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In brief: The authors studied how physicians perceive the role of physical education in managing childhood obesity. Ninety-six pediatricians and 97 family physicians returned questionnaires that included four statements about multidisciplinary interaction among health care professionals and six statements about physical education programs. Although the results of the survey indicated that physicians may not be aware of the current role of physical education in obesity management, they said the role should be greater. The authors suggest that physicians and physical educators establish avenues of communication so they can work together for the benefit of obese children.

For a philosopher who has widely been regarded as bad, or mad, or even dangerous to know, Nietzsche has a surprisingly wide and rich variety of things to say about education. In his early career as a professor of philology at the University of Basel, Nietzsche saw himself first and foremost as an educator; after retiring (on grounds of ill-health) from education after only 10 years, he pursued different strategies of education through his philosophical writings. The purpose of this entry is to trace Nietzsche’s view of education throughout his writings and, in conclusion, to link it with the German tradition of Bildung and, beyond that, to the Greek concept of paideia.

This paper argues that the diversity of a region's knowledge stock and its balance between knowledge-based manufacturing and services are both important determinants of variations in the rate of new business formation across spatial areas. An empirical study of new firm formation across 408 local unitary authorities and districts in Great Britain over the period 2001–2007 is presented, taking explicit account of the interactions amongst spatial units through an econometric modelling procedure involving maximum likelihood spatial models and alternative spatial weighing matrices. The results indicate that both related and unrelated knowledge diversity have a positive impact on the rate of business formation, whilst aggregate local economy-wide industrial and ethnic diversity has no impact; the division of the knowledge stock between services and manufacturing is also significant, with services having a positive impact on new business formation in contrast to a negative impact for high-technology manufacturi...

An alternative method for measuring the surface porosity of pressed and sintered PM alloys was investigated. Materials used for this research consisted of a commercially available alloy, Alumix 231, and a proprietary alloy, DAL 6-Si PM alloys. The densities of the samples of the two alloys were analyzed using helium-pycnometry and oil-impregnation. In both cases, the measured density by helium-pycnometry was found to be 1–2% higher than that determined by the oil impregnation method and closer to the theoretical density. This is believed to be due to the superior ability of helium to penetrate the microstructure of these alloys. In addition, the volume of open (surface) porosity was calculated for both alloys. The results showed significant differences in the volume of open and closed porosity measured by the two techniques. Helium-pycnometry gives higher open porosity values and lower closed porosity compared to oil impregnation method.

This review discusses a new edition of key works by the German scientist and philosopher, Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776-1810), edited by the Germanist scholar Jocelyn Holland. It discusses Ritter’s contribution to Romantic science and touches on the history of the reception of his work. Finally, it explores the affinities between Ritter and Jung, hence between German Romanticism and analytical psychology. The review commends Holland’s edition and urges anyone interested in the intellectual context to Jung’s ideas to engage with Ritter’s idiosyncratic, yet significant, writings.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of ranibizumab and bevacizumab intravitreal injections to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). DESIGN: Multicenter, noninferiority factorial trial with equal allocation to groups. The noninferiority limit was 3.5 letters. This trial is registered (ISRCTN92166560). PARTICIPANTS: People >50 years of age with untreated nAMD in the study eye who read =25 letters on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart. METHODS: We randomized participants to 4 groups: ranibizumab or bevacizumab, given either every month (continuous) or as needed (discontinuous), with monthly review. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome is at 2 years; this paper reports a prespecified interim analysis at 1 year. The primary efficacy and safety outcome measures are distance visual acuity and arteriothrombotic events or heart failure. Other outcome measures are health-related quality of life, contrast sensitivity, near visual acuity, reading index, lesion morphology, serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, and costs. RESULTS: Between March 27, 2008 and October 15, 2010, we randomized and treated 610 participants. One year after randomization, the comparison between bevacizumab and ranibizumab was inconclusive (bevacizumab minus ranibizumab -1.99 letters, 95% confidence interval [CI], -4.04 to 0.06). Discontinuous treatment was equivalent to continuous treatment (discontinuous minus continuous -0.35 letters; 95% CI, -2.40 to 1.70). Foveal total thickness did not differ by drug, but was 9% less with continuous treatment (geometric mean ratio [GMR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.97; P = 0.005). Fewer participants receiving bevacizumab had an arteriothrombotic event or heart failure (odds ratio [OR], 0.23; 95% CI, 0.05 to 1.07; P = 0.03). There was no difference between drugs in the proportion experiencing a serious systemic adverse event (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.80 to 2.27; P = 0.25). Serum VEGF was lower with bevacizumab (GMR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.54; P

The late nineteenth century saw a renaissance of interest in the thought of the German Romantic philosopher, F.W.J. Schelling. This paper takes Jung's engagement with Schelling and his awareness of Schellingian ideas and interests (notably, the mysterious Kabeiroi worshipped at Samothrace) as its starting-point. It goes on to argue that a key set of problematics in German Idealism — the relation between freedom and necessity, between science and art, and ultimately between realism and idealism — offers a useful conceptual framework within which to approach Jung's Red Book. For the problem of the ideal is central to this work, which can be read as a journey from eternal ideals to the ideal of eternity. (Although the term ‘idealism’ has at least four distinct meanings, their distinct senses can be related in different ways to Jung's thinking.) The eloquent embrace of idealism by F.T. Vischer in a novel, Auch Einer, for which Jung had the highest praise, reminds us of the persistence of this tradition, which is still contested and debated in the present day.

With reference to the current debate surrounding the humanities in the West, this paper draws on subsequent theoretical explorations of disenchantment to analyse what numerous observers describe as the ‘crisis’ of our universities. Engaging both Jungian thought and the Frankfurt School to understand the psychological dynamics of ‘disenchantment’ as experienced on campus, it investigates Adorno's notion of the ‘totally administered society’ and — more broadly — surveys some of the arguments proposed to explain this decline. Moving beyond, on one hand, the lamentation and hand-wringing nostalgia for a long-lost past and, on the other, what some have termed a ‘new managerialism’ that inhabits an acronym-ridden climate of control, it tries to discern, in what is undoubtedly a political and an economic problem, the contours of a psychological crisis, whose resolution cannot ignore the archetypal dimension of the collective soul.

A lahar is a sediment-laden flow capable of major destructive impacts on infrastructure and human life. How lahars transport sediment is thus a key issue for understanding lahar sedimentology and behavior, especially in terms of the lahar's hydraulic and rheological properties, which can be substantially altered as the lahar gains or loses material during its travel. In this research, we analyze lahar entrainment processes by evaluating luminescence signals (total photon counts) from lahar sediments using blue luminescence signals (BLSL). A portable OSL reader that analyzes several grams of polymineral and polygrain-size samples was applied. We use data from three lahars in the Tenenepanco and Huiloac gorges on Popocatepetl volcano (Mexico) to elucidate the ways in which lahars may gain, lose and transport sediment during flow. Sediment samples for luminescence analysis were taken through the full thickness of the lahar deposits at eight different sites for two lahars (1997 and 2001) and at one site for a lahar that occurred > 500 yrs ago. Mean luminescence values obtained for the 1997 lahar help to evaluate the relationship between the lahar entrainment processes and the drainage at the different sites. For the 2001 lahar this relationship was also established taking into account the channel slope. The main conclusion is that luminescence signals (total photon counts) can be used to detect entrained material in the flow because the bulked materials modify the final OSL signals. The application of this type of luminescence analysis thus has the potential to provide a better understanding of sediment entrainment in these sediment-laden flows.

The extent to which Aboriginal Australians used fire to modify their environment has been debated for decades and is generally based on charcoal and pollen records rather than landscape responses to land-use change. Here we investigate the sensitivity of in-situ–produced 10 Be, an isotope commonly used in geomorphological contexts, to anthropogenic perturbations in the southeastern Australian Tablelands. Comparing 10 Be-derived erosion rates from fluvial sediment (8.7 ± 0.9 mm k.y. –1 ; 1 standard error, SE; n = 11) and rock outcrops (5.3 ± 1.4 mm k.y. –1 ; 1 SE; n = 6) confirms that landscape lowering rates integrating over 10 4 –10 5 yr are consistent with rates previously derived from studies integrating over 10 4 to >10 7 yr. We then model an expected 10 Be inventory in fluvial sediment if background erosion rates were perturbed by a low-intensity, high-frequency Aboriginal burning regime. When we run the model using the average erosion rate derived from 10 Be in fluvial sediment (8.7 mm k.y. –1 ), measured and modeled 10 Be concentrations overlap between ca. 3 ka and 1 ka. Our modeling is consistent with intensified Aboriginal use of fire in the late Holocene, a time when Aboriginal population growth is widely recognized.

Taking Jung’s interest in Goethe as its starting-point, this paper examines the theory of creativity presented and embodied in Goethe’s Faust, before turning to Nietzsche’s often misunderstood reflections on the creative function of war. Using the dialectical relation of creation and destruction as its interpretative matrix, it offers a reading of two, often overlooked, poems by writers central to the German lyric tradition in the twentieth century, Rainer Maria Rilke and Stefan George. Arguing that Rilke’s “Five Hymns” and George’s “The War” are texts that deserve, despite (or because of ) their difficulty, closer analysis, this paper suggests that the uncomfortable message of these two works makes sense from a Jungian perspective on the world.

Powder metallurgy allows for the rapid, automated and efficient production of many different types of automotive components. However, a drawback is the limited selection of readily available light alloy blends. Owing to the wide spread use of aluminium–silicon casting alloys for existing components it is logical to develop aluminium–silicon PM options. Therefore, an experimental hypoeutectic aluminium–silicon alloy was chosen for study and an optimum processing route developed. Tests were performed to determine the green strength and density as a function of compaction pressure. Sintering conditions were optimised based on sintered density, hardness and dimensional changes. Metallography, differential scanning calorimetry and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis provided insight into post-sinter furnace cooling and heat treatment parameters. An appropriate T6 heat treatment was developed and samples were tested in tension. The alloy was able to achieve a high sintered density approaching ...

Cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating of glacial clasts is becoming a common and robust method for reconstructing the history of glaciers and ice sheets. In Antarctica, however, many samples exhibit cosmogenic nuclide ‘inheritance’ as a result of sediment recycling and exposure to cosmic radiation during previous ice free periods. In-situ cosmogenic 14C, in combination with longer lived nuclides such as 10Be, can be used to detect inheritance because the relatively short half-life of 14C means that in-situ 14C acquired in exposure during previous interglacials decays away while the sample locality is covered by ice during the subsequent glacial. Measurements of in-situ 14C in clasts from the last deglaciation of the Framnes Mountains in East Antarctica provide deglaciation ages that are concordant with existing 26Al and 10Be ages, suggesting that in this area, the younger population of erratics contain limited inheritance.

The effort to improve automobile efficiency has potential economic and environmental advantages. The field of aluminum powder metallurgy (P/M) is of particular interest as the implementation of such technologies to produce parts can offer the combination of a weight savings and the economic advantages of near net shape processing. However, one of the hurdles to overcome in the field of P/M is the presence of porosity in the sintered product. To reduce the presence of this attribute, sintered materials can be hot forged to full density. In this study, the forging response of a novel aluminum–copper–magnesium P/M alloy, P/M 2324, was studied in comparison to its wrought counterpart AA2024. Modelling of the peak flow stress required in the P/M and wrought alloys yielded very similar results with both materials adhering to a standard Zener–Hollomon curve fitting approach. Rotary swaging was also completed to assess the impact of hot work on the P/M material. These findings confirmed that full density could be achieved in P/M 2324 and that the concomitant tensile properties were significantly higher for the swaged P/M system. Microstructurally, it appeared that the principal secondary phase in P/M 2324 was θ (Al2Cu) whereas the S phase (Al2MgCu) was pronounced in the wrought system.

This review discusses C. G. Jung: Zerrissen zwischen Mythos und Wirklichkeit: Uber die Folgen personlicher und kollektiver Spaltungen im tiefenpsychologischen Erbe, a book that links Jung's political attitudes during the 1930s with developments at the JungInstitut, Zurich, over approximately the last ten years. It raises questions about the kind of institutional model appropriate for analytical psychology and about the role of analysis in professional organizations.

Taking its cue from David Holt's discussion of Jung and Marx in relation to alchemy, Christianity, and the work against Nature, this paper discusses Goethe, Nietzsche, and Jung in relation to alchemy and the work on the self. It focuses on the idea of transformation as central to Jung's understanding of both Goethe's Faust and Nietzsche's Thus spoke Zarathustra. And it argues that, in alchemical terms, the Superman becomes the salamander – while suggesting, in the hidden and unspoken part of its title, that the Superman does not just become a salamander, he becomes the philosophers’ stone.

In this work the effects of magnesium and tin on the sintering response of air atomized aluminum powder were considered. The nature of the raw powders and their concentrations were key experimental variable. Compacts of pure aluminum powder sintered poorly and reacted with the purified nitrogen atmosphere. This was manifested as a subtle mass gain. Tin dampened this effect for all concentrations considered (0.1–2 w/o). The reduction was maximized with a tin addition of 1.5 w/o. Magnesium additions improved the sintering response of the aluminum powder and increased the propensity for reaction with gaseous nitrogen. Aluminum nitride was confirmed as the principal reaction product. The extent of nitridation was influenced by the amount of magnesium present and the raw powder form utilized (elemental, master alloy). The most desirable sintering response was observed in an Al–1.5Sn–1.5Mg alloy made exclusively from elemental powders. This system sintered to near full theoretical density (99.5%) yet no observable amount of nitridation had transpired. The system exhibited excellent tensile ductility (ɛf ∼15%) for a press-and-sinter aluminum P/M alloy.

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is a technique that has been applied from the mid-1980s, mainly for sediment dating. The OSL technique is based on sample stimulation by light to determine the luminescence signal that is stored in the crystal lattices of sediment grains after deposition, burial by later sediment and subsequent exposure to ionizing radiation from radioactive elements in the surrounding sediment. In such sediment dating, two parameters are required: the equivalent dose (i.e. the luminescence signal stored in the grains), and the dose rate (i.e. the ionizing energy from α, β and γ radiation emitted by naturally occurring radioisotopes in the deposit, plus the effects of cosmic radiation). In this research, the OSL technique is not used for dating. The study goal is to analyse only the luminescence signals (the total photon counts) in polymineral samples obtained after light stimulation in the blue (BLSL) and infrared (IRSL) wavelengths using a portable OSL reader designed and built at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC). Three fluvial case studies – from Cambodia, Australia and Mexico – are used to illustrate the geomorphological interpretations possible with the portable OSL reader data from sediments resulting from a range of different depositional processes. The case studies show that aspects of sediment's transport and depositional processes can be inferred from the portable OSL reader data, providing valuable insights into geomorphological history. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The forging of sintered aluminum powder metallurgy alloys is currently viewed as a promising industrial technology for the manufacture of complex engineered products. The powder metallurgy process facilitates the use of admixed ceramic particles to produce aluminum metal matrix composites. However, fundamental data on the thermal-mechanical response of commercially relevant powder metallurgy alloy systems under varying conditions of temperature and strain rate are lacking. To address this constraint, the current study investigates the thermal-mechanical processing response of a family of metal matrix composite materials that employ a commercially exploited base alloy system coupled with admixed additions of aluminum nitride. Industrially-sintered compacts were tested under hot compression using a Gleeble 3500 thermal-mechanical test system to quantify their flow behavior. The nominal workability was assessed as a function of material formulation, sintered preform condition, and processing parameters (temperature and strain rate). Optical metallography and electron backscatter diffraction were used to observe the grain evolution through deformation. Full densification was achieved for materials with ceramic concentrations of 2% volume or less. Zener-Hollomon constituent analyses were also completed to elucidate a more comprehensive understanding the flow behavior inherent to each material. Flow behavior varied directly with the sintered density, which was influenced by the concentration and nature of ceramic particulate.

Reservoir sedimentation provides a valuable source of data on sediment flux. This paper assesses the record of sedimentation in the Baldernock Mill dam, a small mill dam in western Scotland. That record is based on the volume of sediment in the dam, and the detailed analysis of a continuously sampled stratigraphic section through the impounded sediment, with a chronology for mill dam construction and subsequent breaching based on historical maps and the impounded sediment’s content of 137Cs and lead isotopes. The mill dam was constructed in c. 1820, was initially partially breached in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century and then fully breached by about the mid 1920s. The dam trapped relatively low volumes of sediment and the correspondingly low rate of sediment flux indicated by the volume of impounded sediment reflects the dam’s very low trap efficiency. The basal Unit 1 in the impounded sediments was deposited between dam construction and the initial breaching of the wall. The unit consists of repeated ‘triplets’ of a basal sand (flood deposit) grading upwards into a mud deposit (post-flood deposition), which is in turn overlain by an organic-rich layer of leaves and twigs (the subsequent autumn leaf fall). Unit 2 is similar to Unit 1 but lacks the organic layer, indicating the lack of ongoing standing water to trap the autumn leaf fall, and Unit 3 was deposited after full breaching of the wall. Mill dams in Scotland generally impound small steep bedrock channels – the latter reflecting a strong glacial legacy in Scotland – and are only small structures designed to ensure water for mills during dry periods in a climate of otherwise generally moderate to high and reliable rainfall. The small sizes of these dams and their low wall heights mean that they trap relatively low volumes of sediment that have minimal to minor downstream impacts if the dams fail.

Personal insolvency rates vary considerably across local areas of England and Wales but the reasons for this have barely been explored. This paper presents an empirical study of the factors determining variations in personal insolvency rates in 2006 utilising newly available data. The results suggest that a number of economic and demographic factors are important including income, social benefits, age, occupation, public-sector and armed forces employment and level of local entrepreneurship. Significant spatial autocorrelation is evident in the dataset and three sub-regional clusters of local authorities are identified; one in the South West is characterised by adjacent areas with a high insolvency rate and two others in Wales and the North West that are characterised by low insolvency rates.

Australian Landscapes is at least the third edited volume to be devoted to Australian geomorphology in the last half-century, two others being Landform Studies from Australia and New Guinea (Jennings & Mabbutt 1967) and Landform Evolution in Australasia (Davies & Williams 1978). There is a strong thread running between those two volumes and this one: the second volume marked the retirement of Joe Jennings, who was one of the editors of the first volume, and this volume honours one of the editors of the second, Martin Williams, along with John Chappell; both John and Martin retired recently. The legacy of Joe Jennings, who supervised the PhD research of both Martin and John, is summarized briefly in an Appendix to this Introduction. The fact that we, the editors of this current volume, were supervised in our PhD research by John (B.P.) and Martin (P.B.) continues that intertwining of threads. The apparent directness of the links between these three volumes is matched in some ways by the enduring nature of some themes in the three volumes, themes that have been particularly Australian (or at least Gondwanan) for more than half a century. Thus, at least seven papers in the 1967 volume emphasize the antiquity of the Australian landscape, with statements such as ‘The pattern of relief imposed by structure has persisted at least since the Mesozoic’ (Twidale 1967, p. 95). That clear grasp of landscape antiquity, along with parallel landmark Gondwanan contributions by researchers such as King (1962), contrasts clearly with the viewpoint of (at least some of) contemporary work in the Northern Hemisphere, such as that of Thornbury (1969), who argued that landscapes are probably no older than the Pleistocene. The emphasis on landscape antiquity continued in the Davies & Williams (1978) volume, in particular with the paper by Ollier (1978) on the evolution of the eastern Australian highlands, a theme that emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, particularly with the work of Bob Young (e.g. Young 1983). A key difference between the Jennings & Mabbutt (1967) volume and that of Davies & Williams (1978) is the increasingly routine application of geochronology in the latter. The Jennings & Mabbutt (1967) volume included three radiocarbon ages in the paper by Davies (one of them apparently reported for the first time in that paper), one previously published radiometric age on granite in Galloway’s paper, one previously published radiocarbon age in the paper by Ollier, and a few tens of radiocarbon ages in the papers by Fairbridge and Gill (not unexpectedly in the case of Gill, given his central role in establishing the radiocarbon technique in Australia). By the time of the Davies & Williams (1978) volume, the application of quantitative dating techniques was much more routine and so geochronology is much more a feature of that volume. Emphases on age(s) of landscapes and landforms and on rates of erosion or denudation are, of course, enduring themes in geomorphology. A key development between the Davies & Williams (1978) volume and the present one has been the emergence of new and exciting geochronological tools. With the advent of these new tools, including cosmogenic nuclide analysis, luminescence dating techniques, accelerator mass spectrometry conventional radiocarbon determinations, and stable isotope-based approaches to landscape dating that exploit Australia’s northward drift throughout the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the discipline is much better placed to set landscapes and their evolution in geochemically or geophysically determined quantitative age frameworks. Thus, this volume reports on a range of studies that continue the long-standing theme of the antiquity and stability of the Australia continent. Kaolinite from weathering profiles from the Yilgarn craton have yielded Cenozoic and older ages (Chivas & Atlhopheng), pointing to considerable stability of the craton and the slow rates of erosion that characterize much of inland Australia. The extensive dataset of Heimsath et al. teases out that theme using cosmogenic nuclide analysis. Their data point to a strong dependence between erosion rate and climate, a dependence that is identified in many (but not all) studies of the relationship

Abstract The debate on the value of Boyer's (1994) minimally counter-intuitive (MCI) theory continues to generate considerable theoretical and empirical attention. Although the theory offers an explanation as to why certain cultural texts and narratives are particularly well conveyed and transmitted, amidst society and over time, conflicting evidence remains for any mnemonic advantage of minimally counter-intuitive concepts. In an effort to reconcile these conflicting results, Barrett (2008) has made a comprehensive attempt in presenting a formal system for quantifying counter – intuitiveness including a distinction between counter-intuitive and counter-schematic concepts. The present article uses this system to generate sentences containing different levels of counter-intuitiveness, and tests whether minimally counter-intuitive items show a mnemonic advantage over concepts which are more counter-intuitive or counter-schematic. Results indicate that MCI concepts hold a mnemonic advantage over counter-schematic and maximally counter-intuitive concepts but only for one-week delayed recall. Interference effects may have masked immediate recall effects. Yes-no recognition after one week delay showed almost 100% accuracy suggesting that availability of retrieval cues is the factor which determines the mnemonic advantage of MCI concepts.

The UK National Lottery has been in operation since 1994. An examination of the regional distribution of awards per head of population suggests marked spatial disparities with London doing particularly well and Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and the North East faring much better than other regions. Such disparities also exist at English Local Authority level with funding in London and some major provincial centres doing much better than more rural authorities. Such inequalities may give grounds for concern, given that they appear to replicate those for other types of Government spending. The results of an empirical model designed to explain the spatial distribution of awards suggest that, in addition to a London effect, levels of deprivation have a positive impact. Another important explanatory variable which has a positive impact on lottery funding is the qualifications of residents which might plausibly reflect the quality of lottery bids received from an area. However, once these factors are taken account of, there is little evidence that rural areas fare badly.

We use a numerical model describing cosmogenic nuclide acquisition in sediment moving through the upper Gaub River catchment to evaluate the extent to which aspects of source area geomorphology and geomorphological processes can be inferred from frequency distributions of cosmogenic 21Ne (21Nec) concentrations in individual detrital grains. The numerical model predicts the pathways of sediment grains from their source to the outlet of the catchment and calculates the total 21Nec concentration that each grain acquires along its pathway. The model fully accounts for variations in nuclide production due to changes in latitude, altitude and topographic shielding and allows for spatially variable erosion and sediment transport rates. Model results show that the form of the frequency distribution of 21Nec concentrations in exported sediment is sensitive to the range and spatial distribution of processes operating in the sediment's source areas and that this distribution can be used to infer the range and spatial distribution of erosion rates that characterise the catchment. The results also show that lithology can affect the form of the 21Nec concentration distribution indirectly by exerting control on the spatial pattern of denudation in a catchment. Model results further indicate that the form of the distribution of 21Nec concentrations in the exported sediment can also be affected by the acquisition of 21Nec after detachment from bedrock, in the diffusive (hillslope) and/or advective (fluvial) domains. However, for such post-detachment nuclide acquisition to be important, this effect needs to at least equal the nuclide acquisition prior to detachment from bedrock. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Understanding the role of lithological variation in the evolution of topography remains a fundamental issue, especially in the neglected post-orogenic terrains. Such settings represent the major part of the Earth's surface and recent modelling suggests that a range of interactions can account for the presence of residual topography for hundreds of millions of years, thereby explaining the great antiquity of landscapes in such settings. Field data from the inland flank of the SE Australian high-elevation continental margin suggest that resistant lithologies act to retard or even preclude the headward transmission of base-level fall driven by the isostatic response to regional denudation. Rejuvenation, be it episodic or continuous, is ‘caught up’ on these resistant lithologies, meaning in effect that the bedrock channels and hillslopes upstream of these ‘stalled’ knickpoints have become detached from the base-level changes downstream of the knickpoints. Until these knickpoints are breached, therefore, catchment relief must increase over time, a landscape evolution scenario that has been most notably suggested by Crickmay and Twidale. The role of resistant lithologies indicates that detachment-limited conditions are a key to the longevity of some post-orogenic landscapes, whereas the general importance of transport-limited conditions in the evolution of post-orogenic landscapes remains to be evaluated in field settings. Non-steady-state landscapes may lie at the heart of widespread, slowly evolving post-orogenic settings, such as high-elevation passive continental margins, meaning that non-steady-state landscapes, with increasing relief through time, are the ‘rule’ rather than the exception.

In this paper, we describe improvements to the in situ cosmogenic radiocarbon extraction system at SUERC made since 2004, highlighting the factors that potentially control the reduction of analytical variability. We also present new results on system blanks and of measurements of in situ14C in shielded quartz and a surface quartz sample used at the University of Arizona as an in situ14C standard (PP-4). The SUERC in situ14C extraction system was built in 2001 and is based on a combustion technique following the design of the extraction system at the University of Arizona. Our preliminary results suggest that the continuous running of the extraction system and the monitoring of gas collecting time and of the temperature of the cryogenic traps used in the gas cleaning steps are key to maintaining low and stable system blanks. Our latest average system blank is 2.02 ± 0.23 x 10514C atoms. This is consistent with those recently published by the University of Arizona and ETH in situ14C labs. Measurements of in situ14C concentrations in sample PP-4 yield an average of 3.82 ± 0.23 x 105 atoms g–1 quartz, again consistent with published values.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common condition in older adults. Since publication of the last guidelines in 2009, new data have emerged on the management of AMD and novel solutions have been tested to meet the ongoing challenge of AMD service demands. Thus, there are compelling reasons to update the College guidelines on AMD. This is a summary of the guidelines. The full guidelines are available at http://www.rcophth.ac.uk/page.asp?section=451&sectionTitle=Clinical+Guidelines The purposes of the guidelines are to set the standards for best practice, to educate medical trainees, to inform patients, carers, and consumer organisations, to act as a benchmark for service planning by providers, to guide commissioners, and to set national standards for audit.

The objective of this work was to conduct a detailed assessment of the microstructure and mechanical properties of an emerging Al–Zn–Mg–Cu powder metallurgy (P/M) alloy known as Alumix 431D. A variety of techniques were considered including optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron-probe micro-analysis, thermal dilatometry, and differential scanning calorimetry as well as apparent hardness, tensile testing, and bending fatigue. Alumix 431D exhibited many of the same attributes found in wrought counter parts such as 7075. A sintered density of approximately 99% of theoretical was achieved, indicating that the alloy was highly responsive to sintering. Once heat treated, a T6 hardness of 86 HRB and a room temperature ultimate tensile strength of 448 MPa were noted. Thermal analyses implied that the precipitation behaviour of Alumix 431D closely mimicked comparable 7XXX series wrought alloys and was largely premised on the precipitation of η-phase variants. Tensile properties of the alloy in a T1 temper were found to be relatively stable at temperatures up to 150 °C and 1000 h of exposure time. Those of T6 specimens degraded under the same exposure conditions to the point where equivalency with the T1 product was noted.

The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive assessment on the press-and-sinter P/M processing of a novel hypereutectic aluminum–silicon alloy known as Alumix-231 (Al–15Si–2.5Cu–0.5Mg). As this patented commercial product is relatively new, the amount of scientific data available in the literature is highly limited. To address this issue sintered products were evaluated by analyzing the density before and after sintering, apparent hardness, microstructural features, tensile properties, and finally the response to heat treatment. It was determined that the optimum processing route for Alumix-231 involved compaction at a pressure of 600 MPa followed by de-lubrication at 400 °C for 20 min before being sintered at 560 °C for a period of 60 min. The optimum heat treatment involved solutionizing the samples at 520 °C for 1 h, followed by water quenching, and artificially aging the samples at 160 °C for 8 h. The system proved highly responsive to this manner of processing attaining a sintered density on the order of 98% of theoretical and a UTS of 330 MPa. Based on a combination of DSC, XRD, and EPMA analyses it was concluded that θ-type phases were the dominate precipitates formed during heat treatment.

J. W. Gregory arrived in Glasgow from Melbourne in 1904 to take up the post of foundation Professor of Geology in the University of Glasgow. Soon after his arrival in Glasgow he began to push for the setting up of teaching in Geography in Glasgow, which came to pass in 1909 with the appointment of a Lecturer in Geography. This lecturer was based in the Department of Geology in the University's East Quad. Gregory's active promotion of Geography in the University was matched by his extensive writing in the area, in textbooks, journal articles and popular books. His prodigious output across a wide range of subject areas is variably accepted today, with much of his geomorphological work being judged as misguided to varying degrees. His ‘social science’ publications – in the areas of race, migration, colonisation and economic development of Africa and Australia – espouse a viewpoint that is unacceptable in the twenty-first century. Nonetheless, that viewpoint sits squarely within the social and econom...

This article examines the impact of local knowledge spillovers on employment growth in the service sector at both the theoretical and empirical level. It is argued that, in addition to life cycle and tradability effects, spillovers in services are likely to be strongly influenced by distinctive service characteristics and labour-related factors, which impact on the channels through which spillovers are transmitted. Empirical models of employment growth suggest significant differences in spillover effects between industry and services and across public, private, business and personal services. In particular, many services appear to benefit from spillovers arising from a diverse local economy.

Carol Diethe: Historical Dictionary of Nietzscheanism, second edition. Lanham, MA; Toronto; Plymouth: The Scarecrow Press, 2007, lviii + 358 pp. £59.00 (hb.). ISBN 978-0-8108-5613-4 Nietzsche: On t...

Taking as its starting-point an aphorism in The gay science, this paper examines Nietzsche's distinction between the (chaotic) ‘total character of the world’ and the (cosmic) ‘astral order in which we live’. It relates this distinction, not only to Nietzsche's earlier claim in The birth of tragedy that ‘it is only as an aesthetic phenomenon that existence and the world are eternally justified’, but also, via Goethe's Wilhelm Meister, to Jung's concept of archetypal structures. Finally, it examines the case of one of Jung's patients, a young labourer suffering from schizophrenia; Jung's interest in Hölderlin; and his discussion of the Stoic concept of heimarmene.

Bishop P. and Gripaios P. Spatial externalities, relatedness and sector employment growth in Great Britain, Regional Studies. This paper examines the impact of externalities on employment growth in sub-regions of Great Britain by estimating ordinary least-squares (OLS) and maximum likelihood spatial models at the two-digit level for 23 sectors. Issues arising from relatedness, sector differences, competition, cross-boundary spillovers, and spatial autocorrelation are explicitly addressed. Results indicate that specialization has a generally negative impact on growth, whilst the impact of diversity is heterogeneous across sectors and strong local competition has a typically positive impact. The results question the merits of policies primarily aimed at promoting regional specialization and suggest that diversity, local competition, and sector heterogeneity are important policy issues. Bishop P. et Gripaios P. Les effets externes geographiques, la connectivite et la croissance de l'emploi sectoriel en Grand...

In a letter dated 15–20 November 1840 sent to Christian Kapp, a professor of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg, Ludwig Feuerbach tried to lift the spirits of his close and, on this occasio...

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This article presents evidence from an empirical study of employment growth across 203 sub-regions of Great Britain using OLS and maximum likelihood spatial econometric techniques. The results suggest a positive relationship between diversity and local employment growth implying that cross-sector externalities may be of considerable importance to the local growth process. The presence of spatial autocorrelation in the data suggests the existence of substantive interactions across contiguous sub-regions.

In contrast to the conventional view of Ludwig Feuerbach as a left-wing Young Hegelian, this article argues that his primary contribution to philosophy is to be found in his later ethics, the basis of which may be discerned in his earlier writings. Over and above recent work on Feuerbach's aesthetics, his relation to Herder, and the relationship between aesthetics and ‘theological politics’ in his thought, Feuerbach's philosophy can re-evaluated, in relation to Epicurus and the French libertin tradition, as articulating an ethics of hedonism. In The Essence of Christianity (1841), the Nachlass fragment ‘Elementary Aesthetics’ (1843), and his Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (1843) Feuerbach moves towards the vitalist materialist position that culminates in his (proto-Nietzschean) insight in ‘Against the Dualism of Body and Soul, Flesh and Spirit’ (1846) into the world as an ‘aesthetic phenomenon’, thus laying the foundations for his recognition of the centrality of sensuous pleasure to the ethic...

In 1930 Jung gave a lecture entitled 'Archaic Man' to the Lesezirkel in Hottingen. Following recent work on this text by two commentators, this article uses their interpretations as a springboard for a complementary reading, which emphasizes the fundamental significance of this paper as bridging the earlier and later stages in the development of analytical psychology, and examines closely the opposition between 'archaic'-'modern' in Jung's paper; indeed, in his work as a whole. In contrast to Levy-Bruhl, Jung rejects the label of 'mysticism' as applied to the 'primitive' point of view, and his anti-mystical stance can be explained in terms of his dialectical conception of the relationship between Self and World. On this account, the subject and the object--the psyche and the external world--are more closely (inter)related than conventional (modern) epistemology and ontology generally believe. This conception of the relation between the subjective and the objective foreshadows his later, and controversial, concept of synchronicity, which is, Jung insists, a way of apprehending the world in terms of its meaning. Concluding with a survey of the status of the 'primordial' in some other texts by Jung, this article aims to foster further debate on one of Jung's most complex and fascinating texts.

Knowledge intensive services (KIS) have grown rapidly across Europe in recent years and are often regarded as critical to economic growth and knowledge diffusion. This paper focuses on the factors determining spatial variations in the growth of these services. Combining insights from the regional innovation systems approach and modern growth theory, it is argued that local economic diversity may be beneficial to the growth of KIS. An empirical study of Great Britain over the period 1991–2002 reveals significant regional variations, with rapid growth occurring in a central cluster and major urban areas. The results of an empirical model provide support for the positive impact of diversity on employment growth but no evidence of a positive effect of sector specialisation. From a policy perspective, the analysis suggests that greater attention needs to be devoted to enhancing economic diversity and understanding sector specific effects.