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203. First Confirmed Cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection in the United States, Updated Information on the Epidemiology of MERS-CoV Infection, and Guidance for the Public, Clinicians, and Public Health Authorities—May 2014

Author

Bialek, Stephanie R., primary, Allen, Donna, additional, Alvarado-Ramy, Francisco, additional, Arthur, Ray, additional, Balajee, Arunmozhi, additional, Bell, David, additional, Best, Susan, additional, Blackmore, Carina, additional, Breakwell, Lucy, additional, Cannons, Andrew, additional, Brown, Clive, additional, Cetron, Martin, additional, Chea, Nora, additional, Chommanard, Christina, additional, Cohen, Nicole, additional, Conover, Craig, additional, Crespo, Antonio, additional, Creviston, Jeanean, additional, Curns, Aaron T., additional, Dahl, Rebecca, additional, Dearth, Stephanie, additional, DeMaria, Alfred, additional, Echols, Fred, additional, Erdman, Dean D., additional, Feikin, Daniel, additional, Frias, Mabel, additional, Gerber, Susan I., additional, Gulati, Reena, additional, Hale, Christa, additional, Haynes, Lia M., additional, Heberlein-Larson, Lea, additional, Holton, Kelly, additional, Ijaz, Kashef, additional, Kapoor, Minal, additional, Kohl, Katrin, additional, Kuhar, David T., additional, Kumar, Alan M., additional, Kundich, Marianne, additional, Lippold, Susan, additional, Liu, Lixia, additional, Lovchik, Judith C., additional, Madoff, Larry, additional, Martell, Sandra, additional, Matthews, Sarah, additional, Moore, Jessica, additional, Murray, Linda R., additional, Onofrey, Shauna, additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, Pesik, Nicki, additional, Pham, Huong, additional, Pillai, Satish, additional, Pontones, Pam, additional, Pringle, Kimberly, additional, Pritchard, Scott, additional, Rasmussen, Sonja, additional, Richards, Shawn, additional, Sandoval, Michelle, additional, Schneider, Eileen, additional, Schuchat, Anne, additional, Sheedy, Kristine, additional, Sherin, Kevin, additional, Swerdlow, David L., additional, Tappero, Jordan W., additional, Vernon, Michael O., additional, Watkins, Sharon, additional, and Watson, John, additional

Published
2014
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204. Hospital-Associated Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Serologic, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Description

Author

Al-Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa, primary, Payne, Daniel C., additional, Alqasrawi, Sultan, additional, Rha, Brian, additional, Tohme, Rania A., additional, Abedi, Glen R., additional, Al Nsour, Mohannad, additional, Iblan, Ibrahim, additional, Jarour, Najwa, additional, Farag, Noha H., additional, Haddadin, Aktham, additional, Al-Sanouri, Tarek, additional, Tamin, Azaibi, additional, Harcourt, Jennifer L., additional, Kuhar, David T., additional, Swerdlow, David L., additional, Erdman, Dean D., additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, Haynes, Lia M., additional, Gerber, Susan I., additional, Sabri, Nabil, additional, Al Azhari, Mohammad, additional, Khazali, Hala, additional, Al Maayah, Mohammad, additional, Bilbeisi, Adel, additional, Dawood, Naim, additional, Al Zubi, Bilal, additional, Meflih, Jawad, additional, Mounds, Tony, additional, Fitzner, Julia, additional, Eltom, Akram, additional, Mafi, Ali, additional, Miao, Congrong, additional, Caidi, Hayat, additional, Trivedi, Suvang, additional, Kamili, Shifaq, additional, Hall, Aron J., additional, Curns, Aaron, additional, Moore, Jessica, additional, Pham, Huong, additional, Zimmerman, Chris, additional, Farnon, Eileen, additional, Giorgi, Genessa, additional, and Gerber, Russell, additional

Published
2014
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206. Kew, O. et al. Outbreak of poliomyelitis in Hispaniola associated with circulating type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus. Science 296, 356-359

Author

Morris-Glasgow, Victoria, Landaverde, Mauricio, Shaw, Jing, Sutter, Roland, Tambini, Gina, Venczel, Linda, Pedreira, Cristina, Laender, Fernando, Shimizu, Hiroyuki, Yoneyama, Tetsuo, Miyamura, Tatsuo, van Der Avoort, Harrie, Steven Oberste, M., Kilpatrick, David, Pallansch, Mark, de Quadros, Ciro, Burns, Cara, Garib, Zacarías, André, Jean, Blackman, Elizabeth, Jason Freeman, C., Jorba, Jaume, Kew, Olen, and Cochi, Stephen

Abstract

An outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in the Dominican Republic (13 confirmed cases) and Haiti (8 confirmed cases, including 2 fatal cases) during 2000-2001. All but one of the patients were either unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated children, and cases occurred in communities with very low (7 to 40%) rates of coverage with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). The outbreak was associated with the circulation of a derivative of the type 1 OPV strain, probably originating from a single OPV dose given in 1998-1999. The vaccine-derived poliovirus associated with the outbreak had biological properties indistinguishable from those of wild poliovirus.

Published
2002

207. Communicating the Molecular Epidemiology of Poliovirus by Using Geographical Information Systems for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Author

Chenoweth, Paul and Pallansch, Mark

Subjects
Posters, viruses, complex mixtures
Abstract

Crucial to the success of eradicating Polio Enterovirus (poliovirus) is the integration of virus surveillance data with epidemiologic surveillance data. Data from these worldwide surveillance systems provide insight into the genetic evolution of poliovirus both temporally and spatially. The primary informatics challenges involve the timely dissemination of data and the presentation of these highly specific genomic data in a comprehensible format. We describe the application of geographical information systems (GIS) software for facilitating the transformation of poliovirus sequence data into information necessary for strategic planning.

Published
2002

208. Detection of all known parechoviruses by real-time PCR.

Author

Nix, W Allan, Maher, Kaija, Johansson, E Susanne, Niklasson, Bo, Lindberg, A Michael, Pallansch, Mark A, Oberste, M Steven, Nix, W Allan, Maher, Kaija, Johansson, E Susanne, Niklasson, Bo, Lindberg, A Michael, Pallansch, Mark A, and Oberste, M Steven

Abstract

The Parechovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family contains two species, Human parechovirus (HPeV) and Ljungan virus (LV). The HPeVs (including the former echoviruses 22 and 23, now HPeV type 1 (HPeV1) and HPeV2, respectively) cause a wide spectrum of disease, including aseptic meningitis, gastroenteritis, encephalitis, acute respiratory illness, and neonatal sepsis-like disease. The LVs were isolated from bank voles in Sweden during a search for an infectious agent linked to fatal myocarditis cases in humans. Because of the decline in use of cell culture and neutralization to investigate enterovirus-like disease, very few laboratories currently have the capability to test for parechoviruses. We have developed a real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay for detection of all known members of the genus Parechovirus. The assay targets the conserved regions in the 5' nontranslated region (5'NTR) of the parechovirus genome and can detect both HPeVs and LVs, unlike other published parechovirus 5' NTR assays, which only detect known HPeVs or only LVs. HPeV and LV can be differentiated by sequencing the 5'NTR real-time RT-PCR amplicon, when needed. The assay is approximately 100 times more sensitive than cell culture and may be used to test original clinical specimens. The availability of a broad-specificity PCR method should facilitate the detection of new human parechoviruses, as well as new parechoviruses in other mammalian species, and provide an opportunity to investigate the role of these viruses in human and animal disease.

Published
2008
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210. Diversity of picornaviruses in rural Bolivia

Author

Nix, W. Allan, primary, Khetsuriani, Nino, additional, Peñaranda, Silvia, additional, Maher, Kaija, additional, Venczel, Linda, additional, Cselkó, Zsuzsa, additional, Freire, Maria Cecilia, additional, Cisterna, Daniel, additional, Lema, Cristina L., additional, Rosales, Patricia, additional, Rodriguez, Jacqueline R., additional, Rodriguez, Wilma, additional, Halkyer, Percy, additional, Ronveaux, Olivier, additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, and Oberste, M. Steven, additional

Published
2013
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212. Multiple Independent Emergences of Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses during a Large Outbreak in Northern Nigeria

Author

Burns, Cara C., primary, Shaw, Jing, additional, Jorba, Jaume, additional, Bukbuk, David, additional, Adu, Festus, additional, Gumede, Nicksy, additional, Pate, Muhammed Ali, additional, Abanida, Emmanuel Ade, additional, Gasasira, Alex, additional, Iber, Jane, additional, Chen, Qi, additional, Vincent, Annelet, additional, Chenoweth, Paul, additional, Henderson, Elizabeth, additional, Wannemuehler, Kathleen, additional, Naeem, Asif, additional, Umami, Rifqiyah Nur, additional, Nishimura, Yorihiro, additional, Shimizu, Hiroyuki, additional, Baba, Marycelin, additional, Adeniji, Adekunle, additional, Williams, A. J., additional, Kilpatrick, David R., additional, Oberste, M. Steven, additional, Wassilak, Steven G., additional, Tomori, Oyewale, additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, and Kew, Olen, additional

Published
2013
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215. What we are watching—five top global infectious disease threats, 2012: a perspective from CDC's Global Disease Detection Operations Center

Author

Christian, Kira A., primary, Ijaz, Kashef, additional, Dowell, Scott F., additional, Chow, Catherine C., additional, Chitale, Rohit A., additional, Bresee, Joseph S., additional, Mintz, Eric, additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, Wassilak, Steven, additional, McCray, Eugene, additional, and Arthur, Ray R., additional

Published
2013
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217. Characterization of outbreak response strategies and potential vaccine stockpile needs for the polio endgame.

Author

Tebbens, Radboud J. Duintjer, Pallansch, Mark A., Wassilak, Steven G. F., Cochi, Stephen L., Thompson, Kimberly M., and Duintjer Tebbens, Radboud J

Subjects
*POLIO prevention, *POLIOMYELITIS vaccines, *POLIOVIRUS genetics, *POLIO, *POLIO patients, *THERAPEUTICS, *PREVENTION of epidemics, *COMPARATIVE studies, *EMERGENCY management, *IMMUNIZATION, *INTERNATIONAL relations, *RESEARCH methodology, *MEDICAL cooperation, *RESEARCH, *RESEARCH funding, *RISK management in business, *EVALUATION research
Abstract

Background: Following successful eradication of wild polioviruses and planned globally-coordinated cessation of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), national and global health leaders may need to respond to outbreaks from reintroduced live polioviruses, particularly vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). Preparing outbreak response plans and assessing potential vaccine needs from an emergency stockpile require consideration of the different national risks and conditions as they change with time after OPV cessation.Methods: We used an integrated global model to consider several key issues related to managing poliovirus risks and outbreak response, including the time interval during which monovalent OPV (mOPV) can be safely used following homotypic OPV cessation; the timing, quality, and quantity of rounds required to stop transmission; vaccine stockpile needs; and the impacts of vaccine choices and surveillance quality. We compare the base case scenario that assumes aggressive outbreak response and sufficient mOPV available from the stockpile for all outbreaks that occur in the model, with various scenarios that change the outbreak response strategies.Results: Outbreak response after OPV cessation will require careful management, with some circumstances expected to require more and/or higher quality rounds to stop transmission than others. For outbreaks involving serotype 2, using trivalent OPV instead of mOPV2 following cessation of OPV serotype 2 but before cessation of OPV serotypes 1 and 3 would represent a good option if logistically feasible. Using mOPV for outbreak response can start new outbreaks if exported outside the outbreak population into populations with decreasing population immunity to transmission after OPV cessation, but failure to contain outbreaks resulting in exportation of the outbreak poliovirus may represent a greater risk. The possibility of mOPV use generating new long-term poliovirus excretors represents a real concern. Using the base case outbreak response assumptions, we expect over 25% probability of a shortage of stockpiled filled mOPV vaccine, which could jeopardize the achievement of global polio eradication. For the long term, responding to any poliovirus reintroductions may require a global IPV stockpile. Despite the risks, our model suggests that good risk management and response strategies can successfully control most potential outbreaks after OPV cessation.Conclusions: Health leaders should carefully consider the numerous outbreak response choices that affect the probability of successfully managing poliovirus risks after OPV cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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220. Expert Review on Poliovirus Immunity and Transmission

Author

Duintjer Tebbens, Radboud J., primary, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, Chumakov, Konstantin M., additional, Halsey, Neal A., additional, Hovi, Tapani, additional, Minor, Philip D., additional, Modlin, John F., additional, Patriarca, Peter A., additional, Sutter, Roland W., additional, Wright, Peter F., additional, Wassilak, Steven G. F., additional, Cochi, Stephen L., additional, Kim, Jong‐Hoon, additional, and Thompson, Kimberly M., additional

Published
2012
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221. Randomized Trial of Type 1 and Type 3 Oral Monovalent Poliovirus Vaccines in Newborns in Africa

Author

Waggie, Zainab, primary, Geldenhuys, Hennie, additional, Sutter, Roland W., additional, Jacks, Mariana, additional, Mulenga, Humphrey, additional, Mahomed, Hassan, additional, De Kock, Marwou, additional, Hanekom, Willem, additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, Kahn, Anna-Lea, additional, Burton, Anthony H., additional, Sreevatsava, Meghana, additional, and Hussey, Gregory, additional

Published
2011
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222. Monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine among infants in India: Report of two randomized double-blind controlled clinical trials

Author

John, T. Jacob, primary, Jain, Hemant, additional, Ravishankar, Kanithi, additional, Amaresh, A., additional, Verma, Harish, additional, Deshpande, Jagadish, additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, Singh, Ajit Pal, additional, Sreevatsava, Meghana, additional, Burton, Anthony, additional, Malankar, Pradeep, additional, Chatterjee, Arani, additional, and Sutter, Roland W., additional

Published
2011
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224. Economic analysis of the global polio eradication initiative

Author

Duintjer Tebbens, Radboud J., primary, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, Cochi, Stephen L., additional, Wassilak, Steven G.F., additional, Linkins, Jennifer, additional, Sutter, Roland W., additional, Aylward, R. Bruce, additional, and Thompson, Kimberly M., additional

Published
2010
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233. Monovalent Type 1 Oral Poliovirus Vaccine in Newborns

Author

El-Sayed, Nasr, primary, El-Gamal, Yehia, additional, Abbassy, Ahmed-Amr, additional, Seoud, Iman, additional, Salama, Maha, additional, Kandeel, Amr, additional, Hossny, Elham, additional, Shawky, Ahmed, additional, Hussein, Heba Abou, additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, van der Avoort, Harrie G.A.M., additional, Burton, Anthony H., additional, Sreevatsava, Meghana, additional, Malankar, Pradeep, additional, Wahdan, Mohamed H., additional, and Sutter, Roland W., additional

Published
2008
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235. An Outbreak of Concurrent Echovirus 30 and Coxsackievirus A1 Infections Associated with Sea Swimming among a Group of Travelers to Mexico

Author

Begier, Elizabeth M., primary, Oberste, M. Steven, additional, Landry, Marie L., additional, Brennan, Timothy, additional, Mlynarski, Diana, additional, Mshar, Patricia A., additional, Frenette, Kasia, additional, Rabatsky‐Ehr, Terry, additional, Purviance, Katherine, additional, Nepaul, Ava, additional, Nix, W. Allan, additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, Ferguson, David, additional, Cartter, Matt L., additional, and Hadler, James L., additional

Published
2008
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239. Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses of a Decision Analytic Model for Posteradication Polio Risk Management

Author

Duintjer Tebbens, Radboud J., primary, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, Kew, Olen M., additional, Sutter, Roland W., additional, Bruce Aylward, R., additional, Watkins, Margaret, additional, Gary, Howard, additional, Alexander, James, additional, Jafari, Hamid, additional, Cochi, Stephen L., additional, and Thompson, Kimberly M., additional

Published
2008
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241. Molecular epidemiology of wild poliovirus type 1 circulation in West and Central Africa, from 1997 to 1999, using genotyping with a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay

Author

Gouandjika-Vasilache, Ionela, primary, Burns, Cara C., additional, Gumede, Nicksy, additional, Guillot, Sophie, additional, Ménard, Didier, additional, Dosseh, Annick, additional, Akoua-Koffi, Chantal, additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, Kew, Olen M., additional, and Delpeyroux, Francis, additional

Published
2007
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243. Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and polymerase chain reaction assays in the study of cases with fatal sporadic myocarditis

Author

Guarner, Jeannette, primary, Bhatnagar, Julu, additional, Shieh, Wun-Ju, additional, Nolte, Kurt B., additional, Klein, Dennis, additional, Gookin, Michelle S., additional, Peñaranda, Silvia, additional, Oberste, M. Steven, additional, Jones, Tara, additional, Smith, Chalanda, additional, Pallansch, Mark A., additional, and Zaki, Sherif R., additional

Published
2007
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247. Serologic Response to Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine: A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing 2 Vaccination Schedules in Puerto Rico

Author

Dayan, Gustavo H., primary, Thorley, Margaret, additional, Yamamura, Yasuhiro, additional, Rodríguez, Nayra, additional, McLaughlin, Steve, additional, Torres, Lourdes M., additional, Seda, Antonio, additional, Carbia, Marcia, additional, Alexander, Lorraine N., additional, Caceres, Victor, additional, and Pallansch, Mark A., additional

Published
2007
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248. CDC's Early Response to a Novel Viral Disease, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), September 2012-May 2014.

Author

Williams, Holly Ann, Dunville, Richard L., Gerber, Susan I., Erdman, Dean D., Pesik, Nicki, Kuhar, David, Mason, Karen A., Haynes, Lia, Rotz, Lisa, Pierre, Jeanette St., Poser, Sarah, Bunga, Sudhir, Pallansch, Mark A., and Swerdlow, David L.

Subjects
CORONAVIRUS diseases, HEALTH care teams, PUBLIC health surveillance, GENOMICS, EARLY diagnosis, MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS
Abstract

The first ever case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERSCoV) was reported in September 2012. This report describes the approaches taken by CDC, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners, to respond to this novel virus, and outlines the agency responses prior to the first case appearing in the United States in May 2014. During this time, CDC's response integrated multiple disciplines and was divided into three distinct phases: before, during, and after the initial activation of its Emergency Operations Center. CDC's response to MERS-CoV required a large effort, deploying at least 353 staff members who worked in the areas of surveillance, laboratory capacity, infection control guidance, and travelers' health. This response built on CDC's experience with previous outbreaks of other pathogens and provided useful lessons for future emerging threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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249. Modeling options to manage type 1 wild poliovirus imported into Israel in 2013.

Author

Kalkowska, Dominika A, Duintjer Tebbens, Radboud J, Grotto, Itamar, Shulman, Lester M, Anis, Emilia, Wassilak, Steven G F, Pallansch, Mark A, and Thompson, Kimberly M

Abstract

Background: After 25 years without poliomyelitis cases caused by circulating wild poliovirus (WPV) in Israel, sewage sampling detected WPV type 1 (WPV1) in April 2013, despite high vaccination coverage with only inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) since 2005.Methods: We used a differential equation-based model to simulate the dynamics of poliovirus transmission and population immunity in Israel due to past exposure to WPV and use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in addition to IPV. We explored the influences of various immunization options to stop imported WPV1 circulation in Israel.Results: We successfully modeled the potential for WPVs to circulate without detected cases in Israel. Maintaining a sequential IPV/OPV schedule instead of switching to an IPV-only schedule in 2005 would have kept population immunity high enough in Israel to prevent WPV1 circulation. The Israeli response to WPV1 detection prevented paralytic cases; a more rapid response might have interrupted transmission more quickly.Conclusions: IPV-based protection alone might not provide sufficient population immunity to prevent poliovirus transmission after an importation. As countries transition to IPV in immunization schedules, they may need to actively manage population immunity and consider continued use of OPV, to avoid the potential circulation of imported live polioviruses before globally coordinated cessation of OPV use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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250. Polio Eradicators Use Integrated Analytical Models to Make Better Decisions.

Author

Thompson, Kimberly M., Duintjer Tebbens, Radboud J., Pallansch, Mark A., Wassilak, Steven G. F., and Cochi, Stephen L.

Subjects
POLIO prevention, VIRAL transmission, WORLD health, HEALTH programs, INTERNATIONAL cooperation, PREVENTION
Abstract

Achieving global polio eradication requires that global stakeholders coordinate and cooperate to invest human and financial resources in interventions that prevent virus transmission. Reaching this goal depends on effective tools and interventions, and their optimal use. Poliovirus transmission occurs in a complex global system with rapidly evolving viruses that readily cross international borders. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one of four spearheading partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), initiated a collaboration with Kid Risk, Inc. to develop and apply integrated analytical models to answer high-stakes policy questions related to managing the risks of polioviruses with consideration of human health and economic outcomes. Over the last decade, the collaboration innovatively combined numerous operations research and management science tools, including simulation, decision and risk analysis, system dynamics, and optimization to help policy makers understand and quantify the implications of their choices. These integrated modeling efforts helped motivate faster responses to polio outbreaks, leading to a global resolution and significantly reduced response time and outbreak sizes. Insights from the models also underpinned a 192-country resolution to coordinate global cessation of the use of one of the two vaccines after wild poliovirus eradication (i.e., allowing continued use of the other vaccine as desired). Finally, the model results helped us to make the economic case for a continued commitment to polio eradication by quantifying the value of prevention and showing the health and economic outcomes associated with the alternatives. The work helped to raise the billions of dollars needed to support polio eradication. The investments will prevent devastating cases of polio and realize an estimated $40-$50 billion in net benefits by the countries covered by the GPEI, while protecting the significantly larger net benefits enjoyed by the countries that stopped wild poliovirus transmission without support of the GPEI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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