showed 75 % survival rate of probiotics in simulated gastric juice and around 99 % encapsulation efficiency which is higher than single 2 % SA microcapsules. The microcapsules also obtained a delayed release and a higher cell index for SDF-1, which indicated better stability, biocompatibility and protective effect than single 2 % SA microcapsules. This study provides a strategy in developing plant derived polysaccharides as novel materials for the construction and improvement of traditional microcapsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Surgery is the mainstay treatment for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the ureter; however, local recurrence remains a common cause of treatment failure for locally advanced disease after surgery, and the benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy has not been completely determined. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the outcome of postsurgical high dose radiotherapy consisting of intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy (IOERT) and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter. Methods: Seventeen patients with pathologically diagnosed TCC of ureter were treated with nephroureterectomy and adjuvant radiation consisted of IOERT and EBRT according to an institutional research protocol. The dose of IOERT ranged between 10 to 20 Gy (median 14 Gy). Conventional EBRT given with the total dose ranged between 36 and 45 Gy (median 42 Gy). Chemotherapy was utilized in 10 of the 17 patients at the discretion of their primary oncologist. Results: The median follow-up for all patients was 48 months (range, 10–91 months). The overall survivals of the entire group of patients at 1, 3, and 5 years were 82%, 65%, and 46%, respectively. The estimated locoregional control rates at 1, 3, and 5 year were 82%, 64%, and 51%, respectively. Depth of invasion (pT), histological grade, and presence of residual disease were significant prognostic factors in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that independent prognostic factors for survival included histological grade (grade 1 + 2 vs. grade 3 + 4; P = 0.03) and presence of residual disease after surgery (R0 vs. R1 or R2 resection; P = 0.053). Acute and long-term adverse effects rated grade 3 or higher were seen in 4 and 2 patients, respectively. No grade 5 toxicity occurred. Conclusion: IOERT and EBRT following surgery produced a 51% local control and 46% overall survival rate for locally advanced TCC of ureter at 5 years of follow-up, with acceptable rates of acute and late toxicity. Adjuvant IOERT appears to permit dose escalation safely in patients who received conventional adjuvant EBRT and chemotherapy. This strategy deserves to be optimized and then tested in a prospective trial to learn if it can further improve outcome. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Bacteria induced metamorphosis observed in nearly all marine invertebrates. However, the mechanism of bacteria regulating the larvae-juvenile metamorphosis remains unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that c-di-GMP, a ubiquitous bacterial second-messenger molecule, directly triggers the mollusc Mytilus coruscus larval metamorphosis via the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) receptor. We determined that the deletion of c-di-GMP synthesis genes resulted in reduced c-di-GMP levels and biofilm-inducing activity on larval metamorphosis, accompanied by alterations in extracellular polymeric substances. Additionally, c-di-GMP extracted from tested varying marine bacteria all exhibited inducing activity on larval metamorphosis. Simultaneously, through pharmacological and molecular experiments, we demonstrated that M. coruscus STING (McSTING) participates in larval metamorphosis by binding with c-di-GMP. Our findings reveal that new role of bacterial c-di-GMP that triggers mussel larval metamorphosis transition, and extend knowledge in the interaction of bacteria and host development in marine ecosystems., (© 2024. The Author(s).)