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The article presents abstracts on clinical and applied anatomy including characteristics of cervical vertebrae, anthropometric correlations between parts of upper and lower limb, and sternal sexual dimorphism.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Reliability of craniofacial superimposition using three-dimension skull model," by D. Gaudio and colleagues in 2016 issue.

The ethmoidal foramens are located on the medial wall of the orbit and are key reference points for intraoperative orientation. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy, bony landmarks and morphometric characteristics of the medial wall of the orbit is essential for various surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric variations in the medial wall of the orbit and establish significant variations regarding age and gender. A total of 110 orbits were analyzed and subdivided by age (over or under 40 years) and gender. The distances of the medial wall of the orbit between the anterior lacrimal crest, the ethmoidal foramen, the optic canal and the interforamina were determined. Safe surgical areas were sought. Statistical tests were used to determine the differences between groups. In men, there is a safe surgical area proximal to the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen. In women, this area is in the posterior third of the medial wall of the orbit between the posterior ethmoidal foramen and the optic canal. Regarding variation according to age, the results of this study suggested that the anteroposterior diameter of the medial wall increases with age. This study showed that the anteroposterior total length of the medial orbit wall is similar between genders of similar age, increases with age, and has significant variations in the distances between the various structures that make up the medial orbit wall with regard to gender and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many women who want larger and brighter eyes that will give a favorable impression. Surgical methods that make the eye larger and brighter include double eyelidplasty, epicanthoplasty, as well as lateral canthoplasty. Double eyelidplasty produces changes in the vertical dimension of the eyes, whereas epicanthoplasty and lateral canthoplasty create changes in the horizontal dimension of the eyes. Epicanthoplasty, a surgical procedure which enlarges the eye horizontally, is performed at the inner corner of the eye, whereas lateral canthoplasty enlarges the outer edge of the eye. In particular, if the slant of the palpebral fissure is raised and the horizontal dimension of the palpebral fissure is short, adjusting the slant of the palpebral fissure through lateral canthoplasty can achieve an enlargement of eye width and smoother features. Depending on the patient's condition, even better results can be achieved if this procedure is performed in conjunction with other procedures, such as double eyelidplasty, epicanthoplasty, eye roll formation surgery, fat graft, and facial bone contouring surgery. In this paper, the authors will introduce in detail their surgical method for a cosmetic lateral canthoplasty that lengthens the lateral canthal angle and corrects the outer tail of the eyes, in order to ease the unfavorable impression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Korea, lateral canthoplasty, along with medial epicanthoplasty, has become popular over the past years to widen the horizontal length of the palpebral fissure. However, the effect of the surgery differs greatly depending on the shape and structure of the eyes. If over-widened, complications such as eversion, scarring, and conjunctival exposure may occur. Thus, the author of this study suggests a more effective and safe method for lateral canthal lengthening that causes minimal complications. A total of 236 patients underwent lateral canthoplasty between July 2007 and December 2015. For each patient, a triangular flap 4-5 mm away from the lateral canthus was elevated and rotated 45 degrees laterally while the continuity of the lower eyelid gray line was maintained. A new lateral canthus was created by fixating the rotation flap to the lateral orbital rim with minimal skin trimming and tension-free sutures, preventing relapse and maintaining a triangular shape. In more than 95% of cases, effective and satisfactory extension was achieved. On average, a 3 mm extension of the lateral canthus was achieved. There were minor complications such as wound dehiscence, webbing, and scarring, which were easily corrected. The author not only extended the lateral canthus 3-4 mm laterally but also maintained the continuity of the gray line on the lower lid as a more natural-looking triangular shape, while minimizing complications such as webbing and conjunctival exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sinusitis is a common disorder associated with significant patient symptomatology that adversely affects quality of life. Sinusitis can cause further morbidity and mortality through its impact on comorbid disorders, progression of inflammation, and extension of infection. Objective: This review highlights common complications of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Results: ABRS is complicated by orbital infections, such as pre- or postseptal cellulitis, and by intracranial infections, including abscesses of the epidural and subdural spaces. CRS can contribute to asthma, sleep disordered breathing, and smell disorders. CRS can be complicated by development of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis or deformity of surrounding bony structures. Fungal complications contribute to morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: Complications of ABRS, although relatively rare, can cause significant morbidity and mortality, and must be promptly recognized. CRS commonly complicates or drives comorbid diseases, which adversely impacts quality of life. Treatment of these complications often requires coordinated multidisciplinary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a surgical procedure where an alternative pathway is created to drain an obstructed lacrimal system into the nasal cavity. This can be accomplished externally or via endonasal approach in which the lacrimal sac is connected directly to the nose by removing the layers of bone and mucosa to separate these two structures.Methods:The surgical outcome of endoscopic endonasal DCR was reviewed minimum 5 maximum 23 months in 22 cases with nasolacrimal duct stenosis. Pope-Merocel® and primer silicon tube was applied for preventing restenosis.Results:Stenosis occurred at 5 (%31.2) cases with Pope-Merocel® and silicon tube was inserted at a second stage. There is not any stenosis at the primer or secondary silicon tube inserted cases.Conclusion:The success rate of endoscopic DCR has become comparable with that of traditional external DCR. Advantages of the endonasal approach are excellent visualization, lack of incisional scar, less time consuming, saving the medial palpebral ligament and the lacrimal pomp mechanism. If necessary additional management of intranasal pathology can be performed simultaneously.

Introduction: To report a single center’s experience in correcting antimongoloid slant in Asian eyes using a minimally invasive approach. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing correction for antimongoloid slant at author’s center, from 2007 to 2013 formed the study group. Concomitant surgical procedures were recorded. Pre‑ and post‑operative photographs at the longest follow‑up visit were analyzed and graded for functional and cosmetic outcomes. Results: A total of 38 patients (76 eyelids) underwent successful correction to correct eyelid malposition. All patients’ eyelids underwent exclusive lateral canthoplasty through a small incision in the upper eyelid crease and re‑suspension technique, and 6 of them underwent bilateral slant correction simultaneously with additional cosmetic or corrective surgeries including hemifacial microsomia and Crouzon’s syndrome. Of the 38 patients, 25 were females and 13 were males. The age of the population ranged from 7 to 48 years with a mean age of 27 years. Few instances of transient postoperative chemosis lasting up to 2 weeks and minor infections were reported. All cases showed improvement in eyelid position (as assessed clinically and on photographs), 2 pediatric cases required reoperation in the following 2 years for the recurrent lower eyelid malposition and/or lateral canthal deformity owing to deviated basal bone growth. Discussion: Lateral canthoplasty with resuspension technique can effectively address antimongoloid slant for an esthetically desirable lateral canthus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Periorbital infections represent a spectrum of sepsis that carries potentially significant morbidity and mortality. Early recognition, systematic assessment and aggressive treatment of the condition are essential.Methods:A retrospective five-year case note review on the management of periorbital infections was performed at a tertiary centre. A literature review on the management of periorbital infections was also undertaken. A multidisciplinary guideline on the management of periorbital infections was developed based on the findings of the case and literature reviews.Results:The results of the retrospective case series correlate well with those of recent reports.Conclusion:The new multidisciplinary guideline has been finalised and approved for practice and future auditing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Corrective rhinoplasty after significant nasal trauma is a much different entity than elective rhinoplasty or rhinoplasty after minor trauma. The more significant the degree of trauma the patient is subjected to, the greater the deleterious effects will be on the soft tissue and skeletal elements of the patient's nose. With this disruption of the anatomic integrity and dynamics of the nose, the patient experiences deformity and dysfunction of the nose. This may be minor and transient or may be lifelong and disabling. In this article, the authors review some of the more long-termaspects of nasal trauma and provide the reader with insights to the use of cartilage grafting techniques that are useful in the management of posttraumatic nasal deformity and airway obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many oculoplastic conditions like ectropion, entropion, ptosis, lid lacerations, canalicular trauma and dacryocystitis are commonly seen in everyday practice of any ophthalmologist. Delay in treatment of entropion and ectropion can lead to blindness due to development of secondary changes in cornea. Neglecting a child with severe ptosis can result in irreversible visual loss. Incorrect primary repair of lacerated lid and failure to repair the torn canaliculi are difficult to handle at a later stage even by an expert surgeon. Long-standing blocked distal lacrimal passages may result in suppurative infections with skin excoriation. This review elucidates the correct approach to some common oculoplastic diseases so as to achieve a timely intervention and referral and thereby avoid preventable complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) addresses the obstruction of lacrimal secretion at the level of lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. It facilitates direct drainage of lacrimal fluid into nose eliminating pooling of tears in lacrimal sac. Endoscopic approach has its many advantages compared to external DCR. This study was done in a tertiary teaching hospital where 210 patients underwent endoscopic DCR, were reviewed for results and complications. The advantages with endonasal DCR were established with few complications and recurrence rate of 8% at the end of one year follow up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]