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These two recent books from Princeton, both, in their way, deal with recent advances (or, at least, changes) in economics - one in the discipline's methodology, the other in its content. The book is enriched by including extracts from interviews that Craig Freedman had in 1997 with eminent economists involved in the methodological shift in Chicago, and by very extensive notes, where much of the detail of the argument resides. Such sites then become de facto natural monopolies, rather like electricity transmission: the costs of setting up a site and breaking in to a market are very large, but, once established, additional costs from extra site traffic are effectively zero. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The Pareto principle states that the majority of any effect comes from a minority of the causes. This property is widely used in quality improvement science.Research Question: Among patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV), are there subgroups according to MV duration that may serve as potential nodes for high-value interventions aimed at reducing costs without compromising quality?Study Design and Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included approximately 780 hospitals in the Premier Research Database (2014-2018). Patients receiving MV were identified by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, codes. They were then divided into quintiles according to MV duration; their hospital costs, post-MV onset length of stay (LOS), ICU LOS, and cumulative post-MV onset hospital days per quintile were compared.Results: A total of 691,961 patients were included in the analysis. Median [interquartile range] duration of MV in days by quintile was as follows: quintile 1 (Q1), 1 [1, 1]; Q2, 2 [2, 2]; Q3, 3 [3, 3]; Q4, 6 [6, 7]; and Q5, 13 [10, 19]. Median [interquartile range] post-MV onset LOS (Q1, 2 [0, 5]; Q5, 17 [12, 26]) and hospital costs (Q1, $15,671 [$9,180, $27,901]; Q5, $70,133 [$47,136, $108,032]) rose from Q1 through Q5. Patients in Q5 consumed 47.7% of all post-MV initiation hospital days among all patients requiring MV, and the mean per-patient hospital costs in Q5 exceeded the sum of costs incurred by Q1 to Q3. Adjusted marginal mean (95% CI) hospital costs rose exponentially from Q1 through Q5: Q2 vs Q1, $3,976 ($3,354, $4,598); Q3 vs Q2, $5,532 ($5,103, $5,961); Q4 vs Q3, $11,705 ($11,071, $12,339); and Q5 vs Q4, $26,416 ($25,215, $27,616).Interpretation: Patients undergoing MV in the highest quintiles according to duration of MV consume a disproportionate amount of resources, as evidenced by MV duration, hospital LOS, and costs, making them a potential target for streamlining MV care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a general description of the analytic hierarchy process and analyzes the problem of the influence of Pareto-inefficient alternatives on ranking results. It is shown that the presence of Pareto-inefficient alternatives in the original set can lead to erroneous ranking, and the lack of a mechanism within the framework of the analytic hierarchy process that confirms or disproves the existence of such alternatives decreases the level of validity of the obtained results. An approach to the integrated use of the Pareto principle and the analytic hierarchy process is proposed. The possibility of its practical application is shown on a specific example of calculations. The use of this approach will increase the validity of the ranking results of alternatives by either eliminating Pareto-inefficient ones from consideration or confirming their absence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cybernetics & Systems Analysis / Kibernetiki i Sistemnyj Analiz is the property of V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study deals with the Scientometric study on the publication of "Geochemistry". The records are collected from Web of Science Databases for the period of 1989-2020. A total of 2603 papers were identified in Web of Science database. The study reveals that, most of the researchers preferred to publish their research results in journal and more numbers of articles were published in the year 2019. The authorship trend shows that, out of total 2603 literature published, 92.5% of the publication published under the joint author. Four thousand three hundred and eighty nine authors have contributed the total of 2603 articles. Further this study also identified to analyses coverage growth rates, relative growth rate, doubling time, most prolific authors, Degree of collaboration, Areas of research concentration, Price's Square Root Law and Pareto Principle and citation analysis is also noted [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Area Multi-Fuel Economic Dispatch (MAMFED) aims to allocate the best generation schedule in each area and to offer the best power transfers between different areas by minimizing the objective functions among the available fuel alternatives for each unit while satisfying various constraints in power systems. In this paper, a Fuzzified Squirrel Search Algorithm (FSSA) algorithm is proposed to solve the single-area multi-fuel economic dispatch (SAMFED) and MAMFED problems. Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA) mimics the foraging behavior of squirrels based on the dynamic jumping and gliding strategies. In the SSA approach, predator presence behavior and a seasonal monitoring condition are employed to increase the search ability of the algorithm, and to balance the exploitation and exploration. The suggested approach considers the line losses, valve point loading impacts, multi-fuel alternatives, and tie-line limits of the power system. Because of the contradicting nature of fuel cost and pollutant emission objectives, weighted sum approach and price penalty factor are used to transfer the bi-objective function into a single objective function. Furthermore, a fuzzy decision strategy is introduced to find one of the Pareto optimal fronts as the best compromised solution. The feasibility of the FSSA is tested on a three-area test system for both the SAMFED and MAMFED problems. The results of FSSA approach are compared with other heuristic approaches in the literature. Multi-objective performance indicators such as generational distance, spacing metric and ratio of non-dominated individuals are evaluated to validate the effectiveness of FSSA. The results divulge that the FSSA is a promising approach to solve the SAMFED and MAMFED problems while providing a better compromise solution in comparison with other heuristic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companies increasingly work in a global context and need to be relevant in it. In addition to focus on customers, companies need to identify and attend to the needs of various stakeholders. The quality principle of customer focus has been used for identifying stakeholders, their needs and how to manage them. The Planetary Boundaries, the UN Sustainable Development Goals and The Natural Step have been used to identify performance targets for stakeholder needs. Results indicate that People and Planet could be defined as the main stakeholders and that these stakeholders could be further detailed in order to more easily link them with company business. Critical Planet stakeholders could be such as the Atmosphere and Biosphere. Based on the Pareto principle, People needs focus should be on alleviating poverty with a highest priority given to those living in extreme poverty. Absolute and relative indicators for sustainability performance with focus on core stakeholders have been proposed. The indication is that a paradigm shift from Profit to Planet and People focus is needed. The proposed strategy is to combine customer wants focus with a focus on defined critical stakeholder needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In meeting input data requirements for a system dynamics (SD) model simulating the radiotherapy (RT) process, the number of patient care pathways (RT workflows) needs to be kept low to simplify the model without affecting the overall performance. A large RT department can have more than 100 workflows, which results in a complex model structure if each is to be handled separately. Here we investigated effects on model performance by reducing the number of workflows for a model of the preparatory steps of the RT process.Methods: We created a SD model sub-structure capturing the preparatory RT process. Real data for patients treated in 2015-2016 at a modern RT department in Sweden were used. RT workflow similarity was quantified by averaged pairwise utilization rate differences (%) and the size of corresponding correlation coefficients (r). Grouping of RT workflows was determined using two accepted strategies (80/20 Pareto rule; merging all data into one group) and a customized algorithm with r≥0.75:0.05:0.95 as criteria for group inclusion by two strategies (A1 and A2). Number of waiting patients for each grouping strategy were compared to the reference of all workflows handled separately.Results: There were 128 RT workflows for 3209 patients during the studied period. The 80/20 Pareto rule resulted in 14/8/21 groups for curative/palliative/disregarding treatment intent. Correspondingly, A1 and A2 resulted in 7-40/≤4-36/7-82 groups depending on r cutoff. Results for the Pareto rule and A2 at r≥85 were comparable to the reference.Conclusions: The performance of a simulation model over the RT process will depend on the grouping strategy of patient input data. Either the Pareto rule or the grouping of patients by resource use can be expected to better reflect overall departmental effects to various changes than when merging all data into one group. Our proposed approach to identify groups based on similarity in resource use can potentially be used in any setting with variable incoming flows of objects which go through a multi-step process comparable to RT where the aim is to reduce the complexity of associated model structures without compromising with overall performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A company's online presence is more than random advertising materials that promote its products or services. Instead, every piece of content that gets published on the internet needs to align to a clearly laid out strategy which should enable the business to become more visible in the online environment. The article explores the process of creating a strategy for content generation by looking at the goals of the business, at who the dream buyers are and how they can be identified. The first part of the paper emphasizes how the goals of the business must be clearly laid out in order to create a buyer persona. The needs of the customer can be better understood by using the Pareto principle and the Halo strategy. The latter part of the article focuses on how the content producing efforts can be measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this investigation is to compute overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) in the small-scale industry. The novel approach is introduced to detect bottlenecks by which OEE can be improved. This study attempts to help small-medium enterprises in analyzing performance in a better way. The automotive industry was chosen for conducting the research. The present study is comprised of three phases. In the first phase, OEE was computed and compared with world-class manufacturing. The second phase included three-level of Pareto analysis followed by making fishbone diagram to mitigate the losses. The third phase conducted improved OEE in the industry. There are seven major losses present in the industry that adversely affect the effectiveness of machine in any industry. This approach can reduce these losses and improve the quality, asset utilization (AU), OEE, total effective equipment performance (TEEP) and productivity of the machine. The study exposes that Pareto analysis uncovers all the losses and works on the principle of 80/20 rule. The major losses were thoroughly explored with the help of the fishbone diagram and solutions were implemented at the shop floor. As a result, availability, performance, quality, OEE, AU, and TEPP show improvements by 4.6%, 8.06%, 6.66%, 16.23%, 4.16%, and 14.58%, respectively. The approach offers a good opportunity for both researchers and small-medium enterprises around the world to analyze the indicators of production losses, performance, and productivity in the manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. This article discusses the process of developing an ergonomic desk for students through an integrated product team approach. Methodology. Using an integrated product team approach, numerous quality tools, customization techniques, strategic tools and techniques including quality function deployment, ergonomic principles, Kano model, SCAMPER (substitute, combine, adapt, modify, put, eliminate, reverse), brainstorming, Pareto's principle and cause-and-effect diagrams were systematically applied. In addition, for detailed designs, anthropometric measurements were considered. Results. Having identified various health problems associated with use of unergonomic furniture by students, this study developed an ergonomic desk using SolidWorks version 2016. The ergonomic student desk considered the design for adjustability principle which accommodates 90% of all students (5th percentile female to 95th percentile male). Conclusions. Data obtained from three colleges were systematically verified, validated and evaluated and a design for an ergonomic student desk was the result. Adoption of these systematic processes gives the design practical validity, and once the ergonomic student desk has completed the manufacturing process its use is expected to lead to a reduction in the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders, neck problems, back pain and pressure on the hips. Ultimately, students having acquired a desk designed to fit their requirements will achieve comfort and satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The size distribution of trade unions in the United States and changes in this distribution are documented. Because the most profound changes are taking place among very large unions, these are subject to special analysis by invoking Pareto's distribution-a new application of this distribution. Extensions to trade union wealth and to Britain are broached. The role of the public sector in these changes receives particular attention. A simple model helps account both for the logarithmic distribution of union membership and for the contrasting experiences of public- and private-sector unions since the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During pre-election campaigns, parties make great efforts to persuade constituents to vote for them. Usually, new parties have smaller budgets and fewer resources than veteran parties. In particular, the more heterogeneous the party's electorate, the more critical the issue of resource allocation is. This paper presents a method to allocate new party's campaign advertising resources efficiently to maximize its voters. The model developed uses Pareto principle and multi-criteria approach and integrates party's confidential data together with an official open-to-all data. The model produced clear and unbiased results, and these advantages made it effective and user-friendly for the strategic team and campaign managers. We implemented the model on a specific new party during the intensive political period before the April 2019 elections in Israel. • This paper analyses the issue of allocating new party's campaign advertising resources efficiently to maximize its voters. • Our model integrates Pareto principle with multi-criteria decision-making approach and uses the party's confidential data together with official open to all state data. • The model produced clear and unbiased results, and these advantages made it effective and user-friendly for the strategic team and campaign managers.

To improve software quality, the source code that composes software has to be improved, and improving the important code that largely affects the software quality should be a cost-effective method. Static analysis defines important codes as those that occupy important positions in the source network, while dynamic analysis defines important codes as those with high execution frequency. However, neither method analyzes the association between network structure and execution frequency, and both have their disadvantages. Thus, this study analyzed the association between source network structure and execution frequency to solve their disadvantages. The source function of Notepad++ was analyzed, and the function ranking was derived using the association between network structure and execution frequency. For verification, the Spearman correlation between the newly derived function ranking and the function ranking of the network and execution frequency obtained with the conventional method was measured. By measuring the Spearman correlation, the newly derived function ranking had strong correlations with execution frequency and included the network structure's characteristics. Moreover, similar to the Pareto principle, the analysis showed that 20% of Notepad++'s functions could be categorized as important functions, largely affecting the software's quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of an e-journal title is one of the challenging tasks for librarians in the process of collection development. As libraries receive a limited budget, librarians need to be careful and carry out thorough analysis based on the evidence-based approaches in selecting which e-journal to be subscribed. One of the different ways to analyse user demand for e-journals is to analyse access denied reports or known as turn-away reports from publishers. This study reports on how a support service was developed to select a new e-journal subscription for the National University of Malaysia (UKM) Library based on the COUNTER Journal Report (JR2). From this report, the number of access denied to full-text articles from four main commercial online databases; Science Direct, Springer Nature, Wiley Online Library, and Taylor & Francis were analysed. The Pareto Principle method was used to analyse e-journal titles that received high demand from library users. Profiling the journal's coverage in Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and Journal Citation Reports (JCR) as well as mapping their subject and publisher's price was carried out. The results showed that from a total of 7,474 e-journal titles, 1,495 (20%) e-journal titles that received 132,008 (68%) number of access denied were selected for further analysis. This evidence service can help the Journal Unit, UKM Library in a selection of new e-journal titles based on library users' needs and assist the library management to make better decisions for e-journal subscriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automobile manufacturing firms rely heavily on their suppliers for timely production of vehicles. Hence, the ownership and responsibility of the suppliers' delivery to the firm increases. However, following the 80-20 rule, suppliers too tend to cater to the firms that give them a fair share of business, along with a continuous flow. Some suppliers are able to adhere to these norms of providing the parts the purchasing firm demands; however, several are unable to do so. The issues of line stoppage, delays, and non-conformance of production arise because of delays, deficits, and no-show of critical parts. Thus, many firms not only resort to the ABC (Activity-Based Classification) of parts to test their inventories, but also classify their suppliers on a similar categorisation, depending on several parameters of deliverability, quality, and costs. This paper aims to highlight the poor performing suppliers' reasons for poor performance, and suggests several solutions for improvement, after performing a historical analysis and performing gemba. The short-term solutions of alterations in plans and vendors allow room to achieve 100% delivery from the vendors, while long-term solutions of system ERP requirements allow management intervention to seek system software that eliminate non-value added (NVA) activities that are manual and are moved to an ERP system instead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Study examines the Biodiversity in India as revealed in the database of web of science in the year of 1991-2017. It was seen that the analysis included author productivity, authorship pattern, degrees of collaboration, year wise Cited references, Relative growth rate, and doubling time. This study also verified Lotka's Inverse square law of author productivity, Price's Square root law, Pareto Principle (80*20 Rule). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of Erik Olin Wright's important contributions was to characterize exploitation in a particular way, as consisting of three interlocking features: STRUCTURAL: a situation where the positive welfare of some is dependent on the deprivation of others EXCLUSION: some are excluded from control over productive resources MECHANISM: the way in which 1 and 2 work is the appropriation of the labor of the exploited (Wright, [6]). In her paper (Folbre, [4]), Nancy Folbre rejects an account of exploitation that is restricted to class relationships and centered on the extraction of surplus labor in competitive markets. While Folbre is right to emphasize the role of social norms in distribution, it is quite unclear to me how egalitarian she thinks those norms need to be if exploitation is to be avoided. I began my comments by noting that Folbre's account of exploitation is far broader than Wright's, extending the concept beyond the confines of class. [Extracted from the article]

• We present the indoor scene synthesis problem as the non-convex multi-object optimization problem with conflicts designed by five energy functions. • We introduce the MOPSO algorithm to optimize multiple energy functions simultaneously with Pereto principle and the adaptive grid method. • We design 3D gestures to interact with virtual scenes instead of traditional mouse and add personalized constraint to interior layout. Indoor scene synthesis is the generation of an indoor scene with proper furniture layout, which has been a hot topic in recent years because it is widely used in games, virtual reality, and augmented reality. The problem can be transformed into "put what in where", to select the proper furniture and optimize the location of the furniture. We think that arranging selected furniture in the proper place is a problem of complex non-convex optimization, a multi-objective problem, which has conflicting relationships among all objects. First, we formulate the optimization problem with five objective energy functions, namely, overlap, pairwise, wall, aisle and angle, while considering the design criterion, aesthetic criterion and movement criterion. Then, we introduce the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO) with the Pareto principle and the adaptive grid method to solve this optimization problem, which can balance these five energy functions. Last, we propose 3D gestures as the interaction to solve the problem of how to select proper furniture, together with enhancing the users' interests in the furniture locations. Compared with previous work that used linear weighted energy functions, our method can effectively solve the conflicts between the energy functions without using heuristic weights decision in the decision. Therefore, the energy functions would converge to a smaller value simultaneously in our method compared with the single-objective optimization method. The efficiency of each energy function and 3D gestures is also validated by a series of experiments. The method can be easily extended to related works and can generate a series of indoor scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To inform the development of automated summarization of clinical conversations, this study sought to estimate the proportion of doctor-patient communication in general practice (GP) consultations used for generating a consultation summary. Two researchers with a medical degree read the transcripts of 44 GP consultations and highlighted the phrases to be used for generating a summary of the consultation. For all consultations, less than 20% of all words in the transcripts were needed for inclusion in the summary. On average, 9.1% of all words in the transcripts, 26.6% of all medical terms, and 27.3% of all speaker turns were highlighted. The results indicate that communication content used for generating a consultation summary makes up a small portion of GP consultations, and automated summarization solutions—such as digital scribes—must focus on identifying the 20% relevant information for automatically generating consultation summaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract It is well reported that long commutes have a large detrimental effect on people’s health and on the economy of cities. Interestingly, despite the strong impact on our daily lives, a simple way to measure the quality of urban transportation is still unknown. We performed data analysis on the transportation network of two large cities (Fortaleza and Dublin). By dividing each bus trajectory into equal pieces of space, we determine the distribution of time intervals for each trip, and we propose that the heterogeneity of the time distribution can be used to characterize the quality of that trip. Inspired by the use of the Gini coefficient to quantify the inequality level of income distribution, we used the Gini in order to characterize the heterogeneity level of the time distribution. We demonstrated that Gini coefficients are strongly correlated with peak usage of the mobility system, as well as the schedule delays in the system. Finally, our method can be used to find highly heterogeneous trips which have a large negative effect on the urban mobility and can help find new directions for new public planning strategies.

The article focuses on how it should direct our approach to S&OP, a good place to start is the model devised by Michael Treacy and Fred Wiersema in their book The Discipline of Market Leaders. Topics include the market leaders are companies that outperform their competitors over a longer period of time, and the first finding is that market leaders make a choice as to how to compete in the market place.

Market Intelligence is knowledge extracted from numerous data sources, both internal and external, to provide a holistic view of the market and to support decision-making. Association Rules Mining provides powerful data mining techniques for identifying associations and co-occurrences in large databases. Market Basket Analysis (MBA) uses ARM to gain insights from heterogeneous consumer shopping patterns and examines the effects of marketing initiatives. As Artificial Intelligence (AI) more and more finds its way to marketing, it entails fundamental changes in the skills-set required by marketers. For MBA, AI provides important ways to improve both the outcomes of the market basket analysis and the performance of the analysis process. In this study we demonstrate the effects of AI on MBA by our proposed new MBA model where results of computational intelligence are used in data preprocessing, in market segmentation and in finding market trends. We show with point-of-sale (POS) data of a small, local retailer that our proposed "Åbo algorithm" MBA model increases mining performance/intelligence and extract important marketing insights to assess both demand dynamics and product popularity trends. Additionally, the results show how, as related to the 80/20 percent rule, 78% of revenue is derived 16% of the product assortment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of time‐lapse time shifts between two, or several, repeated seismic surveys has become increasingly popular over the past eighteen years. These time shifts are a reliable and informative seismic attribute that can relate to reservoir production. Correction for these time shifts or the underlying velocity perturbations and/or subsurface displacement in an imaging sense also permits accurate evaluation of time‐lapse amplitudes by attempting to decouple the kinematic component. To date, there are approximately thirty methods for time‐shift estimation described in the literature. We can group these methods into three main families of mathematical development, together with several miscellaneous techniques. Here we detail the underlying bases for these methods, and the acknowledged benefits and weaknesses of each class of method highlighted. We illustrate this review with a number of time‐lapse seismic examples from producing fields. No method is necessarily superior to the others, as its selection depends on ease of implementation, noise characteristics of the field data, and whether the inherent assumptions suit the case in question. However, cross‐correlation stands out as the algorithm of choice based on the Pareto principle and waveform inversion the algorithm delivering best resolution. This is a companion study to the previous review of time‐shift magnitudes and a discussion of their rock physics basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explore the market segment of private hospitals in Bulgaria, providing operational activities to health insured persons on the occasion of breast cancer. Methodology: the Pareto principle. Results: Thirty-nine private hospitals were studied in the following aspects: concluded contracts with the health insurance fund for treatment of breast cancer and volume of operative activity. Discussion: Contracts between private hospitals and the health fund for breast cancer surgery account for thirty-three percent and their activity for sixteen percent of other hospitals. Applying the Pareto principle, it was found that twelve hospitals, from university cities, make up twenty percent of the vital few where the activity is concentrated. Twenty-seven hospitals make up eighty percent with an operating volume between one and ninety operations. The most important "twenty percent of twenty percent" for breast surgery are formed by private hospitals in university cities. Eighty percent are hospitals that have performed about one hundred or one hundred and twenty surgical interventions in the four-year period, which corresponds to thirty operations per year or two and a half operations per month. Conclusion: The market segment of the private sector for providing surgical treatment of breast cancer is characterized by inefficient contractual process, distorted form of territorial organization, uneven distribution of financial resources (small private structures) and unreliable guarantees for the quality of surgical activity in the latter. The managerial connection between the two main elements of the health system is broken: "doctor (hospital) - patient". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the conflict between the ex ante and ex post criteria of social welfare in a new framework of individual and social decisions, which distinguishes between two sources of uncertainty, here interpreted as being objective and subjective, respectively. This framework makes it possible to endow the individuals and society not only with ex ante and ex post preferences, as is usually done, but also with interim preferences of two kinds, and correspondingly, to introduce interim forms of the Pareto principle. After characterizing the two social welfare criteria, we present two compromises between them, one based on the ex ante criterion and absorbing as much as possible of the ex post criterion (Theorem 1), the other based on the ex post criterion and absorbing as much as possible of the ex ante criterion (Theorem 2). Both solutions translate the assumed Pareto conditions into weighted additive utility representations, as in Harsanyi's Aggregation Theorem, and both attribute to the individuals common probability values on the objective source of uncertainty, and different probability values on the subjective source. We discuss these solutions in terms of the by now classic spurious unanimity argument and a novel informational argument labeled complementary ignorance. The paper complies with the standard economic methodology of basing probability and utility representations on preference axioms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present an idea / approach - different from the generally accepted in health systems for analysis of resources in hospital care. Methodology: the Pareto principle in various aspects of specific medical activity in the health system of Bulgaria. Results: The statistics show that during the four - year period under review, the share of private hospitals in the contractual process is one third of all contracts in the country, against the provision of surgical activity to health insured persons - twice less or one sixth of all operational activity. all contractual partners of the national health fund. Private hospitals perform one-third of breast cancer surgery. Discussion: The resource is a means or an opportunity. Proper use of a resource involves the proper functioning of a system or well-being. As a rule, the allocation of resources is carried out economically. The results presented by the concluded contracts and the volume of operational activity are a mirror image of the distribution of resources for this activity in the health system. Through Pareto analysis of the number of contracts and the volume of activity of hospitals can be determined: the imbalance between the contractual process for a particular medical activity and the results of implementation and as realized volume, nationally, the number of beds as a means of treatment of a specific disease and prospective, rethinking the contract process by setting quality criteria. The largest and smallest deviations from the average value in percentages for concluded contracts and volume of activity of hospitals by type of ownership require analysis of the environment in which the diagnostic and operative activity for breast cancer is performed. Deviations from the average values, expressed as a percentage, number of contracts and volume of activity or randomly selected aspects of a process, are the initial data for adjusting the allocation of resources for proper functioning of the health system (for research - diagnostic and operative activity of breast cancer ). Conclusion: By applying the Pareto principle to different aspects of the activity of a hospital or different types of hospitals, or on some grounds, the resources of a hospital or health system can be analyzed, the beds occupied by a specific disease can be determined, determine the efficiency of the use of the bed stock and the distribution of resources at a given moment, as well as the correct functioning of the health system. The presented idea, different from the generally accepted in health systems analysis of resources in hospital care "The prism of activity and resource assessment, an alternative approach to resource assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Arrovian social choice theory assuming the independence of irrelevant alternatives, Murakami (Logic and social choice, Dover Publications, New York, 1968) proved two theorems about complete and transitive collective choice rules satisfying strict non-imposition (citizens' sovereignty), one being a dichotomy theorem about Paretian or anti-Paretian rules and the other a dictator-or-inverse-dictator impossibility theorem without the Pareto principle. It has been claimed in the later literature that a theorem of Malawski and Zhou (Soc Choice Welf 11(2):103–107, 1994) is a generalization of Murakami's dichotomy theorem and that Wilson's impossibility theorem (J Econ Theory 5(3):478–486, 1972) is stronger than Murakami's impossibility theorem, both by virtue of replacing Murakami's assumption of strict non-imposition with the assumptions of non-imposition and non-nullness. In this note, we first point out that these claims are incorrect: non-imposition and non-nullness are together equivalent to strict non-imposition for all transitive collective choice rules. We then generalize Murakami's dichotomy and impossibility theorems to the setting of incomplete social preference. We prove that if one drops completeness from Murakami's assumptions, his remaining assumptions imply (i) that a collective choice rule is either Paretian, anti-Paretian, or dis-Paretian (unanimous individual preference implies noncomparability) and (ii) that adding proposed constraints on noncomparability, such as the regularity axiom of Eliaz and Ok (Games Econ Behav 56:61–86, 2006), restores Murakami's dictator-or-inverse-dictator result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical resistance of a locomotive is crucial for power consumption. It is desirable to maintain this resistance at a minimum value for energy efficiency under optimal operation conditions. The optimal conditions can be found by particle swarm optimization with constraints. The particle swarm optimization method is a highly preferred type of heuristic algorithm because of its advantages, such as fewer parameters, faster speed, and a simpler flow diagram. However, fast convergence can be misleading in finding the optimum solution in some cases. Pareto analysis is used in this proposed study to prevent missing the target. When the literature is searched, it is seen that there are various studies using this method. However, in all of these studies, the results of the particle swarm method have been interpreted as whether or not they complied with Pareto's 80/20 rule. The validity of the Pareto analysis is taken as an assumption, and with the help of this assumption, the coefficients of a locomotive's mathematical equation were changed, and finally the results were found by applying the particle herd optimization method. Finally, a novel hybrid method has been created by including the Pareto optimality condition to particle swarm optimization. The results are compared with this innovative hybrid method of Pareto and particle swarm and the results found using only the particle swarm method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines collective decision-making with an infinite-time horizon setting. First, we establish a result on the collection of decisive sets: if there are at least four alternatives and Arrow's axioms are satisfied on the selfish domain, then the collection of decisive sets forms an ultrafilter. Second, we impose generalized versions of stationarity axiom for social preferences, which are substantially weaker than the standard version. We show that if any of our generalized versions are satisfied in addition to Arrow's axioms, then some generation is dictatorial. Moreover, we specify a very weak stationarity axiom that guarantees a possibility result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The increasing role of digitalization in the operation of enterprises actualizes the implementation of the basic methods of proper digitalization processes. The selection of an appropriate method to introduce digitalization is crucial, as it affects the optimization level of the business processes. Methodology: Specific multicriteria selection method includes five steps to identify these approaches, considering the relative error for each approach, as it affects the outcome with the performance indicator of business process digitalization. The strongest criterion value is used to identify the optimal approach. The evaluation of the methods showed that the performance of the logistic, administrative, and innovative methods is not worse than the Pareto principle. Findings: Introducing digitalization in the administrative method has the biggest impact. The chosen method showed that Human Resources processes require modification to reduce costs. A mechanism to digitalize the personnel management processes using artificial intelligence was developed. Implications: The results of multivariate multicriteria analysis show that the implementation of artificial intelligence minimizes human factors and optimizes time and costs. Implications: The results of multivariate multicriteria analysis show that the implementation of artificial intelligence minimizes human factors and optimizes time and costs. Originality: The main contribution is the development of the method for the selection of an appropriate digitalization approach, which encompasses an implementation mechanism that can be adapted to enterprises' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a round table in October 2019, data on the volume of surgery for breast cancer in Bulgaria were presented in the lobby of Alexandrovska Hospital. It was found that in the previous year there were hospitals that registered only one to two or three surgical interventions. Maintaining this status quo on the health care system would be destructive to the quality of surgery and patient safety. In the search for a tool to correct the situation, it is necessary to determine where the activity is focused. The article presents a study of the distribution of breast cancer surgery among hospitals in Bulgaria. Aim: Determine which hospitals focuses on breast cancer surgery in Bulgaria. Methods: Based on the statistics of surgery for breast cancer in Bulgaria, for four years, the Pareto principle has been applied to identify the leading surgical units in the country. Results: Statistics on the operative activity for breast cancer in stage Tis 1-4, N0-2 M0-1 are presented, with a total of one hundred and nineteen hospitals of different ownership being examined. Of these, thirty-nine are private hospitals, twenty-four are university, ten are specialist oncology hospitals, seventeen are regional, sixteen are municipal, six are departmental and seven are comprehensive cancer centers. In the Pareto analysis, illustrated in the Pareto diagram, hospitals are sorted by type of property on the abscissa axis (we consider this to be the cause of the problem), and the volumes of surgery are quantitatively expressed in the ordinate, both in numerical form and in cumulative form. Discussion: At eighty percent of the cumulative value, the so-called "reporting line" may be included to indicate where the 80/20 rule applies. The few vital factors that need the most attention are below 80% of the reporting line. Below the reporting line are the data from the operative activity for breast cancer at university hospitals, complex oncology centers, private hospitals and part of specialized hospitals. More specifically, their activity represents 85% of the activity of the hospitals examined during the fouryear period under review. The remaining 15% of the activity is carried out by part of the specialized hospitals, district, municipal and departmental hospitals. Under the principle of "the most important 20% of 20%", it is found that 85% of the activity is carried out by university hospitals, complex oncology centers and part of private hospitals, and 15% by specialized hospitals. Surgery for Tis 1-4 Breast Cancer Stage 1-4, N0-2 M0-1, for the four-year period 2016-2019, focuses on three to four large groups of hospitals - university, comprehensive cancer centers and part of the specialized oncology hospitals. They focus all resources: material, equipment and equipment, financial, human capital, including knowledge, experience and long-standing efforts of society. The latter is based on a continuous continuous process of high-level investment and support in a professional and educational aspect. With this volume of activity, hospitals at district and municipal level would not be able to maintain high quality capacity. Conclusions: The study found an imbalance of eighty-five percent to fifteen percent, which is outside the standard ratio of eighty percent to twenty percent. Of the most important twenty percent of the twenty percent, the survey reported fifteen out of fifteen percent. The imbalance is due to the chaotic transformation of the healthcare market over the last twenty years, where private-owned healthcare establishments are "displacing", planned, specialized structures created twenty years ago, and thus creating new market niches. The Pareto principle applied to the study of surgery over the four-year period gives an indirect idea of the distribution of resources in the health system of Bulgaria: territorially, in the form of ownership, occupying or seizing market niches, forming new entities in the health market. In Bulgaria, the resources for performing breast cancer surgery are concentrated in three to four types of hospitals, with the remaining risk of lower quality provision. The Pareto principle is not absolute because of a natural imbalance. Eighty percent reporting line should be considered conditional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to understand Vilfredo Pareto's reading of the Saint-Simonian system, namely the project of a new social order based on an industrial organisation. Why did Pareto rank this system among modern socialist systems and why did he qualify it as a pseudo-scientific system and nothing more than a religious system? The reason why he perceived Saint-Simonianism as a non-science can be inferred from both pure theory of political economy and the theory of social evolution. The identification of Saint-Simonianism with a religious system probably derives from the first historians and commentators of socialism in the mid-nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of slum dwellers through enhanced provision of adequate, safe and affordable housing is one of the critical targets of the sustainable development agenda of the United Nations. By implication, the construction cost of residential buildings needs to be reduced to make them more affordable. Reduction in the cost of cost-significant building elements will lead to substantial reduction in the construction cost of any residential building executed. This paper reports the findings on the cost-significant elements of residential building projects executed in Nigeria with a view to using them to reduce building cost. Cost data on 34 residential building projects executed in various locations of Nigeria between 2008 and 2016 were collected from Quantity Surveying consulting firms in Lagos State, Nigeria using random sampling technique. The cost data were converted to the same base year values using cost indices and then analysed using the Pareto Analysis procedure to obtain cost-significant elements. Findings from the study indicated that the cost-significant elements of residential building projects executed in the study area were electrical services installations which account for 16% of total construction cost, mechanical services installations (15%) and windows and upper floors (10%), respectively. The paper concluded that these cost-significant elements, representing 33% of total number of elements account for 50% of total construction cost. Reduction in the cost of these few elements will lead to significant reduction in the cost of residential building projects executed in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For B & D the foundations of "good economics" can be found (somewhat paradoxically from a linguistic point of view) in their book I Poor Economics i (Banerjee & Duflo, [1]) in which they summarise their work on the plight of the poor in developing countries. Indeed, B & D (p. 8) argue that "there is plenty of good economics around" and state that their purpose is to report on "what does the best economics of today tell us about the fundamental issues our societies are grappling with?" 8 INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS The proposition explored in this review is that the "good economics" recommended by B & D is actually a return to the traditions of "political economy". In the case of B & D they have produced a book covering many of the traditional concerns of classical political economy - most notably economic growth, international trade, income distribution, and the role of the state. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Randomised controlled trials (RCT) may be hindered by slow recruitment rates, particularly in critically ill patients. While statistical models to predict recruitment rates have been described, no systematic assessment has been conducted of the distribution of recruitment across sites, temporal trends in site participation and impact of competing trials on patient recruitment.Methods: We used recruitment and screening logs from the SAFE, NICE-SUGAR, RENAL, CHEST and ADRENAL trials, five of the largest critical care RCTs. We quantified the extent of recruitment asymmetry between sites using Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients and assessed whether the recruitment distribution across sites follow the Pareto principle, which states that 80% of effects come from 20% of causes. Peak recruitment rates and growth in participating sites were calculated.Results: In total, 25,412 patients were randomised in 99 intensive care units (ICUs) for the five trials. Distribution of recruitment was asymmetric, with a small number of ICUs recruiting a large proportion of the patients. The Gini coefficients ranged from 0.14 to 0.52. The time to peak recruitment rate ranged from 7 to 41 months and was variable (7, 31, 41, 10 and 40 months). Over time, the proportion of recruitment at non-tertiary ICUs increased from 15% to 34%.Conclusions: There is asymmetry of recruitment with a small proportion of ICUs recruiting a large proportion of patients. The distributions of recruitment were not consistent with the Pareto principle. There has been increasing participation of non-tertiary ICUs in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pareto principle is a normative principle about preferences that advocates concordance with unanimous preference. However, people have perspectives not just preferences. Evaluating preferences requires that we understand the reasons that people have for them and the overall perspectives from which they arise. Philippe Mongin has argued that the Pareto principle loses its normative force when different people hold their preferences for different reasons so that we must take reasons into account. This article advocates that we take people's broader perspectives into account. I argue that when people form their preferences by aggregating a collection of criteria, then taking these criteria directly into account and considering the broader perspectives and principles held by people will naturally lead to violations of the Pareto principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the novel bacterial foraging optimization has been widely applied. However, in past studies, the process of bacterial foraging lacked guidance and the structure of the algorithm was inadequate, which resulted in a low convergence speed and a large number of parameters in the algorithm, thus reducing its search accuracy and speed. Additionally, researchers only improved the algorithm for complex situations, for which a comprehensive evaluation of its robustness could not be made. Here, to resolve these issues, two improved algorithms are proposed and compared comprehensively. Our algorithms are suitable for modeling the foraging process of organisms in nature: a small number of individuals with rich resources can attract other individuals to forage locally. First, we propose a decreasing composite function and gradient migration behavior and introduce the 80/20 rule. A few excellent individuals guide the population to migrate to the optimal solution and increase the convergence speed. Second, we introduce the renewal speed of particles and propose another composite function, and the biological characteristics of Escherichia coli are also introduced to achieve the screening of excellent individuals. Finally, we show the results of numerous experiments and comprehensively evaluate the applicability of the proposed organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]