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In 1986 the South African Law Commission (Project 6 Review of the Law of Evidence), drawing heavily on the research of Professor Andrew Paizes, recommended significant amendments in respect of hearsay evidence that were subsequently given legislative force in the Law of Evidence Amendment Act 45 of 1988. The Act defines hearsay as ‘evidence, whether oral or in writing, the probative value of which depends upon the credibility of any person other than the person giving such evidence’ (s 3(4)).

This thesis investigates the application of existing pedotransfer functions, based on the compression characteristics of structurally intact and remoulded samples, for southwestern Ontario to soils outside this physiographic region and attempts to devise analogous indicators using shrinkage tests. Structurally intact and bulk samples were collected from the diagnostic A, B and C horizons of natural, agricultural and pipeline workspace areas from plastic soil series in Texas, Alberta, Ottawa region and southwestern Ontario. Remoulded samples were compressed by a slurry consolidometer and intact samples by static uniaxial compression. Shrinkage characteristic curves were constructed using prescribed matric potentials in both [nu]('w') and 'e'([sigma] ') co-ordinates and fit with a 3 straight line segment model. Both compression and shrinkage testing indicated convergence of the remoulded and structured curves in 'e'([sigma]') co-ordinates. Overconsolidation, as indicated by the displacement of the structured curve below the remoulded curve, often occurred for B, C and clay rich (>36% clay content) horizons. Regardless of mineralogy or land use, a threshold of 0.40 for ('e'*1kPa-'e'0) and 0.25 for ('e'[alpha]R-'e' [alpha]S) indicated overconsolidation and severe plant growth limitations as indicated by macroporosity, plant available water-holding capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity. In covariate analysis using clay or organic carbon content, significant treatment differences in relative mechanical indices (remoulded minus structured values) often persisted, suggesting that structure in addition to constitutive properties influenced the mechanical responses. The mechanical response to internal stresses was divided into 2 groups of soils based on clay and organic matter contents. Soils with 4% organic carbon exhibited no "normal" shrinkage stage when remoulded but often did exhibit a "normal" stage when structured, which was opposite for the other group of soils (>27% clay and

This study is concerned with the development of a field of film theory around the place of the female spectator. Chapter 1 presents an historical overview of some trends in the development of film theory, with emphasis on the emergence of a paradigm in which theories of semiotics, ideology and psychoanalysis intersect. It critically assesses the establishment of a dominant theory founded in the notion of film as art, proposing certain parallels between this and contemporary Leavisite literary theory, and notes auteurism as the point of departure from this into the consideration of film as popular culture. It then traces the impact of the critiques by Barthes and Foucault of authorial intentionality, Althusser's theory of ideology and Lacanian psychoanalytic theory in the shift to a body of film theory centrally concerned with the notion of film as text. The feminist intervention is located at the meeting point of this theory with the concerns of the emergent women's movement, and is traced in its development from the "image of" criticism of Rosen and Haskell to Claire Johnston's and Laura Mulvey's seminal work on women and representation. Chapter 2 focuses on some of the theoretical considerations of the image and the gaze, extends these into the theory of cinema as an apparatus, and outlines feminist critiques of apparatus theory. Accounts of representation and the image are drawn from Bill Nichols, John Berger, and Peter Wollen's summary of C.S. Peirce. In the shift of theoretical interest to the process of viewing film, Munsterberg's account of the psychology of vision is noted. The psychoanalytic construction of visual meaning is traced through Lacan's elaboration of the mirror phase to its significance for cinema in the centrality of desire and the gaze. The consequent development of a model of cinema as an apparatus by Baudry and Metz is followed. The feminist criticism of the androcentricity of this model is traced, both through its outright rejection, and through specific critiques by Teresa de Lauretis, Jacqueline Rose, Kaja Silverman, Mary Ann Doane and Constance Penley. Chapter 3 follows three theorists in their attempts to account for female spectatorship: Laura Mulvey's theory of oscillation, Teresa de Lauretis's double identification and Mary Ann Doane's accounts both of textual strategies of specularization in the "woman's film" and the masquerade are considered. Chapter 4 presents an analysis of the text Klute in order to apply some of the theoretical implications, particularly around questions of female subjectivity and spectatorship. It situates Klute within its historical context, in relation to the cinema industry and the emergent women's movement, and within the terms suggested by its generic structuration. The Conclusion provides a summary of my intention to provide an overview of this difficult and fertile field of debate. An Appendix provides a script of Klute.

A thermometer and extensometer for cables and conductors is described. The travel time of one or more acoustic signals along a conductor is used to determine the temperature along the conductor and the length of the conductor. The acoustic frequency is selected to minimize temporal dispersion of the propagating acoustic energy. The technique can be used to measure the temperature and sag of an overhead power line, the temperature of the windings in a transformer, or the temperature of the central conductor in a coaxial power cable.

The use of tailored testing facilities compatible with interactive automated testing systems is outlined. Psychometric and psychological issues such as adequacy of item selection, scoring of response latencies and identifying conditions of testing which contribute to useful as opposed to error variance are examined, and the practical problems of checking for human error in the design and programming of branching systems indicated.

Identification tests have been presented for 23 compounds containing either one or two quaternary anmonium functional groups. The reactions of these compounds with ammonium reineckate, picric acid, and chloroplatinic acid have been studied and 54 adducts have been isolated and their melting ranges presented. In addition, microcrystal tests showed that many adducts possessed distinctive crystalline morphology. Photomicrographs are presented as a supplemental and additional parameter for characterication purposes.

Nearly 50 per cent of referrals for admission to one medium secure unit were refused a bed. This is probably in line with rates elsewhere in the country, so factors potentially relevant to admission decisions were examined. Violent behaviour was the most powerful patient variable in determining admission. A minority of patients were rejected as clinically unsuitable. Lack of resources was the most likely precipitant of rejection. Unavailability of beds or staff also created long delays in admission.