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War is inevitable, and its consequences devastating with lots of casualties and damages experienced. The purpose of the article is to study the concept and classification of war crimes. It has been emphasized that it is impossible to organize timely detection, effective pre-trial investigation and fair trial of war crimes cases without understanding the essence of the indicated illegal actions and the specifics of the mechanism of their commission. Analysis of the provisions of international legal acts, regulatory legal acts of Ukraine and foreign countries has been carried out. Those regulations define the concept of “war crimes”, their features and system. It has been found that there is no actual definition of war crimes in international criminal law, similar to the criminal law of Ukraine. It has been offered to understand war crimes as criminal offenses that encroach on the established procedure for performing active duty and are committed by members of the armed forces, conscripts and career reservists during reserve training, as well as their accomplices and other persons specified by law. It has been established that the criminalistics classification of war crimes allows us to form the appropriate forensic methods, to choose the right direction, means, tactics and investigation plan. The authors have accomplished criminalistics classification of war crimes according to a mixed criterion, which is stipulated by such criminal and forensic significant features of the indicated criminal offenses, as the characteristics of the offender’s personality, direction, situation and methods of commission.

Correction of sexual function in animals is a topical issue today, despite a large amount of scientific data on this problem. The study aimed to scientifically substantiate the effectiveness of hormonal veterinary drugs in cats and dogs of different breeds and genders. Veterinary drugs with the active substance megestrol acetate were used in the experiments. The studies were performed on clinically healthy cats and dogs of both sexes, different breeds, and ages vaccinated against infectious diseases and treated with antiparasitic drugs. The study was conducted according to the current regulatory documentation. It has been found that the use of hormonal drugs to interrupt/delay estrus in female cats at a dose of 5 mg of megestrol acetate for 8 days leads to a significant decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone, and the content of luteinizing hormone in the blood of cats in the experimental groups reliably decreased throughout the experiment. The use of contraceptives based on megestrol acetate in doses of 2.5 mg for 14 days for cats leads to a reliable decrease in the concentration of testosterone in the serum. It was found that the use of experimental hormonal drugs for female dogs in doses of 5 mg of megestrol acetate per 2.5 kg of body weight in the first 3 days, and half the daily dose from the 4th to the 10th day, leads to a reliable decrease in concentrations of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones in serum compared to the control. Oral administration of experimental hormonal drugs to male dogs in doses of 5 mg of megestrol acetate per 2.5 kg of body weight for 8 days, led to a reliable decrease in the concentration of testosterone in the serum of males. It was found that the estrous cycle in female cats and dogs of the experimental groups after the cessation of hormonal drugs was completely restored, which indicates the safety of drugs with an active ingredient megestrol acetate

Implantable tubes, shunts, and other medical conduits are crucial for treating a wide range of conditions from ears and eyes to brain and liver but often impose serious risks of device infection, obstruction, migration, unreliable function, and tissue damage. Efforts to alleviate these complications remain at an impasse because of fundamentally conflicting design requirements: Millimeter-scale size is required to minimize invasiveness but exacerbates occlusion and malfunction. Here, we present a rational design strategy that reconciles these trade-offs in an implantable tube that is even smaller than the current standard of care. Using tympanostomy tubes (ear tubes) as an exemplary case, we developed an iterative screening algorithm and show how unique curved lumen geometries of the liquid-infused conduit can be designed to co-optimize drug delivery, effusion drainage, water resistance, and biocontamination/ingrowth prevention in a single subcapillary–length-scale device. Through extensive in vitro studies, we demonstrate that the engineered tubes enabled selective uni- and bidirectional fluid transport; nearly eliminated adhesion and growth of common pathogenic bacteria, blood, and cells; and prevented tissue ingrowth. The engineered tubes also enabled complete eardrum healing and hearing preservation and exhibited more efficient and rapid antibiotic delivery to the middle ear in healthy chinchillas compared with current tympanostomy tubes, without resulting in ototoxicity at up to 24 weeks. The design principle and optimization algorithm presented here may enable tubes to be customized for a wide range of patient needs.

One of the main requirements of the new stone fruit varieties recommended for commercial cultivation is a compact crown shape that allows for greater plant density and easier crown maintenance. The aim of the research was to establish the growth processes of the above-ground parts of cherry trees in varieties of different ripening periods. The article presents the results of studies of the features of apical and lateral growth of sweet cherry trees. Biological and varietal features of tree growth strength, growth and total length of annual shoots are determined. The dependence of tree trunk growth on apical growth force is established. According to the results of research, sweet cherry varieties are grouped according to the strength of growth: the vigorous varieties are Amazonka, Dar Mliyeva, Zoryana, Mliyivska zhovta; the semi dwarf are Aboryhenka, Alyonushka, Drohana zhovta, Mirazh; the dwarfing are Biryuza, Donetskyy uholyok, Melitopolska krapchasta, Meotida. The smallest increase in trunk diameter was found for the dwarfing variety Biryuza, and the largest – for the variety Drohana zhovta. The highest yield load per unit cross-sectional area of the trunk was recorded for the variety Donetskyy uholyok, the lowest – for Drohana zhovta. The amount of growth in the trunk diameter was inversely dependent on a load of trees with the crop and the strength of apical growth of sweet cherry trees. The features of shoot-forming ability allow characterising the shape of the crown of cherry trees: round – Donetskyy uholyok, Amazonka; high-round – varieties of Aborigenka, Dar Mliyeva, Zoryana; wide-pyramidal – Alyonushka, Drohana zhovta, Melitopolska krap-chasta; pyramidal – Mliyivska zhovta, Mirazh; low – Meotida, Biryuza. Dar Mliyeva, Zoryana, Mirazh, Melitopolska krapchasta and Drohana zhovta varieties have high shootability; the Mliyivska zhovta, Aboryhenka, Meotida, Amazonka varieties have medium shootability; Alyonushka, Biryuza, Donetskyy uholyok varieties have low shootability

An important problem in veterinary medicine is still the control of parasitic diseases of farm and domestic animals. The market of antiparasitic drugs is widely represented by anthelmintics based on albendozole, both imported and domestic, but data on the effectiveness of these drugs are currently insufficient. The aim of the research was to determine in the comparative aspect the effectiveness of the use of antiparasitic drugs in different forms with the content of albendazole in different species of animals. In the previous stage of the studies the experimental animals were diagnosed with invasions. The most common infections in cattle were dictyocaulosis and fasciolosis; Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, Oesophagostomum radiatum were not detected. No causative agent of Dictyocaulus vivaparus infection was detected in horses. The most common infection in dogs and cats was toxacariasis, and in mink the most common was infection wih Uncinaria spp. Along with this, no Taenia solium and Diphyllobothrium latum eggs were detected in dogs, and Opisthorchis felineus, Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum were not detected in cats. After the use of preparative forms of albendazole in sick animals for 2–5 days, the presence of dead sexually mature nematodes and helminth eggs were noted in the feces of animals. The efficacy of albendazole drugs regarding helminthiasis in farm and domestic animals was 100%

The article presents the research results on the efficiency of switchgrass seeds sorting by a set of characteristics – specifc gravity and aerodynamic properties in order to reduce the biological state of seeds dormancy and germination increase signifcantly. It is experimentally proved that sequential seeds sorting in two stages by a set of features – specifc weight on the pneumatic table and aerodynamic properties on the aspiration column provided a signifcant increase in its germination energy, germination and 1000 seeds weight. Sorting of Morozko variety seeds on the pneumatic table ensured obtaining seeds with germination energy and similarity in positions 1 and 2, respectively – 16–19 % and 20–22 %, while in positions 3–5 these indicators were, respectively – 5–13 % and 9–17 %. Re-sorting of these seeds by aerodynamic properties provided an increase in germination energy and seed similarity from the position of the pneumatic table "3", respectively – by 12 and 13 %, the intermediate fraction – by 14–16 %, and waste – by 19–21 % compared to these indicators to sorting, due to the selection of the lung and with lower seed similarity. Sorting seeds by a set of characteristics provided not only an increase in its quality, but also an increase in the yield of more similar seeds. The most effective way to prepare switchgrass seeds for sowing is to sort them by a set of features – specifc weight and aerodynamic properties, which reduces the biological dormancy of seeds, signifcantly increases its germination energy, similarity, 1000 seeds weight and quality seeds. But this measure does not provide a complete solution to reduce the biological state of dormancy of seeds. Key words: seeds yield, aerodynamic properties, specifc gravity, germination energy, similarity, 1000 seeds weight.

The article discusses the issues of popularization of scientific knowledge on the basis of public libraries. The author substantiates the importance of library and information institutions in the process of spreading scientific knowledge among wider population. The article considers the problematic aspects and tasks of libraries in the direction of improving the scientific literacy of users.The author characterizes the project “Information-Communication Platform for the popularization of Science”, developed by specialists of the Mikhail Lermontov Interdistrict Centralized Library System (St. Petersburg), which covers a wide range of scientific areas providing a general overview of topics and more specific information for those who wish to obtain in-depth sight into a particular subject area. Special attention is paid to the organizational issues of the implementation of platform: the purpose of creation, the target audience, the basic principles, the main objectives of the project. The article considers the forms of mutually beneficial cooperation in the popularization of scientific knowledge within the framework of the project with partner organizations. The author describes the requirements for the operation of interface. The platform contains three major types of information resources: documentary full-text data bases, bibliographic resources and media resources. The platform anticipates interactive communication of library users — students and representatives of pedagogical community — with well-known scientists for discussing technical developments and achievements of humankind with particular attention to subjects of current interest: pandemic, coronavirus, vaccination. The information-communication platform allows monitoring the interest of young people in various scientific areas. Participation in the project motivates young people to scientific activity, which is one of the basic factors of reproduction of scientific personnel potential.

The teat rubber of milking machines is the only structural component of all milking and dairy equipment that is in contact with animals. During operation, the rubber article’s original quality characteristics are compromised. This is due to mechanical wear during operation. The task of the research is to establish changes in the parameters of the teat rubber of milking machines during testing and under industrial conditions. The object of research was the teat rubber of milking machines from various manufacturers, made of various composite materials. A scientific hypothesis put forward assumed that an increase in the efficiency of milking and dairy equipment could be achieved by establishing changes in the parameters of the teat rubber with subsequent maintenance planning. This would provide an opportunity to identify patterns and dependences that characterize these processes. In the course of research, theoretical dependences were derived to determine the operation of teat rubber in idle mode and the theoretical time of its operation. It was established that the theoretical wear period of the teat rubber is about 120–170 hours. It was determined that in the environment of SZHR-3, the coefficient of aging in terms of intensity was >2 times higher compared to Skydrol LD-4. The volume under similar conditions of exposure of liquids on samples exceeded by more than 3 times. It is proved that the change in the mass of rubber under the influence of SZHR-3 exceeds more than 2.5 times the indicators obtained from the effects of Skydrol LD-4. It was established that during long-term operation the teat rubber undergoes changes in its physical and mechanical properties. Thus, hardness and elasticity increase, elasticity decreases due to the destruction of the internal structure of rubber due to the formation of microcracks, the vacuum of closing the walls increases. Knowledge of the quality characteristics of the teat rubber would make it possible to find the optimal solution for the choice of rubber articles