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Quels rapports les sociétés humaines entretiennent-elles avec leur passé et quels récits font-elles du temps révolu ? Pour ce premier volume de l’Encyclopédie des historiographies. Afriques, Amériques, Asies, 157 spécialistes représentant 88 institutions académiques en France et dans le monde explorent l’univers des productions humaines qui constituent des sources pour l’historien et déchiffrent les nombreuses modalités (« scientifiques », littéraires, artistiques, monumentales…) de l’écriture du passé. Évoquant tour à tour l’Afrique, l’Amérique latine, l’Asie, l’Océanie, les 216 notices de l’ouvrage présentent des matériaux historiques de toute nature, issus de toutes les époques, souvent méconnus, ainsi que l’histoire de leurs usages. L’entreprise collective qu’est l’Encyclopédie se veut novatrice : il s’agit de susciter une réflexion historiographique résolument non-occidentalo-centrée qui complète utilement les démarches épistémologiques traditionnelles. Nouvel outil de connaissance historique forgé à l’heure de la mondialisation, l’Encyclopédie des historiographies est aussi une véritable invitation au voyage. What are the different types of relations that non-Western societies upkeep with their past and how are narratives about the past produced by them? In this first volume of the Encyclopaedia of Historiography: Africa, America, Asia, 157 specialists from 88 international academic institutions explore the wealth of evidence that constitutes source material for historians. They also examine the immensely diverse modes or genres of narrated history: “scientific”, literary, artistic, architectural, etc. 216 entries dealing with Africa, Latin America, Oceania, and Asia, cover a large variety of sources, including many which are unfamiliar to the Western or non-Western reader, along with the history of how they have been exploited. By bringing together for the first time such an abundance of material the reader is offered the possibility of exploring continents and building meaningful connections across space and time. In addition to being a new tool for historical enquiry in an era of globalization, this encyclopaedia is also an invitation to travel the world.

Le royaume du Chosŏn (1392‑1897) fut un État administré par des lois et des codes, dont l’administration centrale et locale fonctionna à travers la production et l’échange de documents manuscrits. On compte plus d’un million de documents pouvant être répartis en quatre ensembles : 1) documents émis par décision royale ; 2) documents échangés entre administrations ; 3) documents rédigés entre particuliers ; 4) documents variés établis collectivement dans la population. Ils furent rédigés sur la base des institutions ou bien sur celle de pratiques transmises dans la société et avaient force de preuve en cas de problèmes. L’étude des manuscrits du Chosŏn permet de saisir de manière plus approfondie et surtout plus concrète (comparativement à d’autres sources) le modus operandi de la gestion des institutions étatiques, ainsi que la vie des membres ordinaires du peuple. Recueils de sources et base de données numériques permettent aujourd’hui des recherches actives à grande échelle. The Chosŏn Kingdom (1392‑1897) was a State administrated by laws and codes, whose central and local administration functioned through production and exchanges of manuscripts. More than one million manuscripts are counted and they can be divided into four parts: 1) manuscripts produced by royal decision; 2) manuscripts exchanged between State offices; 3) manuscripts written privately; 4) various manuscripts produced collectively by people. Manuscripts were written in conformity with institutions or practices passed down within society. They were used as evidence in case of dispute. Studying manuscripts of the Chosŏn facilitates an understanding in a deeper and, above all, a more concrete way (compared to other types of sources) of the modus operandi of administrating state institutions as well as the life of commoners. Collection of sources and databases make it possible today to conduct effective research on a large scale. 조선(1392‑1896)은 법과 제도에 의해 운영된 국가였다. 왕을 비롯하여 중앙 관청이나 지방 관청에서 이루어진 행정은 기본적으로 문서(文書)를 통해 실행되었다. 현재까지 남아 있는 조선시대 고문서는 대략 100만 점 이상인 것으로 추정된다. 조선시대 고문서는 편의상 국왕 명의로 발급된 문서, 관청 사이에서 주고 받은 문서, 민간에서 개인 사이에서 작성된 문서, 각종 민간 단체들이 작성한 문서로 나누어 살펴볼 수 있다. 이들 문서는 각각 조선시대 법제도와 민간에서 이어져온 관행을 바탕으로 작성되었고, 어떤 문제가 발생했을 때 증거 능력을 가지고 있었다. 오늘날 조선시대 고문서를 통해 기존에 알려져 있던 문헌 자료를 통해서는 파악할 수 없었던 조선시대 국가 제도의 운영 실체나 일반 백성들의 삶을 실체를 보다 깊이 있게 이해할 수 있게 되었다. 따라서 조선시대 고문서 자료를 보다 효과적으로 활용하기 위하여 자료집을 발간하거나 웹사이트를 통해 방대한 규모의 고문서를 대상으로 한 데이터베이스를 구축하는 연구가 활발하게 진행되었다.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primers used in this study. Table S2. Relative gene expression of dr1558 overexpression strain. Figure S1. Time profile of GABA and pH in flask cultivation of recombinant E. coli. A) E. coli DGB201 strain expressing GdhA and GadBC genes.; B) E. coli DGB202 strain expressing IcdA, GdhA, and GadBC genes. Strains were cultivated in 50 mL MR medium supplied with 5 g/L Yeast Extract, 30 g/L glucose in a baffled flask at 30 °C for 24 h.

Background Globally, YouTube is one of the most popular websites, and the content is not restricted to entertainment. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of information in YouTube videos pertaining to hysterectomy. Methods We explored YouTube using the search terms “hysterectomy” and “remove uterus.” The videos that appeared were sorted using the filter “sort by view count.” Of the initial 100 videos, the top 50 videos for each search term were included for review, as determined by the “relevance” filter based on YouTube's algorithm. After excluding 34 videos for various reasons, 66 were included in the final analysis. Each video rated as “useful” was further analyzed for reliability and completeness of information; a set of pre-determined criteria were modified from a previous study and used to grade the quality of videos. Results The top 66 videos on hysterectomy had a total of 4,679,118 views. Based on authorship, the videos were categorized as follows: videos uploaded by patients, 37%; academic videos, 35%; videos uploaded by physicians, 13%; commercial videos, 4%; and videos uploaded by non-physicians, 2%. The type of content was also categorized: 50% of the videos recorded personal experiences, 23% recorded surgical techniques, 21% involved explanations of the surgery, and 4% were commercial videos. The majority of the videos made by patients were negatively biased toward hysterectomy surgery (71.72%), while the majority of those made by academics or physicians were surgical educational videos for doctors, not patients. Conclusion YouTube is currently not an appropriate source for patients to gain information on hysterectomy. Physicians should be aware of the limitations and provide up-to-date and peer-reviewed content on the website., Graphical Abstract

The purpose of this study is to suggest a systematic process in establishing church's vision by emphasizing the importance of having a clear vision in church growth and by communicating with the church members in the midst of a situation where stable ministry transition is required due to the replacement of the senior pastor now that 50 years has passed since the church was planted. For many years, the Korean church has experienced steady growth and revival. However, from the 21st century, the growth is slowing down and is stagnant. One of the reasons is the conflict between the former senior pastor and the following senior pastor which is rising to the surface as a problem among Korean churches. To resolve this conflict along with the chaos of transitions in churches and assemble church members' hearts as one, there is a need for process of developmental vision establishment. This research focused on providing a systematic process of establishing visions that are effectively applicable to Korean churches through studying the importance of visions from the Bible, investigating on the books and case from Ansan Dongsan church which offers stable vision in transition of generations, and analyzing the refined process of vision established through researcher's one year ministry field at Incheon Shinkwang church. The researcher aims to introduce the legitimacy of establishing visions with the church members in Korean churches and to deliver the specific application method to the ministers who dream for church revival through the process of vision establishment.